Unit 1 Genetics

Front 1

William Harvey

Back 1

1600-1750
Proposed theory of epigenisis - could not prove

Front 2

Kasper Wolf

Back 2

1750 +
Proved theory of epigenisis using disected embryos

Front 3

Schwann and Schleiden

Back 3

1750+
Cell theory

Front 4

Charles Darwin

Back 4

1750+
Evolution by natural selection

Front 5

Mendel

Back 5

1750+
Father of genetics
For each trait there are heritable factors. Sometimes masked.

Front 6

Miescher

Back 6

1865
Discovered nucleic acids

Front 7

Morgan

Back 7

1910
Chromosomes contain heritable factors

Front 8

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Back 8

1944
Evidence for DNA

Front 9

Hershey and Chase

Back 9

1952
Tagged DNA, tagged proteins. Proved that DNA was genetic material using bacteriophages.

Front 10

Chargaff

Back 10

1950
Found that %A = %T, %G = %C

Front 11

Franklin

Back 11

1952
used X-ray diffraction to show structure of DNA. Evidence for Watson and Crick

Front 12

Watson and Crick

Back 12

1953
Used Franklin's data to put together a model of DNA

Front 13

Meslson and Stahl

Back 13

1958
Proved semiconservative replication

Front 14

Nirenberg

Back 14

1966
Cracked genetic code

Front 15

Southern

Back 15

1975
Sequenced using electrophoresis

Front 16

Sanger

Back 16

1977
Method for sequencing genes

Front 17

Mullis

Back 17

1985
PCR

Front 18

Wilmut + Campbell

Back 18

1997
Clone first Mammal

Front 19

Venter

Back 19

1946
Described a fast new approach to gene discovery using Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)

Front 20

Collins

Back 20

1982
Developed innovative methods of crossing large stretches of DNA to identify disease genes

Front 21

Mendel’s Principle of Segregation

Back 21

Each trait has two 'heritable factors', one is inherited from each parent.

Front 22

Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment

Back 22

Early theory of crossing over. Each trait is independent from the other.

Front 23

Down's Syndrom

Back 23

Trisomy 21

Front 24

Turner's syndrome

Back 24

Monosomy X (female)

Front 25

Klinefelter's Syndrome

Back 25

XXY (male)

Front 26

Environmental Sex Determination

Back 26

Alligator (and some turtle) eggs incubated over 32 degrees = females

Front 27

Ratio of X:autosomes

Back 27

Drosophila-
1.00 or higher, female
.99 or lower, male
Y determines sterility not gender.

Front 28

Sex Chromosome Mechanism

Back 28

Specific sex chromosomes = gender
Most Mammals : homogametic = female
Male gets sex linked diseases.
Flutterbys, moths, some fishies and birds opposite.

Front 29

Penetrance

Back 29

Portion of individuals expressing a trait in a population

Front 30

Incomplete penetrance

Back 30

Not everyone who has the genotype expresses the phenotype.

Front 31

Reasons for incomplete penetrance

Back 31

Epistasis, multiple alleles, environment, incomplete dominance

Front 32

Expressivity

Back 32

Level of expression of a genotype in an individual

Front 33

Variable expressivity

Back 33

Levels of severity fluctuate on a per person basis.

Front 34

Environmental factors affecting penetrance

Back 34

Age, Sex, Temperature, Chemicals

Front 35

Sex limited

Back 35

Autosomal for one gender, not for the other. Milk

Front 36

Sex influenced

Back 36

Expressed more in on than other. Nipples

Front 37

Genetic Marker

Back 37

Alleles of genes used to identify cells, individuals or species

Front 38

DNA Marker

Back 38

Molecular markers (DNA regions in the genome that are polymorphic)

Front 39

Cytological markers

Back 39

Cytologically detectable changes to chromosomes.