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145 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do we eat? |
Food provides our body with over 40 different substances that it cannot provide on its own. |
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What are nutrients? |
Chemicals that must be obtained by organisms from the environment in order to survive. Provide raw material for growth and repair. Source of energy. |
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What are the macronutrients? |
1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Lipids 4) Water |
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What are the micronutrients? |
1) Vitamins 2) Minerals |
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What is a carbohydrate made of? |
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
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What is the first source of fuel for our bodies? |
Carbohydrates |
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What is the equation for cellular respiration? |
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ® 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
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What are most carbohydrates broken down to? |
Glucose |
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What are some characteristics of cellulose? |
A carbohydrate Structural support for plant cell walls Cellulose cannot be digested by many animals Found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains |
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What are some characteristics of proteins? |
Catalyze chemical reactions: enzymes Structural support Transportation of molecules Movement Regulation of cell processes: hormones Defend against diseases |
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What are the building blocks of protein and how many different kinds are there? |
Amino acids 20 8 are essential meaning they cannot be synthesized; must be consumed. |
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What are some characteristics of lipids? |
Long-term energy Insulation/cushioning Component of cell membranes Chemical signals for body (hormones) Energy less accessible than carbohydrate energy |
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Describe "bad" fats. |
Saturated triglyceride No C-H double bonds (saturated/maximum H) Straight; easily fit together Solid at room temperature Higher melting point Found in animal products |
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Describe "good" fats. |
At least one C-H double bond Bent Liquid Lower melting point Plant products and fish |
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What is the most important nutrient and what does it do? |
Water! Makes up the bulk of blood, extracellular fluid, and other bodily fluids. |
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What are vitamins? |
Organic nutrients needed in smallamounts to regulate body processes and performchemical reactions. Water-soluble Fat-soluble |
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What are minerals? |
Inorganic nutrients (iron, calcium, copper, sodium...) |
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What are the 4 main processes of the digestive system? |
1) Ingestion 2) Digestion 3) Absorption 4) Egestion |
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What is ingestion? |
Consumption of nutrients |
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What is digestion? |
The breakdown of food into smaller parts by physical and mechanical means. |
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What is absorption? |
The taking in of digested molecules into the cells of the digestive tract. |
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What is egestion? |
Removal of waste. |
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What is the gastrointestinal tract? |
Also known as the alimentary canal Two openings: mouth and anus Six organs in humans: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Much longer in herbivores than in omnivores |
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Where does digestion begin and how? |
In the mouth breaking down food using teeth (mechanical) or chewing. the salivary glands secrete saliva which contain water, mucus, and amylase, an enzyme that breaks down amylose. |
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What is a bolus? |
Food mixed with saliva. |
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What is the pharynx? |
A two-way passage that receives food from the mouth and air from the nose. |
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What is the epiglottis? |
A small flap which closes and seals off the airway to ensure food goes into the esophagus. |
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What is the movement of food through the digestive tract called? |
Peristalsis. |
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What muscles control the movement of food into and out of the stomach? |
Sphincters. |
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The stomach mainly digests proteins. What three main substances does it produce to do so? |
1) Pepsin - digests protein 2) Hydrochloric acid - allows pepsin to work by lowering the pH of the stomach; digests protein 3) Mucus - protects stomach from hydrochloric acid |
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How does the stomach digest food? |
Chemically: produces substances Physically: churning action turns bolus into acidic chyme |
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What are ulcers? |
Caused by bacterial infection of the stomach (H. pylori) Can be cured with antibiotics |
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What is the small intestine divided into? |
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
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What does the liver produce and what is it used for? |
Bile breaks fats into smaller pieces. |
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What does the pancreas produce and what is it used for? |
Bicarbonate Trypsin Pancreatic amylase Lipase |
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What does the small intestine produce and what is it used for? |
Peptidases Maltases |
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Where does most nutrient absorption occur? |
Small intestine |
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What are villi and what are they for? |
Small "fingers" on the surface of the small intestine which increase the surface area for absorption. |
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What system do capillaries form part of and what do they absorb from the villi? |
Circulatory Carbs and proteins |
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What system do lacteals form part of and what do they absorb from the villi? |
Lymphatic Fats |
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What does the large intestine absorb? |
Mainly water, but also some vitamins and minerals. |
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What is feces made out of? |
Cellulose, bacteria, and water |
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What is respiration? |
The processes involved in the take-in of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide from the cells. |
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Why do we need oxygen? |
Oxygen reacts with nutrients in the mitochondria to release energy for the cells. |
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What is produced from the reaction between oxygen and nutrients in the mitochondria? |
Carbon dioxide. |
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Where does air enter the respiratory system? |
Through the nasal and oral cavity. The air is warmed and filtered by hair and mucus. |
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What is the pharynx? |
The pharynx is a two-way passage that connects the nasal and oral cavity. |
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What is the trachea? |
The trachea is the windpipe that air passes through to reach the bronchi. |
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What is the larynx? |
The top portion of the trachea, right above the epiglottis containing the two vocal chords which help you talk and make sounds. |
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What are the bronchi? |
Air passages that connect the trachea to the lungs. |
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What are bronchioles? |
The bronchi divide into many smaller tubes called bronchioles that are located throughout the lungs. |
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What is the diaphragm? |
The sheet of muscle that separates the organs of the chest cavity from the of the abdominal cavity. |
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What are alveoli? |
Tiny sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and the blood. |
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What surrounds the alveoli? |
A network of capillaries. |
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Blood entering the network of capillaries has a ___ oxygen concentration and ____ carbon dioxideconcentration.`
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Low High |
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Blood leaving the network of capillaries has a ____ oxygen concentration and ___ carbon dioxide concentration. |
High Low |
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What is inhalation? |
The action of breathing in. |
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What is exhalation? |
The action of breathing out. |
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How do we inhale? |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract. Chest expands. Air pressure is lowered. Air moves into the lungs. |
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How do exhale? |
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Chest contracts. Air pressure is raised. Air moves is forced out of the lungs. |
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Air moves from ____ pressure to ___ pressure areas. |
High Low |
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What portion of the brain controls breathing? |
The medulla oblongata. |
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What controls our breathing rate? |
The level of carbon dioxide in our blood. |
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What is homeostasis? |
The state of internal stability maintained by the body. |
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Why does exercise cause breathing rate to increase? |
CO2 dissolves in the form of carbonic acid in the plasma. More exercise = more CO2 pH in the blood decreases. Receptors in brain sense a drop in pH. The brain sends nerve signals that increase breathing rate. CO2 is breathed out. |
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Why must the respiratory surface of an animal's body be moist? |
So that oxygen is dissolved. |
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What is ventilation? |
The process of moving oxygen over a respiratory surface. |
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Why do mammals use air as a source of oxygen? |
Mammals have high activity levels. |
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Water flows across the gills. In what direction does blood flow? |
The opposite direction. |
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How do the diaphragm and rib muscles help with breathing? |
The muscles change the air pressure. |
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What does a spirometer measure? |
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled. |
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What are the common cold and influenza caused by? |
Viruses. |
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Why do we need to get the flu shot every year? |
The flu virus mutates often making the previous year's vaccine useless. |
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What causes asthma? |
Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by an allergic reaction to a foreign substance |
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What is the purpose of inhalers? |
Inhalers deliver drugs called corticosteroids to the lung tissue which stimulate the bronchi and bronchioles to increase in diameter. |
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What causes bronchitis? |
Inhaling irritating substances. |
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How does lung cancer develop? |
Cigarette smoke irritates cells of bronchi and bronchioles. Cells make excess mucus to trap foreign particles. Tar and other toxic materials become trapped in the mucus causing the cell to mutate. Mutated cells grow and divide uncontrollably. |
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What is the pleural membrane? |
A thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity. The pleural cavity contains fluid to allow the lungs to move freely without friction. |
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What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? |
COPD is a long-term respiratory disease which is a combination of bronchitis and emphysema. |
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What is pneumonia? |
An infection of the lungs causing the alveoli to fill with pus and mucus. |
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What is tuberculosis? |
A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, weightloss, night sweats, and coughing up blood. |
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What is cystic fibrosis? |
A hereditary disorder in which the gene that influences mucus production is defective. As a result, unusually thick and sticky mucus clogs the airways. CF also affects the digestive system. |
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Which substances in cigarette smoke cause most of the problems for the respiratory system? |
Nicotine, carbon monoxide, and tar. |
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What system is connected to every other system in our body? |
The circulatory system. |
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What are the 4 main jobs of the circulatory system? |
1) Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. 2) Deliver nutrients to parts of the body and transport wastes. 3) Maintain body's temperature 4) Transport hormones |
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What are the 3 main parts of the circulatory system? |
1) The blood 2) Blood vessels 3) Heart |
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What is the cardiovascular system? |
The blood vessels and the heart. |
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What is blood made of? |
55% plasma 45% erythrocytes <1% leukocytes <1% platelets |
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What are erythrocytes? |
Red blood cells contain molecules called haemoglobin which helps carry oxygen via iron. Do not have a nucleus. Increased surface area for oxygen. Flexibility. Cannot undergo mitosis. |
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What are leukocytes? |
White blood cells protect the body against microorganisms and other toxins. Destroy by engulfing or producing antibodies. |
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What is pus made of?
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White blood cells and pieces of other organisms. |
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What is the fluid portion of the blood? |
The plasma. |
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What does the plasma carry? |
O, CO2, nutrients, waste, hormones, proteins, etc. |
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What are platelets? |
Small pieces of larger cells help the blood clot when there is a wound. Touching a sharp edge causes them to rupture, releasing a substance that reacts with proteins in the plasma to create a mesh of fibres called fibrin. This stops the blood flow. |
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Where do arteries carry the blood? |
Away from the heart to parts of the body. |
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What kind of blood do arteries usually carry? |
Oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery). |
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Why are arteries thicker and more muscular? |
They must withstand high pressure due to the heart's pumping action. |
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Where do veins carry blood? |
To the heart. |
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What kind of blood do veins usually carry? |
Deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary vein). |
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What are veins thinner than arteries? |
Low pressure. |
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What do veins have that differentiate them from arteries? |
The presence of valves to ensure blood doesn't flow backwards. |
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What are capillaries? |
Blood vessels that connect the arteries to the veins. Capillaries function in the exchange of nutrients, waste, water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide between the blood and the surrounding cells. |
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What is the lymphatic system? |
A secondary network of vessels which carries a clear liquid called lymph. |
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What does lymph carry? |
White blood cell called lymphocytes produced in the bone marrow (make antibodies) and macrophages. |
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Why must lymph pass through lymph nodes? |
To be filtered for bacteria or any harmful substances. |
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After travelling through the lymphatic system, what does the lymph mix with? |
The blood. |
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Where does the blood carry the lymph? |
To parts of the body that have an infection. |
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What is the aorta? |
The largest artery in the body through which oxygenated blood leaves the heart and is carried to the tissues of the body. |
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What is the superior vena cava? |
The vessel which carries deoxygenated blood from the upper half of the body back to the heart. |
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What is the inferior vena cava? |
The vessel which carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the heart. |
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What are the pulmonary arteries? |
The arteries which carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs. There are 2 in total.
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What are the pulmonary veins? |
The veins which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. There are 4 in total. |
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What is the pulmonary circuit? |
The system of blood vessels that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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What is the systemic circuit? |
The system of blood vessels that carries oxygenated blood to the body and deoxygenated blood back to the heart. |
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What is the septum?
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A wall of cardiac muscle tissue which separates the right and left sides of the heart. |
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What side of the heart delivers blood to the pulmonary circuit? |
The right side. |
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What side of the heart delivers blood to the systemic circuit? |
The left side. |
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What are the atria (s. atrium)? |
The chambers which receive blood from the veins and passes it to the ventricles below. |
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What are the ventricles? |
The more muscular chambers which pump blood to the arteries. |
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What is the pericardium?
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The protective sac filled with fluid that lubricates the surface of the heart and roots of major blood vessels. |
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What is the purpose of valves? |
To prevent blood from moving backwards. |
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Names 3 types of valves found in the heart. |
Atrioventricular valves found between the atria and ventricles . Pulmonary valve found between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries. Aortic valve found between left ventricle and aorta. |
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TWhat are the coronary arteries? |
The pair of arteries which provide nutrients to the heart and branch from the aorta to the heart itself.
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What is the Sinoatrial node? |
The group of nerves which acts as a pacemaker for the heart telling it when to beat. |
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What is the Atrioventricular node? |
Acts as a messenger passing down the signal from the SA node down to the ventricles. Ventricles contract and atria relax. |
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What is systole? |
Contraction. |
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What is diastole? |
Relax. |
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What is blood pressure? |
The force of the blood on the walls of the arteries. |
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What does a sphygmomanometer measure? |
Blood pressure. |
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How? |
Cuff |
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What are 2 factors affecting blood pressure?
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1) Cardiac output 2) Resistance of arteries |
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Name 3 types of cardiovascular disease. |
1) Arteriosclerosis: causes walls of the arteries to thicken, harden, and loose their elasticity. 2) Disease of the veins 3) Heart disease |
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What are varicose veins? |
Swollen, twisted veins that do not have proper blood flow. |
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What is coronary artery disease? |
Blockage of the arteries that provide blood to the heart. Atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries. |
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What is a stroke caused by? |
A blood clot in the arteries that go to the brain. |
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What is atherosclerosis? |
The blockage of blood flow in the arteries caused by collection of plaque. |
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What is plaque made out of? |
Fat and calcium deposits. |
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What does atherosclerosis cause? |
Increased blood pressure. A complete blockage stops oxygen and nutrients from reaching the heart. |
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What happens if no oxygen or nutrients reach the heart? |
The heart can die. This is called a myocardial infarction or heart attack. |
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What are common symptoms of a heart attack? |
Sharp chest pain Shortness of breath (difficulty breathing) Nausea Pain in the neck and arm (usually left arm) |
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What are some risk factors for CAD? |
Smoking Lack of exercise High blood pressure High blood cholesterol Obesity/overweight Poor eating habits Diabetes Genetics Stress |
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What is a cardiac catheterization used to determine? |
How badly the coronary artery is blocked and damaged. |
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What is generally the first step in treating a heart attack? |
Anti-clotting drug is given to prevent more blockage in the arteries. |
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What is an angioplasty? |
A stent is placed in the artery to open it up and prevent it from narrowing. |
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What is a coronary bypass surgery? |
A vein is taken from another part of the body and attached to the heart to bypass the blocked area. |
