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106 Cards in this Set

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Ch. 10: Describe how Andrew Jackson's personal temperament and political philosophy manifested themselves amid the controversies and policies of his presidency.
when Jackson comes to power as the president of the united states he first fires all the officeholders he didn't like. He defends his decision by asserting the right of all men to a government post. The peggy eaton affiar was about a women who was married to a Navy man and the husband died at sea. She was friends with jackson's protégé sen. John eaton. While the other wives of the cabinet members didn't really like her. Jackson tried to work things out by forcing the wives to accept peggy but that doesn't go to well. She ends up resignating and the rest of the cabinet follows suit. The removel of the indians has jackson saying that the federal government wasn't pushing them hard enough. So he asked congress to pass the indian removel act of 1830. That is how the trail of tears happened 8 years later. The nuliffiation crisis was another problem for jackson. Jackson has to threaten to send the army so south carolina will listen to him. In the end both sides retreat and carolina gets low tariffs and jackson demontrated his will. The bank war was a symbol of defense for the democrats value. This lead to two results one being economic distruciton and two party system.
Ch. 11: Explain how the South came to rely on slavery and how that labor system restricted its ability to diversify its economy. What were the short- and long-term ramifications of that lack of diversity?
the south came to rely on slavery with all the cotton growth from the farms. They needed the blacks to work in the fields and work the cotton gins. The labor system restricted its ability to diversify because the tobacco was depleting the soil and was hard to maintain. The way they kept at least going was the upper south would sell good slaves to the lower south. That increased when the lower south had its cotton boom and needed more slaves so the upper south had that’s how it took off for the upper south. The ramifications that came with lack of diversity was the upper south ha a weaker hold on the public since slave labor was declining. Since most of the slave states started to develop urban and industrial buildings at a rapid pace.
Ch. 12: How American social reform movements evolve out of the Second Great Awakening? How did those movements reflect changing American religious and societal attitudes?
the social reforms movements that came about from the second great awakening were abolitionist trying to perserve the christian ways. They put about a new concept with in the family roles within society. The wifes role was to be a domestic house wife and assume the roles within the house. They became less of a servant and more of a companion of their husbands. The discipline for the children was not supposed to instill fear but guilt. It was a way of trainging them to be self-disciplined in the way of christ. The reforms changed americans religious and societal attitudes drasticaly. The institutional reform had the schools continue teaching the kids what they learn at home. But the parents didn't see it as such because they felt the schools were alienating their children from them. The asylums and prisons was a way to mend the family's failures and a form of rehibilitation. They didn't really help much they would confine the prisoners and strict daily schedules was the harsh treatment they faced everyday. Some of the radical ones wanted destruction of the old ways and creation of a better and perfect social order. The antislavery, peace, and temerance movements were more on the radical side.
Adams-Onis Treaty American system
signed by secretary of state John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de Onis in 1819, this treaty allowed for U.S. annexation of Florida.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
in this 1819 case, the supreme court ruled that the constitution protected characters given to corporations by states.
Era of Good Feelings
the two terms of President James Monroe during which partisan conflict abated and general initiatives suggested increased nationalism.
Gibbons v. Ogden
in this 1824 case, the supreme court expanded the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce.
McCullough v. Maryland
this 1819 ruling asserted the supremacy of federal power over state power and the legal doctrine that the constitution could be broadly interpreted.
Missouri Compromise
sectional compromise in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state. It aslo banned slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana purchase territory.
Monroe Doctrine

it declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization: in return, the United States promised not to meddle in European affairs.

Preemption
the right of first purchase of public land. Settlers enjoyed this right even if they squatted on the land in advance of government surveyors.
1811
Construction of National Road begins; National bank’s charter allowed to expire
1813
Boston Manufacturing Co. founds 1 St U.S. cotton mill
1816
Second Bank of United States chartered; James Monroe elected president
1819
Economic panic erupts, lasts until
1823
Spain cedes Florida to U.S.
1820
Missouri Compromise resolves sectional crisis
1823
Monroe Doctrine proclaimed
1825
Erie Canal completed
● John Quincy Adams
Author of the Monroe Doctrine as secretary of state, he was the 6th president and served 17 years as a congressman after his presidency.
● James Monroe
Virginian who served two terms as 5th president during the Era of Good Feelings, he declared Western Hemisphere off-limits to new colonization.
● Sequoyah
Invented a written Cherokee language (1821-22) through the use of a syllabary, in which 85 symbols represent syllables.
● James Fenimore Cooper
Popular early American novelist whose Leatherstocking tales romanticized solitary life on the rugged frontier, the most noted being The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
● Robert Fulton
He dramatically changed transportation by developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont, which began sailing on the Hudson River in 1807.
● DeWitt Clinton
New York governor whose pet project, the Erie Canal (1817-25), connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean and led to a canal boom.
● Henry Clay
One of the “Great Triumvirate” of three pre-Civil War legislators, the Kentucky senator championed the American system of high tariffs and internal improvements.
Bank War
an 1828 protective tariff, or tax on imports, that angered southern free traders.
nullification
the supposed right of any state to declare a federal law inoperative within its boundaries. In 1832, south Carolina nullified the federal tariff.
Panic of 1837
a financial depression that lasted until the 1840's
second party system
the national two-party rivalry between Democrats and Whigs. The second party system began in the 1830's and ended in the 1850s with the demise of the Whigs and the rise of the Republican Party.
tariff of abominations
an 1828 protective tariff, or tax on imports, that angered southern free traders.
Trail of Tears
in the winter of 1838-1839 the Cherokee were forced to evacuate their lands in georgia and travel under military guard to present day Oklahoma. Exposure and disease killed roughly one-quarter of the 16,000 forced migrants en route.
1824
John Quincy Adams elected president in “corrupt bargain”
1828
Andrew Jackson elected president
1830
Congress passes Indian Removal Act
1832
Jackson vetoes rechartering of Second Bank of the United States; Jackson re-elected over Henry Clay
1833
Deposits pulled from SBUS
1834
Whig Party formed
1835
Tocqueville’s Democracy in America published
1836
Martin Van Buren elected president
1837
Financial panic erupts
1838
Cherokees forced west on Trail of Tears
1840
Wm. Henry Harrison becomes 1st Whig president
● Herman Melville
Underappreciated during his lifetime, his tale of a sea captain’s quest for a great white whale, Moby-Dick (1851), ranks as a classic of American literature.
● Edgar Allan Poe
Short-story writer and poet whose Gothic horror tales explored humanity’s darker side.
● Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The most popular American poet of the mid-1800s, his work helped shape the national character with subjects such as Paul Revere, Hiawatha and Miles Standish.
● Walt Whitman
This essayist and poet was one of most innovative of antebellum period, exploring sexuality and abandoning traditional forms for free verse.
● William Sidney Mount
Artist of the Hudson Valley School whose paintings portrayed everyday life, exemplifying the egalitarian sentiment of the Jacksonian period.
● Martin Van Buren
New Yorker who built one of the first statewide political machines, he served one term as the 8th president.
● John C. Calhoun
One of the “Great Triumvirate” of three pre-Civil War legislators, the South Carolinian championed states’ rights and nullification of Jackson’s Tariff of Abominations, leaving the vice presidency for the U.S. Senate.
● Peggy O’Neale Eaton
As wife of the secretary of war, gossip about her moral character led to a mass resignation among Andrew Jackson’s cabinet.
● Nicholas Biddle
As president of the Second Bank of the United States from 1823 to 1836, he triggered a “bank war” with President Jackson by seeking to have the bank’s charter renewed four years early.
● Roger B. Taney
Helped President Jackson kill the Second Bank of the United States by redirecting federal funds away from the bank and subsequently was rejected as secretary of the treasury by the Senate. He became chief justice of the Supreme Court and in 1857 handed down the controversial Dred Scott ruling.
● Daniel Webster
One of the “Great Triumvirate” of three pre-Civil War legislators, the New Englander was a leading figure in the Whig party, twice serving as secretary of state and spending more than 25 years in Congress.
● William Henry Harrison
A hero for his military victory over Tecumseh at Tippecanoe (1811), he became the 9th president -- and the first Whig elected -- but died from illness after just one month.
● Alexis de Tocqueville
A French visitor to America in 1831-2, he recorded his insightful observations in the influential two-volume Democracy in America.
American Colonization Society
founded in 1817 the society advocated the relocation of free blacks and freed slaves to the African colony of Monrovia present-day Liberia.
cotton gin
device for separating the seeds from the fibers of short-staple cotton enabled a slave to clean fifty times more cotton as by hand, which reduced production costs and gave new life to slavery in the south.
Old South
refers to slaveholding states between 1830 and 1860 when slave labor and cotton production dominated the economies of the southern states. Period also known as antebellum era.
Underground Railroad
a network of safe houses organized by abolitionists (usually free blacks) to help slaves escape to the North or Canada.
Vesey conspiracy
unsuccessful 1822 plot to burn Charleston, south Carolina, and initiate a general slave revolt led by a free African American Denmark Vesey.
yeoman farmers
southern small landholders who owned no slaves, and who lived primarily in the foothills of the Appalachian and Ozark mountains. They were self-reliant and grew mixed crops, although they usually did not produce a substantial amount to be sold on the market.
1793
Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin
1800
Gabriel Prosser leads abortive slave revolt in Richmond, Va.
1817
American Colonization Society founded
1822
Denmark Vesey’s slave conspiracy crushed in Charleston, S.C.
1831
Nat Turner’s slave revolt kills 60 in Virginia
1839
Schooner Amistad seized by slaves, land at Long Island
1847
Frederick Douglass publishes North Star, black antislavery newspaper
1852
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin becomes best-seller
1857
Hinton Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South shows economic flaws of slavery, is suppressed in South
● Eli Whitney
Invented cotton gin, (1793), making production of cloth much cheaper, which revolutionized clothing and contributed to South’s dependence on plantation slaves.
● Nat Turner
Black preacher who led a bloody slave revolt in SE Virginia in 1831 that resulted in the deaths of nearly 60 whites, his execution and that of dozens of slaves.
● William Lloyd Garrison
An uncompromising abolitionist and social reformer, he launched a radical anti-slavery movement with publication of The Liberator, a weekly newspaper, from 1831 to 1865.
● Denmark Vesey
Free black man who was hanged along with dozens of others in 1821 for organizing a slave rebellion aimed at capturing Charleston, S.C.
● J.D.B. De Bow
Editor of an influential weekly newspaper that called for the development of industry and shipping in the South.
Abolitionist movement
reform movement dedicated to the immediate and unconditional end of slavery in the United States.
Benevolent empire
collection of missionary and reform societies that sought to stamp out social evils in American society in the 1820's and 1830's.
Cult of Domesticity
used to characterize the dominant gender role for white women in the antebellum period. Stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere.
perfectionism
doctrine that a state of freedom from sin is attainable on earth.
Second Great Awakening
evangelical protestant revivals that swept over America in the early nineteenth century.
Seneca Falls Convention
1848 gathering of women's rights advocates that culminated in the adoption of a declaration of sentiments demanding voting and property rights for women.
temperance movement
temperance-moderation or abstention in the consumption of alcoholic beverages-attracted many advocates in the early nineteenth century.
1801
Revival draws thousands to Cane Ridge, Ky.
1826
American Temperance Society organized
1830-31
Charles G. Finney evangelizes Rochester, N.Y.
1831
William Lloyd Garrison publishes 1st edition of The Liberator
1833
American Anti-Slavery Society founded
1835
McGuffey’s Readers first published
1837
Massachusetts establishes state board of education; Pro-slavery mob kills abolitionist editor Elijah Lovejoy
1840
Liberty Party founded
1841
Transcendentalists organize model community at Brook Farm
1848
Women’s rights movement founded at Seneca Falls, N.Y.
1850
The Scarlet Letter published by Nathaniel Hawthorne
1854
Thoreau’s Walden is published
● Lyman Beecher
Presbyterian minister whose evangelical Calvinism led him to advocate temperance and abolitionism. Several of his 13 children became leading reformers as well.
● Charles G. Finney
Preacher who led highly successful revivals in upstate New York, repudiating Calvinist pre-destination for free will and potential freedom from sin.
● Horace Mann
Formed Massachusetts’ public school system that emphasized moral and civic instruction and became a model for other states.
● William Holmes McGuffey
Author of a series of readers, beginning in 1836, that modernized instruction while teaching the Protestant ethic.
● Dorothea Dix
Reformer whose efforts in publicizing the inhumane treatment of the mentally ill led to the building of more than 30 hospitals.
● Theodore Dwight Weld
Leader of “Lane’s Rebels,” he used revivalist techniques as one of the most outspoken abolitionists of the 1830s and ‘40s.
● Frederick Douglass
Slave who escaped to freedom in 1838 and became one of the most effective voices for abolition and equal rights.
● Elijah Lovejoy
Antislavery editor who was martyred when he was shot and killed by a mob in Alton, Ill., in 1837.
● Ralph Waldo Emerson
Immensely popular essayist and lecturer who became leader of transcendentalism.
● Henry David Thoreau
A transcendentalist whose reflections on nature and solitude became the classic Walden (1854). His On Civil Disobedience (1849) remains influential.
● Nathaniel Hawthorne
Author of Puritan stock whose dark tales of mankind’s frailty included The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851).