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41 Cards in this Set
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Agricultural Revolution
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the gradual shift from hunting and gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occurred worldwide from 7000 to 9000 years ago.
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Beringia
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land bridge formerly connecting Asia and North America that is now submerged beneath the Bering Sea.
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Columbian Exchange
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the exchange of plants, animals, and created between Europe and the Americas from first contact throughout the era of exploration.
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conquistadores
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16th century Spanish adventurers, often of noble birth, who subdued the Native Americans and created the Spanish empire in the New World.
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coureurs de bois
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fur trappers in French Canada who lived among the Native Americans.
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Eastern Woodland Cultures
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term given to Indians from the Northeast region who lived on the Atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering.
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encomienda system
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an exploitative system by Spanish rulers that granted conquistadors control of Native American villages and their inhabitants' labor.
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Protestant Reformation
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16th century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Spanish Armada
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Spanish fleet sent to invade England in 1588.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 that divided the world along a north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain all lands west of the line and Portugal lands east of the line.
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antinomianism
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religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that a person could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy.
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Great Migration
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migration of 16000 puritans from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630's.
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headright
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system of land distribution in which settlers where granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent they transported to the New World. it encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force.
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House of Burgesses
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the elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia.
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joint-stock company
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business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commerce and funding for colonies.
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Mayflower Compact
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agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Playmouth Colony.
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Puritans
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members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from religious practice.
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Quakers
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members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejects formal theology and stress each person's inner light, a spiritual guide to righteousness.
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Bacon’s Rebellion
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an armed rebellion in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colony's royal governor, Sir William Berkely.
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Dominion of New England
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Incorporation of the New England colonies under a single appointed royal governor that lasted from 1686-1689.
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enumerated goods
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raw materials, such as tobacco, sugar, and rice that were produced in the British colonies and under the Navigation Acts had to be shipped only to England or its colonies.
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Glorious Revolution
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replacement of James II by William III and Mary II as English monarchs in 1688, marking the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain.
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indentured servants
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persons who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in echange for the coast of transport to America.
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mercantilism
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assumed that the supply of wealth was fixed. To increase its wealth, a nation needed to export more goods than it imported.
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Navigation Acts
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commercial restrictions that regulated colonial commerce to favor England's accumulation of wealth.
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Royal African Company
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slaving company created to meet colonial planter's demands for black laborer's.
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spectral evidence
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in the Salem witch trials, the court allowed reports of dreams and visions in which the accused appeared as the devil's agent to be introduced as testimony.
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yeomen
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Southern small landholders who owned no slaves, and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains.
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Albany Plan
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envisioned the formation of a Grand Council made up of elected delegates from the various colonies, to oversee matters of common defense, western expansion, and Indian affairs.
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backcountry
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18th century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennsylvania to Georgia. this region formed the second frontier as settlers moved west from the Atlantic coast into the interior.
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consumer revolution
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period between 1740 and 1770 when English exports to the American colonies increased by 360% to satisfy American's demand for consumer goods.
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Enlightenment
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Philosophical and intellectucal movement that began in Europe during the 18th century. it stressed the use of reason to solve social and scientific problems.
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Great Awakening
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encouraged men and women to take an active role in their salvation and helped connect scattered colonist together with unifying belief.
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itinerant preachers
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these charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout America during the Great Awakening.
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middle ground
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a geographical area where two distinct cultures meet and merge with neither holding a clear upper hand.
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Peace of Paris of 1763
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treaty ending the French and Indian War by which France ceded Canada to Britain.
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Seven Years’ War
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Worldwide conflict that pitted Britain against France. with help from the American colonists, the British won the war and eliminated France as a power on the North American continent. also known as the French and Indian War.
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Chapter 1: Compare and contrast the experiences of the French, Spanish and English in colonizing the New World. How did their differing methods of exploring and colonizing affect those colonial experiences? |
the Spanish had the crown backing him up for the conquest to claim the new land. it consisted of conquistadors, missionary's, and military the farmers and traders came later. the English were royal charters and was mainly on the Virginia and Massachusetts then later spread all along the Atlantic Coast. they were mostly made up of middle-class farmers, aristocrats and tradesmen. while criminals, indentured servants and any immigrants were welcome. both of the French and English were friends with the natives while the Spanish saw them as heathens. both the French and Spanish had a slow growth in pop. and they were both govern by the crowns of their country's. all three both have in common is that they are catholic or have some form of catholic religion being worshiped on there territory's. |
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Chapter 2: Compare and contrast England's colonies of the Chesapeake region with its colonies in Massachusetts. What were their similarities and differences? |
The Massachusetts Bay, and the Chesapeake region were both part of the New World where England was starting to colonize. Even though the people from these two locations originated from the same land (England), these colonies turned out to be extremely different from one another. They differed in the reason they settled the land, the economic activity of the region, and the demographics of the colonies. Captain John Smith settled Chesapeake Region. Massachusetts Bay settled by John Winthrop. John Winthrop- Led puritans who were separatists out of England. This was to achieve a religious freedom they could not have anywhere else. This was their “city upon a hill” God wanted them to have. Chesapeake more for economic reasons. Settle there to grow tobacco and worry more about individual self than others. These two regions did not concentrate too much on slavery as the West Indes did. Chesapeake concentrated on farming tobacco, and concentrated more on their own problems. Massachusetts relied more on building of ships or materials instead of farming a specific crop. They were different in size, Massachusetts was much smaller. High death rate in Chesapeake Males expected to live to 45. Extremely lower death rate in Massachusetts where people were able to live to their 60’s and meet their grandchildren even. Different Religions. Both regions were soon to become one. Both had a large amount of white population, that was basically the same. also they had a Small Black population in both. New England did not have many slaves or a high black population. Around 1.7% of their population was black and there was barely any manual labor. Chesapeake region had more of a black population, but still not a very high amount of slaves. Only 4.8% of the population was black. |
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Chapter 3: What was mercantilism, how was it implemented and how did it shape the economic and political relationship between England and its colonies? |
it is economic principles that Europe adopted to dominante the commercial powers. it was implemented in trying to take control of the raw materials transported from the dependent colonies and used to be sent to the mother country. while also being used as an export for the finished products. it made the Americans have to go through specific laws to make sure the products would have to pass through the English first then to another colony. they also added the stamp act which prohibited any products to be shipped directly to America. it had to go through the English to be processed and that caused the price to be greater and the colonial consumers had to pay more. within that time the navigation act tried to eliminate all the Dutch who England had three wars with in the period. |
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Chapter 4: Discuss the origins and major events of the Seven Years' War. What effects did the conflict have on the American colonies? |
the English and Americans didn't have the man power/leadership that was needed to drive the French out of the Mississippi Valley. so the in May of 1756 on the 18 the British declared war on the French. William Pitt was a member of George II cabinet and prided himself in being the sole reason for saving the British empire. William thought that there was no point in fighting France in Europe that it was more important to fight in North America. because they need to control the colonial market and raw materials so Pitt wanted to expel all the French from the continent. Pitt took control of both the Army and Navy while promoting young promising officers over the superior ones. Great Britian would have to pay most of the bill and Pitt's military expenditures created a national debt that would haunt Britain and the colonies. while they took over the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes. the French forces started to become desperate because the New France couldn't meet their demands. the major general Wolfe took his troops up the cliff in the dark to attack the French as a surprise. on september 13 they attacked and him and Montcalm both got wounded. on the 8th the French surrendered at Montreal. the Peace of Paris of 1763 was signed on Feb. 10 that gave Great Britain possession of an empire that stretched around the globe. |
