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140 Cards in this Set
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- Back
Cahokia
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A native American trading center in the Mississippi valley near St. Louis. It had a population of 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.
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Marco Polo
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Explorer and trader who developed an overland route to the far east
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portuguese ruler who built a school devoted to exploration. Died in 1486.
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Christopher Columbus
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Genoan explorer who sailed in service of Ferdinand and Isabella
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Queen Isabella
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Spanish queen from Castille, married to King Ferdinand of Aragon
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Vasco de Balboa
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First European to see the Pacific Ocean
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Ferdinand Magellan
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First European to circumnavigate the globe, although he died before his ships returned home
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Hernando Cortes
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Conquistador who defeated the Aztecs in 1518 with smallpox and lies
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Tenochtitlan
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Capital city of the Aztecs, on what is now Mexico City, sacked in 1518
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Conquistadores
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Landless Spanish fighters and explorers who conquered and pillaged Central and South America
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Francisco Pizarro
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Conquistador who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru (1538)
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St. Augustine
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Spanish fort in Florida, established in 1565
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Santa Fé
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Spanish town in New Mexico, founded in 1609. The oldest state capital in the U.S.
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Maize
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Abundant new world crop, cultivated by the indians
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John Cabot
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Genoan who explored North America for Henry VII in 1497, looking for the northwest passage.
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Mercantilism
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Economic theory emphasizing balance of trade and limited resources in the world
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Martin Luther
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German priest who challenged the Roman Catholic church practices in 1517
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John Calvin
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Swiss theologian and developer of predestination
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Puritan Separatists
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Protestants who wanted to split away from Britain
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Québec
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French colony to the north of New England
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Henry Hudson
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English navigator who made four voyages looking for the northwest passage. Died in 1911.
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New Amsterdam
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Old New York, founded in 1624 by the Dutch East India Company
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The Spanish Armada
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Massive Spanish fleet of Philip II aimed at invading England in 1588
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Sir Humphrey Gilbert
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Raleigh's half-brother, sailed the Squirrel to colonize Newfoundland in 1583
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Adventurer and sometime pirate, founder of Roanoke, died in 1618
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Roanoke
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Failed colony founded in 1585
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Jamestown
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First successful English town, founded in 1608
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Captain John Smith
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Adventurer who led Jamestown
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John Rolfe
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Married Pocahontas and cultivated tobacco
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The Headright System
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Grants of land donated to new settlers in the Chesapeake by the Virginia Company and the Lords Baltimore
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Virginia House of Burgesses
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The first elected government body in the British colonies
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Powhatan
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Chief of indians near Jamestown and father of Pocahontas
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Pocahontas
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Daughter of Powhatan, married to John Rolfe
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Lord Baltimore
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A Catholic British lord who founded Maryland
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1649 Act Concerning Religion
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Assured freedom of religion in Maryland, in the face of a growing protestant population
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Sir William Berkeley
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Governor of Virginia who spurred Bacon's Rebellion
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Nathaniel Bacon
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Led a revolt against Gov. Berkeley, a clash between landed and landless
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The Scrooby Separatists
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Puritans from England who moved to Holland and then to Plymouth in 1620
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Plymouth
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Settled by pilgrims in 1620
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The Mayflower Compact
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first colonial agreement that formed a government by the consent of the governed
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William Bradford
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Governor of Plymouth colony
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The Massachusetts Bay Company
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English trading company that evolved into a theocracy, organized in 1628, founded Boston
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John Winthrop
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Governor of Boston under Mass Bay Co.in 1630
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City on a Hill
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Winthrop's vision of an idealized example for the old world
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Thomas Hooker
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Founded Hartford in 1635
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Roger Williams
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Founder of Rhode Island, an anti-British separatist preacher
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Anne Hutchinson
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Notable antinomian leader who fled from Boston to Connecticut and then to New York
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The Antinomian heresy
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The belief that people cannot obtain salvation through good works -- faith alone is all that is required.
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The Pequot War
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1637 Conflict almost wiping out the Mohegans in Connecticut
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King Philip's War
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King Philip aka Metacomet was a Wampanoag chieftain who resisted English colonization, fought the English in 1675 for 3 years
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Charles I
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Beheaded after the english Civil War in 1649
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English Civil War
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Parliament vs. King Charles
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Oliver Cromwell
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Lord Protector of England and leader of the victorious protestant faction in the English Civil War
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Charles II
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Restored King of England, son of Charles I, crowned in 1660
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Anthony Ashley Cooper
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1st Earl of Shaftesbury and strong parlimentarian involved in civil war and restoration
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Barbados
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British-controlled islands in the Caribbean, known for exporting sugar and slaves
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James II
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The Catholic king of England, dethroned in glorious revolution
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The Society of Friends
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The quakers, a pacifist protestant denomination
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William Penn
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A quaker convert and founder of Pennsylvania
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New Mexico
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Most prosperous of all Spanish northern colonies by 1799 it had 10,000 euros
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James Oglethorpe
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Founded Georgia with the intent of creating a haven for debtors
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The Navigation Acts
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1660 British acts restricting colonial trade to ships of British origin
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Lords of Trade
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1675 body created to recommend imperial reform
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Dominion of New England
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James II's amalgamation of NY, MA etc. under one governor
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Sir Edmund Andros
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Unpopular royal governor of New England
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William and Mary
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The protestant power couple brought in to replace the Catholic king of England in 1688
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The Glorious Revolution
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The bloodless replacement of King James II with William and Mary in 1688
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Jacob Leisler
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Dutch merchantman who revolted against the British governor of New York
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Cavaliers
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Supporters of the king
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Roundheads
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Protestant supporters of parliament
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Indentured Servitude
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5 years of slavery in exchange for a ticket and some clothing
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The Middle Passage
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The long journey of slaves from Africa to the new world
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Slave Codes
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Early 18th c. laws granting white masters absolute authority over black slaves
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Huguenots
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French protestants (Calvinists) many settling in America after the Edict of Nantes revocation in 1685
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Pennsylvania Dutch
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German farmers settled in Pennsylvania
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Saugus works
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First ironworks in the States, a business failure.
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Peter Hasenclever
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Ran the first successful ironworks in the States, founded in 1764
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triangular trade
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simplification of rum, slaves, sugar trade network
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Stono Rebellion
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Failed 1739 slave revolt in South Carolina
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Town Meeting
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Primary form of local government in New England, held in churches
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Primogeniture
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First son gets it all
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Salem Witch Trials
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1692 trials and chaos
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Jeremiads
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Sermons deploring the drop in piety
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Declension
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A perceived waning of piety, due in part to migration etc
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The Great Awakening
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Religious revival reaching its peak in 1740
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John and Charles Wesley
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Founders of Methodism, visited Georgia in 1730s
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Jonathan Edwards
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Terrifying Great Awakening preacher from Northampton
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New Lights
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Great Awakening era Revivalists
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Old Lights
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Great Awakening era traditionalists
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The Enlightenment
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Intellectual movement celebrating rational thought and natural laws
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Poor Richard's Almanac
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America's most famous almanac, written by Ben Franklin
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Harvard College
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College founded in 1636 Cambridge, MA by Puritans
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William and Mary College
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College established in 1693 Williamsburg, VA by Anglicans
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Royal Society of London
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The leading British scientific organization of the enlightenment
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Benjamin Franklin
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Preminent statesman and enlightenment scientist of America
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John Peter Zenger
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His 1734 trial in NY ruled that factually true criticisms about government were not libel
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The Albany Plan
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Ben Franklin proposed a system of general govt to conduct relations with Indians--shot down
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Iroquois Confederacy
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A strong union of 5 major tribes in the central Northeast (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida)
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Fort Necessity
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Geo. Washington's stockade in the Ohio valley, staging ground for Virginian attack on French, the beginning of the French & Indian War
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James Wolfe
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Captured Quebec (but died there) in a sneak attack of 1759
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King George III
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Crowned in 1760, assertive and not-too-bright, destablized govt
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The Proclamation of 1763
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Set Appalachians as a the limit for western expansion
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The Currency Act of 1764
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Banned colonial assemblies from issuing paper money
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Patrick Henry
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Pushed the Virginia Resolves
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Sons of Liberty
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Patriotic Boston thugs
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Charles Townshend
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Chancellor of exchequer enforced Mutiny Act & established boards of customs
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Samuel Adams
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Brewer and Patriot and inflammatory writer
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Virtual and Actual Representation
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Direct rep via vote versus grander idealized version
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The Boston Tea Party
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Bostonians heaved tea into the harbor to prevent it from being sold
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Minutemen
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American militia ready to fight on a minute's notice
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Seven Years' War
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Called the French and Indian War by colonial Americans, it ended in 1763.
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The Treaty of Utrecht
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Brought Queen Anne's war to a close, transferred land to British
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Fort Duquesne
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Pittsburgh-located French military fort in Ohio Valley
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Quebec
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Handed over to English as part of the Peace of Paris
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George Grenville
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George III's prime minister, believed in enforcing laws in colonies
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The Mutiny Act of 1765
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Act requiring colonists to help provision and maintain the English armu
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The Stamp Act of 1765
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Act placing a tax on every colonial printed document
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Virginia Resolves
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Resolutions asserting the rights of Americans as Englishmen, in response to the Stamp Act
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The Sugar Act of 1764
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Act that raised duty on sugar, lowered duty on molasses & established vice-admiralty courts in America to try smugglers
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Thomas Hutchinson
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Governor of Massachusetts, his house was sacked in 1765 by a stamp act mob
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Townshend Duties
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Duties on lead, paper, paint and tea
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Committee of Correspondence
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Proposed by Sam Adams to publicize grievances against England (1772)
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The Tea Act of 1773
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Act giving British East India Co permission to export tea directly to colonies (1773)
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The Coercive Acts of 1774
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Punitive acts closing Boston harbor, quartering troops, etc. (1774)
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General Thomas Gage
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British commander of the military in America, also governor of Massachusetts
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Creoles
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White immigrants of French descent
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George Washington
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Rookie leader at Fort Necessity
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impressment
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The forcible enlistment of colonists into the British army, for the 7 years war
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Peace of Paris
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The 1763 accord ending the 7 years war and giving French territory to England
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Pontiac
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Ottawa tribal chieftain whose attacks hastened the Proclamation of 1763
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The Paxton Boys
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Pennsylvania frontiersmen who demanded tax relief and support against the indians
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James Otis
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Arranged for the intercolonial Stamp Act Congress
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Declaratory Act
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Act asserting British authority to tax America, in the wake of Stamp Act repeal
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Boston Massacre
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Hassled soldiers shoot and kill 5 Bostonians
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Gaspée
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British revenue schooner boarded and sunk by Rhode Island colonists
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Daughters of Liberty
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Sewing circles to augment now-scarce finished goods
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1st Continental Congress
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Delegates from all colonies (except Georgia) convened in Philadelphia to address the Intolerable Acts in September of 1774
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Lexington and Concord
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Immediate trigger that started the War of Independence
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Paul Revere
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Boston silversmith with a famous horseride, who was also created inflammatory political illustrations
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William Dawes
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A Son of Liberty who rode with Revere to warn Lexington and Concord
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