Unit 2

Front 1

articulation

Back 1

sites where two or more bones meet

Front 2

synarthrosis

Back 2

immovable joint

Front 3

amphiarthrosis

Back 3

slightly movable joint

Front 4

diarthrosis

Back 4

freely movable joint

Front 5

fibrous joints

Back 5

bones are joined together by fibrous tissue and lack a joint cavity

Front 6

cartilaginous joints

Back 6

bones are joined together by cartilage and lack a joint cavity

Front 7

synovial joints

Back 7

the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity

Front 8

knee joint

Back 8

actually three joints in one

- femoropatellar joint

- later and medial joints between the femoral condyles

- menisci of the tibia

Front 9

shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Back 9

- coracohumeral ligament and three glenohumeral ligaments help reinforce the joint

- tendon of the long head of the biceps brachi and four tendons that compose rotator cuff provide the most stability

- most freely moving joint in the body

Front 10

hip (coxal) joint

Back 10

- ball-and-socket joint

- the majority of the stability of the hip is due to the deep pocket of the acetabulum and the ligaments

Front 11

elbow joint

Back 11

annular ligament, ulnar collateral ligament, and the radial collateral ligament provide stability to the elbow joint

Front 12

functions characteristics of muscle tissue

Back 12

excitability

contractility

extensibility

elasticity

Front 13

muscle functions

Back 13

1. produce movement by acting on the bones of the skeleton, pumping blood, or propelling substances throughout hollow organ systems

2. aid in maintaining posture by adjusting the position of the body with respect to gravity

3. stabilize joints by exerting tension around the joint

4. generate heat as a function of their cellular metabolic processes

Front 14

skeletal muscle

Back 14

- striations

- voluntary control

- multi-nucleate

Front 15

cardiac muscle

Back 15

- striations

- involuntary control

- uni-nucleate but can be multi-nucleate

Front 16

smooth muscle

Back 16

- involuntary control

- uni-nucleate

Front 17

endomysium

Back 17

surrounds muscle fibers

Front 18

perimysium

Back 18

surrounds fassicles

Front 19

epimysium

Back 19

surrounds whole muscles

Front 20

fassicles

Back 20

bundle of muscle fibers

Front 21

muscle

Back 21

several fassicles grouped together

Front 22

myofibrils

Back 22

account for roughly 80% of the cellular volume and contain the contractile elements of the muscle cell

Front 23

myofilaments

Back 23

make up the myofibrils and contain thick and thin filaments

Front 24

thick filaments

Back 24

composed of bundles of myosin

Front 25

thin filaments

Back 25

- composed of strands of actin

- troponin and tropomyosin present

Front 26

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 26

smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds each myofibril

Front 27

sarcomere

Back 27

the contractile unit, composed of myofilaments made up of contractile proteins

Front 28

t tubules

Back 28

infoldings of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that conduct electrical impulses

Front 29

I band

Back 29

thin filaments only

Front 30

H zone

Back 30

thick filaments only

Front 31

M line

Back 31

thick filaments linked accessory proteins

Front 32

A band

Back 32

thick and thin filaments overlap

Front 33

terminal cisternae

Back 33

perpendicular cross channels at the A band-I band junctions and always occur in pairs

Front 34

transverse tubules

Back 34

the sarcolemma of the muscle cell protruding deep into the cell interior

Front 35

neuromuscular junction

Back 35

connection between an axon terminal and a muscle fiber which is the route of electrical stimulation of the muscle cell

Front 36

motor unit

Back 36

consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Front 37

muscle twitch

Back 37

response of a muscle to a single action potential on its motor neuron

Front 38

isotonic contraction

Back 38

result in movement occurring at the joint and shortening of the muscles

Front 39

isometric contractions

Back 39

increases in muscle tension, but no lengthening or shortening of the muscle occurs

Front 40

muscle tone

Back 40

muscles exhibiting slight contraction

Front 41

three ways ATP is created

Back 41

1. glycolysis and anaerobic respiration

2. creatine phosphate

3. aerobic respiration

Front 42

prime mover (agonist)

Back 42

provides the major force

Front 43

antagonist

Back 43

oppose or reverse a particular movement

Front 44

synergists

Back 44

help the prime movers by adding extra force to the same movement

Front 45

fixator

Back 45

synergists that immobilize a bone or a muscle's origin so the prime mover has a stable base on which to act