Unit 1

Front 1

Homeostasis

Back 1

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal body environment through various processes.

Front 2

Metabolism

Back 2

The total of all of the chemical and physical processes by which the body builds and maintains itself (anabolism) and by which it breaks down its substances for the production of energy (catabolism).

Front 3

Glucose

Back 3

Principal circulating sugar in the blood and the major energy source of the body.

Front 4

Ketone Bodies

Back 4

Bodies produced as intermediate products of fat metabolism.

Front 5

Lactic Acid

Back 5

A by-product of glucose and glycogen metabolism in anaerobic muscle energetics.

Front 6

Amino Acid

Back 6

The building blocks of protein. There are are 24 total, which form countless number of different proteins.

Front 7

Fatty Acids

Back 7

Any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils.

Front 8

Anabolism

Back 8

The building up in the body of complex chemical compounds from simpler compounds (e.g., proteins from amino acids).

Front 9

Catabolism

Back 9

The breaking down in the body of complex chemical compounds into simpler ones (e.g., proteins to amino acids).

Front 10

Metabolic Set Point

Back 10

The base rate of metabolism that the body seeks to maintain; resulting in basal metabolic rate.

Front 11

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Back 11

The minimum energy required to maintain the body's life function at rest; usually expressed in calories per hour per square meter of the body surface.

Front 12

Thermic Effect

Back 12

The heat liberated from a particular food; it is a measure of its energy content and its tendency to be burned as heat. This process of heat liberation is also commonly referred to as "thermogenesis."

Front 13

Calorie

Back 13

A unit of heat; specifically, it is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius at 1 atmosphere. As a unit of metabolism (as in diet and energy expenditure), it is spelled with a capital letter.

Front 14

Kilocalorie (kcal)

Back 14

A unit of measurement that equals 1000 calories, or 1 Calorie. Used in metabolic studies, it is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water 1 degree Celsius at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. The term is used in nutrition to express the fuel (energy) value of food.

Front 15

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

Back 15

A method of determining the "fuel mix" being used, giving us a way to measure the relative amounts of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins being burned for energy. It is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide expired to the volume of oxygen consumed.

Front 16

Oxidation

Back 16

The chemical act of combining with oxygen or of removing hydrogen.

Front 17

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (O2 max)

Back 17

The highest rate of oxygen consumption which a person is capable.

Front 18

Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)

Back 18

The amino acids L-leucine, L-isoleucine, L-valine, which have a particular molecular structure that gives them their name and comprises 35 percent of muscle tissue.

Front 19

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 19

An organic compound found in muscle which, upon being broken down enzymatically, yields energy for muscle contraction.

Front 20

Creatine Phosphate (CP)

Back 20

A high-energy phosphate molecule that is stored in cells and can be used to immediately re-synthesize ATP.

Front 21

ATP/CP Pathway

Back 21

When ATP combined with CP provides anaerobic sources of phosphate-bond energy. The energy liberated from hydrolysis (splitting) of CP re-bonds ADP and Pi to form ATP.

Front 22

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Back 22

An organic compound in metabolism that functions in the transfer of energy during the catabolism of glucose, formed by the removal of a phosphate molecule from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and composed of adenine, ribose, and two phosphate groups.

Front 23

Type II Muscle Fibers (Fast Twitch)

Back 23

Muscle fiber type that contracts quickly and is used mostly in intensive, short-duration exercises.

Front 24

Type I Muscle Fibers (Slow Twitch)

Back 24

A muscle fiber characterized by its slow speed of contraction and a high capacity for aerobic glycolysis.

Front 25

Glycolytic Pathway

Back 25

A metabolic process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy anaerobically.

Front 26

Gluconeogenesis

Back 26

Chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose.

Front 27

Anaerobic Threshold

Back 27

The point where increasing energy demands of exercise cannot be met by the use of oxygen, and an oxygen debt begins to be incurred.

Front 28

Oxidative Pathway

Back 28

A metabolic process in which oxygen combines with lactic acid, resynthesizing glycogen to produce energy aerobically.

Front 29

Krebs Cycle

Back 29

Citric acid cycle; a set of 8 reactions, arranged in a cycle, in which free energy is recovered in the form of ATP.

Front 30

Electron Transport Chain

Back 30

The passing of electrons over a membrane, aiding in a reaction to recover free energy for the synthesis of ATP.

Front 31

Pyruvate

Back 31

A byproduct of glycolysis.

Front 32

Beta Oxidation

Back 32

A series of reactions in which fatty acids are broken down.

Front 33

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Back 33

The amount of energy (calories) required to efficiently perform vital bodily functions such as a respiration, organ function and heart rate while the body is awake but at rest.