Unit 2

Front 1

Hindsight bias

Back 1

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen

Front 2

Attitudes that make modern science possible

Back 2

Curiosity, skepticism, and humility (an awareness of our own folder ability to error and an openness to surprises and new perspectives)

Front 3

Critical thinking

Back 3

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions

Front 4

Theory

Back 4

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or event

Front 5

Hypothesis

Back 5

A testable predictions, often implied bye

Front 6

Operational definitions

Back 6

Carefully worded statements of the exact procedures used in a research

Front 7

Replication

Back 7

Repeating the essence of the research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Front 8

Methods of testing hypotheses

Back 8

Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods

Front 9

Naturalistic observation

Back 9

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 10

Survey

Back 10

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, Random sample of the group

Front 11

Framing

Back 11

Wording; extremely important and the survey

Front 12

Sampling bias

Back 12

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

Front 13

Population

Back 13

Those in a group being studied, from which examples maybe drawn

Front 14

Random sample

Back 14

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Front 15

Correlation

Back 15

A measure of the extent to which two variables change together; predicts the possibility of cause-and-effect relationships but cannot prove them

Front 16

Correlation coefficient

Back 16

A statistical index of the relationship between two variables--ranges from -1.0 to +1.0

Front 17

Scatterplot

Back 17

A graph cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables

Front 18

Illusory correlation

Back 18

The perception of a relationship where none exists

Front 19

Experiment

Back 19

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Front 20

Experimental group

Back 20

The group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Front 21

Control group

Back 21

The group not exposed to the treatment

Front 22

Random assignment

Back 22

Assigning priest tits against two experimental and control groups by chance, minimizing pre-existing differences between the different groups

Front 23

Double-blind procedure

Back 23

And experimental procedure in which both the research participants in the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo

Front 24

Placebo effect

Back 24

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

Front 25

Comfounding variable

Back 25

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect on the experiment

Front 26

Independent variable

Back 26

An experimental factor that is manipulated

Front 27

Dependent variable

Back 27

The outcome factor

Front 28

Validity

Back 28

The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

Front 29

Descriptive statistics

Back 29

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups

Front 30

Histogram

Back 30

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

Front 31

Mode

Back 31

The most frequently occurring score in the distribution

Front 32

Mean

Back 32

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

Front 33

Median

Back 33

The middle score any distribution

Front 34

Skewed distribution

Back 34

A representation of scores that lacks symmetry around their average value

Front 35

Range

Back 35

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Front 36

Standard deviation

Back 36

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

Front 37

Normal curve

Back 37

Symmetrical bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Front 38

Inferential statistics

Back 38

Numerical data that allows one to generalize--to infer from some sample data the probability of something being true of the population

Front 39

When it is safe to generalize

Back 39

1. Representative samples are better than biased samples 2. Less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable 3. More cases are better than

Front 40

Statistical significance

Back 40

A statistical statement of how likely it is that been obtained results occurred by chance

Front 41

The purpose of an experiment

Back 41

To test the radical principles, which helped explain every day behaviors

Front 42

Culture

Back 42

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation next

Front 43

Informed consent

Back 43

An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

Front 44

Debrief

Back 44

To explain the study including it's purpose and any deceptions, following the experiment