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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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True or False Any study done carefully and based on observation is science |
False Science must follow certain rules The rules of science make the scientific process as objective as possible |
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Objective |
Not influenced by feelings, interests, and prejudices Unbiased |
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Subjective |
Influenced by feelings, interests, and prejudices Biased |
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True or false Science can be done poorly |
True |
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True or false Anything done scientifically can be relied upon to be accurate and reliable |
False Science can be done poorly just like any other human endeavor Quality control mechanisms in science increase the reliability of its product |
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True or false Different scientists can get different solutions to the same problem |
True Results can be influenced by the race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, religion, political views, or economic interests of the scientist Sampling or measuring bias results may result in different solutions to the same problem |
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True or false Knowledge of what science is, what it can and cannot do, and how it works is important for all people |
True People need to be able to evaluate scientific information in order to make informed decisions about: health care, environmental issues, technological advances and public health issues |
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What is good science? |
Objectivity is the key to good science! To be objective, experiments need to be designed and conducted in a way that does not introduce bias into the study |
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Bias |
A prejudiced presentation of material or a consistent error in estimating value Two main types of bias: sampling and measurement |
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Sampling Bias |
Sample: a group of unites selected to be "measured" from a larger group (the population) Sampling bias is introduced when the sample used is not representative of the population or inappropriate for the question asked |
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Factors that contribute to sampling bias |
Sample Size: is the sample big enough to get a good average result? Selection of Sample: Does the composition of the sample reflect the composition of the population? Location, age , gender, ethnicity, nationality, and living environment can also affect the data |
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How to MINIMIZE sample selection bias |
Use a RANDOM SAMPLE: every individual has an equal likelihood of being chosen Limit the question asked to the specific group sampled |
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Measurement Bias |
the method of data collection chosen in such a way that data collected will best match reality |
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Measurement Bias: Evaluate the Technique |
Were the measurements taken accurately? Were there any additions to the environment that will influence results? Was the experiment designed to isolate the effect of a single factor? |
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Good science key terms: Summary |
Good science depends on a well-designed experiment that minimizes bias by using appropriate: Sample size Sample selection Measurement techniques **For the question being investigated** |
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Tunnel Vision |
When a scientist goes into the experiment with preconceived notions that can affect how he/she interprets the results while looking for certain things, they might miss others (or other things) |
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Blind Studies |
When the subject does not know if they are part of the treatment group or the control |
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Double Blind Studies |
When neither the subject or the scientists know who is receiving the treatment and who is the control (think Greys Anatomy Althzeimers trial) The Scientific community engages in certain quality control measures to eliminate bias Results are verified by independent duplication and publication in a peer-reviewed journal |
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Independent Duplication |
2 or more scientists from different institutions investigate the same question separately and get similar results |
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Peer-Reviewed Journal |
A journal that publishes articles only after they have been checked for quality by several expert, objective scientists from different institutions |
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Identifying Good Science |
Look for Bias! Language Appropriate data reported back to conclusions Data Source |
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Identifying Good Science: Language |
"scientifically proven" (science does not seek to approve, but to disapprove so be suspicious of this claim!) Emotional appeals: conclusions should be data based Strong language: scientists should only conclude with data that is supported, words should be chosen very carefully to avoid exaggeration or claims not supported by the data THE DATA SHOULD CONVINCE YOU, NOT THE WORDS USED!! |
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Identifying Good Science: Appropriate data reported back to conclusions |
Are samples and measurements appropriate for the conclusions presented? Are multiple factors properly accounted for to justify the interpretation of data? |
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Identifying Good Science: Data Sources |
University Research Corporate Research Government Research Research by sepal interest groups All organizations produce unbiased data. However, it's important to know that the organizations motivation to be able to identify potential bias. In some situations, the need to promote special interests or make profit may lead to bias |
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The Scientific Method Involves Systematic Thought... |
Deductive reasoning draws conclusions from premises Inductive reasoning begins with observations and draws conclusions or extrapolates |
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Example of Deductive |
Huskies are dogs Dogs have tails Conclusion: All dogs have tails |
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Example of Inductive |
Huskies, labs, and pit bullshave tails Conclusion: All dogs have tails |
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Metric Mania |
The basic unit of length in the metric system is the mere which is represented by a lower case m |
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Metric Units |
1 kilometer(km)=1000 meters 1 meter(m)=100 centimeters(cm) 1 meter= 1000 millimeteres (mm) 1 meter=1,000,000 micrometers(um) 1 meter= 1,000,000,000 nanometers(nm) |
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Example of Metrics: Which is larger? A:1 meter or 105 centimeters B:4 kilometers or 4400 meters C:12 centimeters or 102 millimeters |
A:105 centimeters B:4400 meters C:12 centimeters |
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Mass |
Amount of matter in an object Base unit of mass=kilogram in the metric system represented by kg |
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Metric Units of Mass |
1 kilogram(km)=1000 grams(g) 1 gram=1000 milligrams(mg) |
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Examples of Metrics: Which is larger A:1 kilogram or 1500 grams B:1200 milligrams or 1 gram |
A:1500 grams B:1200 milligrams |
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Volume |
Amount of space something takes us Basic unit in metric system= liter (l or L) |
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Metric Units of Volume |
1 liter(L)= 1000 millimeters (mL) 1 milliliter= 1cm^3 or cc= 1 gram |
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Measuring Volume |
Graduated cylinders to find volume of liquids (Read measurements based on bottom of meniscus or curve) |
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What causes the meniscus? |
A concave meniscus occurs when the molecules of the other liquid attract to the container |
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Ladder Systems of conversion |
King Henry Doesn't Usually Drink Chocolate Milk -Kilo 1000 -Hecto 100 -Deca 10 -Basic Unit 1 (meters, liters or grams) -Deci 0.1 -Centi- 0.01 -Milli 0.001 |
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Characteristic of Life |
Are highly ordered: The chemicals in all living organisms are much more complex and highly organize than in non-living things Are composed of cells: The cell is the basic unit of structure, function and reproduction in all living organisms |
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COL: Use Energy |
All living organisms obtain energy form their environment. The energy is used to maintain order, grow, and reproduce Cellular Respiration: C6 H12 O6 +O2 ---> CO2 +H2O + ATP (energy) Photosynthesis CO2 +H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 +O2 |
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COL: Maintain Homeostasis |
All living organisms have the ability to maintain homeostasis. (To maintain body temperature a dog will pant) |
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COL: Grow and Develop |
All living organisms increase in size and/or number of cells and changes throughout its life |
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COL: Reproduce |
All living organisms can make more of their own kind involving the division of cells sexually or asexually. Reproduction is necessary for the species, not the person |
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Sexual Reproduction |
longer period of time requires 2 parents (sperm/egg) offspring are different from parents and each other (genetic diversity) |
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Asexual Reproduction |
shorter period of time 1 individual clone- all offspring are identical (genetic sameness) |
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COL: Contain Genetic Information |
All living organisms contain genetic material (chromosomes and genes) that contain information about the traits of the organism |
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COL: Alter the Environment |
All living organisms physically change the environment in which they exist |
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COL: Respond to Stimuli |
All living organisms have the ability to respond to stimuli, to change their position, obtain foods, reproduce or protect themselves from danger |
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COL: Evolve |
The survival of all living organisms require them to have the genetic traits that best suit them for the environment in which they live. If they don't have the traits (genes) necessary for survival in the environment in which they live will become extinct |
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How do you hold a microscope? |
By the arm and handle |
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What is the function of a microscopes body tube? |
To hold the ocular lens |
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How much does the object magnify by automatically under a microscope> |
10x or more |
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Low Objective |
Typically 4x power (x10) |
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Medium Objective |
Typically 10x power (x10) |
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High Objective |
Typically 40x power (x10) |
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What holds the slide on the stage? |
Stage clips |
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What is below the stage? |
Light source (push/flip switch) |
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What is the job of the Diaphragm and where is it located? |
The diaphragm controls the amount of light that enters the microscope is located directly under the stage |
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Nosepiece |
Rotates to change objective |
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Ocular or eyepiece |
Part of eyepiece you look through. Magnifies x10 |
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Stage |
Where specimen is placed for viewing |
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Field of View |
Circular area of light you observe when looking through microscope (As magnification increases from low power (4x) to high power (40x), the size of the field will decrease and you'll see more detail) |
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Reverse Image |
When observing specimens in a microscope the image you observe is the reverse of what is on the slide |
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Resolution |
The revolving power of a microscope is the ability to clearly determine two separate points, or objects, as a singular distinguishing entitle |
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Depth of Field |
How deep into the slide you can see. As you increase your magnification it decreases. |
