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262 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT IS PYONEPHROSIS?
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THE PRESENCE OF PUS IN A DILATED RENAL COLLECTING SYSTEM. THIS MAY FOLLOW INFECTED HYDRONEPHROSIS.
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NAME 3 SONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF PYONEPHRISIS
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1. DEPENDENT ECHOES WITHIN A DILATED PELVOCALICEAL SYSTEM.
2.SHIFTING URINE-DEBRIS LEVEL 3. GAS SHADOWING FROM INFECTION. |
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WHAT MALIGNANT TUMOR IS ASSOCIATED WITH THE URINARY COLLECTING SYSTEM?
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TCC (TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA)-
MOST COMMON LOCATION- URINARY BLADDER ALSO OCCURS IN THE URETER RENAL PELVIS |
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NAME THE FOUR CHARACTERISTICS THAT DEFINE NONFUNCTIONING CORTICAL ADENOMA
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1. UNILATERAL MASS
2. NO HC OF CA. ELSEWHERE 3. NO LABS TO SUSPECT ADRENAL HYPERFUNCTIONING. 4. ADRENAL MASS LESS THAN 3CM IN DIAMETER |
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NAME THE 3 MOST COMMON PRIMARY SOURCES OF CA THAT METS TO THE ADRENAL GLAND
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1. LUNG
2. BREAST 3. MELANOMA |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO MOST COMMON EXPLANATIONS FOR BILATERAL RENAL MASSES?
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1. MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA/ HODGKIN'N DISEASE
2. METASTASES |
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NAME 7 COMMON TUMORS SEEN/ASSOCIATED WITH VON HIPPEL-LINDAU SYNDROME IN ULTRASOUND
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1.RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
2. HEMANGIOMA 3.PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA 4. PANC CYSTADENOMA/CYSTADENOCARCINOMA 5. ADENOMA 6. ISLET CELL TUMOR 7. CYSTS ASSOC. WITH A VARIETY OF ORGANS. |
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WHEN IMAGING, HOW WOULD YOU DIFFERENTIATE OBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHY FROM NONOBSTRUCTIVE NEPHROPATHY?
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OBSTRUCTIVE (HYDRO) - RI > 0.7
NONOBSTRUCTIVE- RI < 0.7 THIS IS USED FOR ACUTE OBSTRUCTION. cHRONIC MAY HAVE A NORMAL RI. |
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PREHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION =
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PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS
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INTRAHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION =
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CIRRHOSIS; SCHISTOSOMIASIS
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POSTHEPATIC PORTAL HYPERTENSION =
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BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME
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WHAT MASS SHOULD BE SUSPECTED WHEN A FILLING DEFECT IS NOTED WITHIN THE BLADDER?
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---TCC---
*NOTE THAT BLOOD CLOTS OR FUNGAL BALLS HAVE A SIMILAR APPEARANCE AS WELL |
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NAME:
SONO APPEARANCE OF RENAL MYCETOMA |
RENAL MYCETOMA (FUGAL BALL)
SONO: HYPERECHOIC NONSHADOWING MASS. **NOTE SIMILAR SONO APPEARANCE OF ANGIOMYOLIPOMA, BLOOD CLOT, PYOGENIC DEBRIS, AND SLOUGHED PAPILLA. |
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMMON SOLID TUMOR IN CHILDREN SEEN BY ULTRASOUND?
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WILM'S TUMOR (NEPHROBLASTOMA)
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NAME THE SONO CRITERIA FOR
SIGNIFICANT ACUTE PYELONEPHRITIS (3) |
1. RENAL ENLARGEMENT
2. HYPOECHOIC PARENCHYMA 3. ABSENCE OF SINUS ECHOES |
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WHAT DO ANGIOMYOLIPOMAS, HEPATIC LIPOMA, AND ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMA HAVE IN COMMMON?
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ALL ARE FAT-CONTAINING MASSES THAT HAVE THE ABILITY TO CREATE PROPAGATION SPEED ARTIFACT, DUE TO DECREASED PROP SPEED.
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NAME 3 MOST COMMON LOCATIONS FOR WITHIN THE URINARY TRACT FOR A RENAL CALCULI TO CAUSE OBSTRUCTION.
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1. UVJ*** -MOST COMMON
2. UPJ 3. URETERIC OBSTRUCTION AT LEVEL OF PELVIC INLET. |
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WHAT IS THE ARTERIAL WAVEFORM FOUND IN AN "A-V" FISTULA?
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LOW RESISTIVE ARTERIAL FLOW PATTERN.
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WHAT CHARACTERISTIC DOES THE VENOUS FLOW OF AN "A-V" FISTULA HAVE?
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INCREASED VELOCITY, PULSATILITY, AND SPECTRAL BROADENING DUE TO TURBULANCE.
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NAME THE 4 SONO CRITERIA FOR RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS.
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1.KID SIZE <9CM IN LENGTH
2.PEAK MAIN RENAL ARTERY VELOCITY AT > 180CM/SEC 3.RENAL ART/AORTA >3.5 4.INTRARENAL PARVUS TARDUS WAVEFORM |
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DESCRIBE SONO APPEARANCE OF URETEROCELE
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ROND, CYSTIC STRUCTURES THAT PROJECT INTO THE BLADDER LUMEN NEAR THE UVJ.
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WHAT STRUCTURE CONNECTS THE APEX OF THE BLADDER TO THE UMBILICUS?
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MEDIAN UMBILICAL LIGAMENT (URACHUS)
**LIES IN THE SPACE OF RETZIUS |
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WHAT IS A URACHAL CYST?
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CYSTIC DILATATION OF THE MEDIAN UMBILICAL LIGAMENT. SEEN ON SONO AS CYSTIC STRUCTURE THAT EXTENDES FROM APEX OF BLADDER TO UMBILUS.
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WHAT ECHOGENIC TUMOR OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IS ASSOCIATED WITH PROP SPEED ARTIFACT?
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ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMAS- THEY CONTAIN BOTH FATTY AND BONE MARROW ELEMENTS.
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WHAT TWO MASSES ORIGINATE FROM THE ADRENAL MEDULLA?
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1. PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
2. NEUROBLASTOMA |
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NAME THE 3 COMPARTMENTS OF THE RETROPERITONEUM.
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1. THE PERIRENAL SPACE.
2. ANTERIOR PERIRENAL SPACE 3. POSTERIOR PERIRENAL SPACE |
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NAME THE 11 STRUCTURES LOCATED RETROPERITONEAL
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KIDNEYS, URETERS, IVC, PANC, ASCENDING/DESCENDING COLON, LYMPH NODES, BLADDER, ADRENAL GLANDS, AORTA, PORTIONIS OF DUODENUM, PROSTATE, UTERUS
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NAME THE 3 BRANCHES OF THE CELIAC AXIS.
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1.COMMON HEPATIC ARTERY
2.LEFT GASTRIC ART 3.SPLENIC ART |
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EXPLAIN A 'TRUE' AORTIC ANEURYSM AND WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES.
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TRUE AAA INVOLVES ALL THREE LAYERS OF THE AORTA.
TWO TYPES FUSIFORM, A SPINDLE SHAPED DILATATION OR SACCULAR (NOT TYPICALLY SEEN AS SACCULAR) |
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What is another name for a false aneurysm and how do they occur?
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pseudoaneurysm- result from injury to the vessel wall where blood extravasates from the vessel. the blood surrounding the vessel is reatined and walled off by the surrounding tissue.
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where is the most common site for a pseudoaneurysm and why?
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the groin- commonly resulting from catheters introduced through the common fem art during angiographic prodcedures
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what is a dissecting aneurysm?
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DISSECTION OF THE INTIMA AWAY FROM AORTIC WALL. 2 TYPES
1. ASCENDING THORACIC AORTA 2. ORIGIN OF THE LT. SUBCL. ART. |
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NAME THE SONO APPEARANCE OF DISSECTING ANEURYSM.
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SEEN AS A SEPTATION DIVIDING THE AORTA INTO A TRUE LUMEN AND A FALSE LUMEN.
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WHAT IS THE THORACIC CONTINUATION OF THE ASCENDING LUMBAR VEINS?
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ASCENDING LUMBAR VEINS PARALLEL THE SPINE, AND LIE POST TO PSOAS MUSCLE. SUPERIOR TO DIAPHRAGM,RIGHT ASCENDING LUMBAR VEIN CONTINUES TO THE AZYGOS VEIN AND THE LT ASCENDING LUMBAR VEIN CONT. AS THE HEMIAZYGOS VEIN. BOTH DRAIN INTO THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA.
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GONADAL ARTERIES-
WHERE DOES THE RT GONADAL VN DRAIN? LT? |
RT GONADAL VN- DRAINS THE RT OVARY OR TESTICLE AND INSERTS INTO THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE IVC BELOW RENAL VEINS.
LT- DRAINS LT OVARY OR TESETICLE AND INSERTS INTO LT RENAL VEIN, WHICH THEN GOES TO THE IVC |
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DEFINE RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS(RPF)
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DENSE, FIBROOUS TISSUE PROLIFERATION THAT IS CONFINED TO THE PARAVERTEBRAL AND CENTRAL ABD REGION. USUALLY AT 4TH AND 5TH LUMBAR VERTEBRA, OVERLYING THE AORTIC BIFUR.
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DESCRIBE SONO APPEARANCE OF RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS (RPF)
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SONOGRAPHICALLY-SMOOTH MARGINATED, HYPOECHOIC SOFT-TISSUE MASS ENCASING THE AORTA AND IVC.
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WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGY OF RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS?
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IDIOPATHIC (UNKNOWN)
POSSIBLE CAUSES INCLUDE: AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE, DRUGS, AAA, INFECTION, RETROPERITONEAL MALIGNANCY, RADIATION, OR CHEMO. |
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THE THYROID GLAND IS LOCATED WHERE IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE NECK STRAP MUSCLES?
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POSTERIOR
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THE STENOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE OF THE NECK IS ________ TO THE THYROID GLAND.
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ANTEROLATERAL
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THE CAROTID ARTERY AND THE INTERNAL JUG VEIN ARE _______TO THE THYROID GLAND.
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LATERAL
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THE LONGUS COLLI MUSCLE IS _______ TO THE THYROID GLAND.
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POSTERIOR
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THE MINOR NEUROVASCULAR BUNDLE IS ______ TO THE THYROID GLAND.
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POSTERIOR
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THE NORMALLY LOCATED PARATHYROID GLANDS ARE _______ TO THE THYROID GLAND.
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POSTERIOR
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WHAT IS THE THYROGLOSSAL DUCT?
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EARLY IN EMBRYOLOGY, PRIMITIVE CELLS MIGRATE FORMING THE THYROID, RESIDUAL IS THYROGLOSSAL DUCT.
**TYPICALLY OBLITERATED IN FETAL LIFE. |
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WHAT IS A THYROGLOSSAL DUCT CYST?
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CONGENITAL ANOMALY THAT APPEARS AS A SUPERFICIAL CYST IN THE MIDLINE OF THE NECK AND ANT TO TRACHEA AND SUP TO THYROID. TYPICALLY DIAGNOSED IN EARLY CHILDHOOD.
***OFTEN MAY FOLLOW AN UPPER RESPIRATORY INFECTION. |
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMMON MALIGNANCY OF THE THYROID GLAND?
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PAPILLARY CARCINOMA (75-90% OF ALL CASES)
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WHAT IS THE USUAL PRESENTATION OF PATIENTS WITH THIS MALIGNANCY?
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SPREADS THROUGH LYMPHATICS TO NEARBY CERVICAL LYMPH NODES.
SONOGRAPHICALLY: HYPOECHOIC THYROID MASS AND ADJACENT ENLARGED CERVICAL NODES. |
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NAME 5 TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN) SYNDROME.
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1. PITUITARY ADENOMA
2. PARATHYROID ADENOMA 3. MEDULLARY THYROID CA 4. PANCREATIC ISLET CELL TUMOR 5. PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA |
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DESCRIBE THE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC THYROIDITIS ( HASHIMOTO'S)
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IT IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE.
-PAINLESS, DIFFUSE ENLARGEMENT OF THE THYROID GLAND IN YOUNG OR MIDDLE -AGED WOMEN, AND IS OFTEN ASSOC. WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM. |
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NAME SONO APPEARANCE OF HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE.
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DIFFUSELY ENLARGED THYROID, WITH HOMOGENOUS BUT COARSE PARENCHYMAL ECHO TEXTURE. THE THYROID IS GENERALLY MORE HYPOECHOIC THAN THE NORMAL THYROID.
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WHAT IS THE APPENDIX TESTIS?
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REMNANT OF THE MULLERIAN DUCT.
SONO: SMALL OVOID STRUCTURE NEAR THE HEAD OF THE EPIDIDYMIS. |
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WHAT IS THE APPENDIX EPIDIDYMIS?
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DETACHED EFFERENT DUCT, WHICH IS A SMALL STALK PROJECTIONG OFF THE EPIDIDYMIS.
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WHAT IS THE TUNICA ALBUGINEA?
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FIBROUS CAPSULE THAT SURROUNDS THE TESTICLE
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WHAT IS THE TUNICA VAGINALIS?
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EXTENSION OF THE PERITONEUM INTO THE SCROTAL SAC, WHICH LIES ALONG SIDE OF TESTICLE.
THE INNER LAYER COVERS THE TESTIS AND EPIDIDYMIS. OUTTER (PARIETAL) LAYER LINES THE WALLS OF SCROTAL CHAMBER. SMALL AMT OF FLUID IS OFTEN SEEN IN THIS SPACE. |
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WHAT IS A HYDROCELE?
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SEROUS FLUID WITHIN THE TUNICA VAGINIALIS LINING THE SCROTUM.
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DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF HYDROCELE
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FLUID COLLECTION SURROUNDING THE TESTICLE. LOW LEVEL ECHOES FROM FIBRIN OR CHOLESTEROL CRYSTALS MAY BE VISUALIZED WITHIN THE HYDROCELE.
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WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGY OF A HYDROCELE?
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CONGENITAL OR ACQUIRED.
ACQUIRED= IDIOPATHIC- COULD RESULT FROM TRAUMA, TORSION, NEOPLASMS, EPIDIDYMITIS, OR EPIDIDYMORCHITIS. |
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WHAT ARE VARICOCELES?
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DILATED, TORTUOUS VEINS OF THE PAMPINIFORM PLEXUS, LOCATED POSTERIOR TO THE TESTIS. VARICOCELES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MALE INFERTILITY.
**BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY INCOMPETENT VALVES IN THE INTERNAL SPERMATIC VEIN. |
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WHERE DO VARICOCELES MOST COMMONLY OCCUR?
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LT GONADAL VN DRAINS INTO LT RENAL VEIN, THUS VARICOCELES ARE MORE COMMONLY SEEN ON THE LT SIDE. VARICOCELES DILATE WHEN PATIENT IS UPRIGHT, PERFORMING VALSALVA, OR ABDOMINAL COMPRESSIONS.
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WHAT ARE THE 2 MOST COMMON CAUSES OF ACUTE SCROTAL PAIN?
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1. TORSION OF SPERMATIC CORD
2. EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS |
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DESCRIBE THE SONO FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH TORSION OF SPERMATIC CORD.
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WTHIN FIRST 6 HOURS- TESTICLE BECOMES ENLARGED, INHOMOGENEOUS, AND HYPOECHOIC WHEN COMPARED TO CONTRALATERAL TESTICLE.
EXTRATESTICULAR FINDINGS: ENLARGED EPIDIDYMIS, SKIN THICKENING, REACTIVE HYDROCELE FORMING. **pRESENCE OF BLOOD FLOW WITHIN THE TESTICLE COULD EXCLUDE THE DIAGNOSIS OF ACTUE TORSION. |
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describe the sono appearance asoc. with acute epididymitis
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ENLARGED EPIDIDYMIS WITH DECREASED ECHOGENICITY AND INHOMOGENEOUS ECHO TEXTURE.
***REACTIVE HYDROCELE FORMATION AND SKIN THINCKENING ARE ASSOC. FINDINGS. |
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HOW DO U DIFFERENTIATE ORCHITIS AND TESTICULAR TORSION, SINCE BOTH APPEAR AS AN ENLARGED HYPOECHOIC TESTICLE.
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BY USING COLOR FLOW IMAGING
TORSION= ABSENCE OF FLOW WITHIN THE TESTICLE ORCHITIS= HYPERVASCULARITY |
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WHAT IS THE NAME FOR AN UNDESCENDED TESTICLE AND WHERE WILL IT TYPICALLY BE FOUND?
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CRYPTORCHIDISM- 80% LIE AT THE LEVEL OF THE INGUINAL CANAL
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WHAT ARE THE TWO COMMON COMPLICATIONS WITH CRYPTORCHIDISM?
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1. INFERTILITY
2. CANCER |
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WHAT ARE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS?
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1.PERIUMBILICAL PAIN
2. LEUKOCYTOSIS 3. FEVER 4. RLQ PAIN WITH REBOUND TENDERNESS |
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HOW DOES ACUTE APPENDICITIS DEVELOP?
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FROM THE OBSTRUCTION OF THE APPENDICEAL LUMEN.
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WHAT ARE THE SONOGRAPHIC SIGNS OF AN INFLAMMED APPENDIX?
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SONOGRAPHICALLY MEASURING GREATER THAN 6MM IN DIAMETER, OR AN APPENDICOLITH, IS HIGHLY AUGGESTIVE OF ACUTE APPENDICITIS
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WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE DIVERTICULITIS?
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1. LLQ PAIN
2. FEVER 3. LEUKOCYTOSIS |
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WHAT ARE THE SONO SIGNS OF ACUTE DIVERTICULITIS?
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THICKENED BOWEL, OR ABSCESSED FORMATION IN THE LLQ, IS HIGHLY SUGGESTIVE OF ACUTE DIVERTICULITIS
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WHAT IS A TARGET OR PSEUDOKIDNEY SIGN?
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HYPOECHOIC EXTERNAL RIM REPRESENTING THE THICKENED INTESTINAL WALL AND AN ECHOGENIC CENTER RELATING TO THE RESIDUAL GUT LUMEN OR MUCOSAL ULCERATION.
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WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS?
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HYPERTROPHY OF THE CIRCULAR PYLORIC MUSCLE, RESULTING IN ELONGATION AND CONSTRICTION OF INTESTINGES BETWEEN THE STOMACH AND THE FIRST PORTION OF THE DUODENUM. NEONATES PRESENT WITH PROJECTILE VOMITING, AND A PALPABLE "OLIVE-LIKE" ABDOMINAL MASS.
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WHAT ARE THE SONO CRITERIA
FOR HYPERTROPHIC PHYLORIC STENOSIS? |
PYLORIC MUSCLE THICKNESS > 4MM
PYLORIC CHANNEL LENGTH > 1.2CM PYLORIC CROSS SECTION >1.5 |
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AN INTUSSUSCEPTION IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF OBSTRUCTION IN INFANTS. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF AN INTUSSUSCEPTION?
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1. CRAMPING INTERMITTENT ABD PAIN
2. VOMITING 3. BLOOD THROUGH RECTUM |
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF AN INTUSSUSCEPTION?
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OVAL, PSEUDOKIDNEY MASS, WITH CENTRAL ECHOES ON LONG. IMAGING, AND A SONOLUCENT DOUGHNUT OR TARGET CONFIGURATION ON CROSS-SECTION IMAGING.
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NAME THE 4 ZONES OF THE PROSTATE
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1. PERIPHERAL
2. CENTRAL 3. TRANSITION 4. FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA |
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WHAT ZONE OF THE PROSTATE IS THE SOURCE OF MOST PROSTATE CANCERS?
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PERIPHERAL- 70% OF ALL PROSTATE CA ARE LOCATED HERE
-CLASSIS APPEARANCE OF PROSTATE CA ON US IS A HYPOECHOIC, PERIPHERALLY-ORIENTED LESION. |
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WHAT ZONE OF THE PROSTATE IS NOT AFFECTED BY CA?
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THE FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA
***NON-GLANDULAR, ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE PROSTATE. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY7 CANCER, PROSTATIS, OR HYPERPLASIA |
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DESCRIBE BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH).
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ENLARGEMENT OF THE INNER GLAND, WHICH IS HYPOECHOIC RELATIVE TO THE PERIPHERAL ZONE. IT ORIGINATES EXCLUSIVELY FROM THE INNER GLAND.
**95% FROM TRANSITIONAL ZONE **5% FROM THE PERIURETHRAL GLANDS OR TISSUE |
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THE EJACULATORY DUCTS PASS THROUGH THE ________ AND EMPTIES INTO THE URETHRA
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CENTRAL ZONE
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SEMINAL VESICLES ARE TWO SAC-LIKE OUT-POUCHINGS OF THE VAS DEFERENS SITUATED ADJACENT TO THE _________ ASPECT OF THE PROSTATE BETWEEN THE URINARY BLADDER AND RECTUM.
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SUPERIOR/POSTERIOR
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THE BASE OF THE PROSTATE IS THE __________PORTION OF THE GLAND.
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SUPERIOR
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THE APEX OF THE PROSTATE IS THE __________PORTION OF THE GLAND.
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INFERIOR
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THE DEMARCATION BETWEEN THE INNER GLAND AND THE OUTTER GLAND IS CALLED THE ___________.
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SURGICAL CAPSULE
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THE PROSTATE IS SITUATED IN THE RETROPERITONEUM AND IS BORDERED ANTERIORLY BY THE ___________.
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PUBIC BONE
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THE PROSTATE IS SITUATED IN THE RETROPERITONEUM AND IS BORDERED POSTERIORLY BY THE ___________.
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RECTUM
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THE PROSTATE IS BORDERED SUPERIORLY BY THE _________.
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BLADDER
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THE PROSTATE IS BORDERED INFERIORLY BY THE__________.
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UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
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DESCRIBE PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
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PRODUCED EXCLUSIVELY BY PROSTATIC ACINAR CELLS, AND RISES IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE AMOUNT OG BENIGN AND OR MALIGNANT TISSUE
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WHEN DO PSA LEVELS RISE?
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PSA WILL RISE WITH AGE, PROSTATE VOLUME, BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, AND/OR PROSTATE CANCER. PROSTATE CANCER WILL ELEVATE THE PSA LEVEL APPROX. 10 TIMES THAT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.
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WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ANATOMICAL POINT WHERE THE POSTERIOR SHEATH OF THE RECTUS MUSCLE ENDS?
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ARCUATE LINE
**ABOVE THE LINE HEMATOMA'S ARE CONFINED TO THE ANT AND POST RECTUS SHEATH. **BELOW THE LINE HEMATOMA'S PROTRUDE POSTERIORLY INTO THE PELVIS (DUE TO ABSENCE OF POST RECTUS SHEATH) |
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WHAT ZONE OF THE PROSTATE IS NOT AFFECTED BY CA?
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THE FIBROMUSCULAR STROMA
***NON-GLANDULAR, ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE PROSTATE. THEREFORE, IT IS NOT AFFECTED BY7 CANCER, PROSTATIS, OR HYPERPLASIA |
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DESCRIBE BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA (BPH).
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ENLARGEMENT OF THE INNER GLAND, WHICH IS HYPOECHOIC RELATIVE TO THE PERIPHERAL ZONE. IT ORIGINATES EXCLUSIVELY FROM THE INNER GLAND.
**95% FROM TRANSITIONAL ZONE **5% FROM THE PERIURETHRAL GLANDS OR TISSUE |
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THE EJACULATORY DUCTS PASS THROUGH THE ________ AND EMPTIES INTO THE URETHRA
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CENTRAL ZONE
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SEMINAL VESICLES ARE TWO SAC-LIKE OUT-POUCHINGS OF THE VAS DEFERENS SITUATED ADJACENT TO THE _________ ASPECT OF THE PROSTATE BETWEEN THE URINARY BLADDER AND RECTUM.
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SUPERIOR/POSTERIOR
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THE BASE OF THE PROSTATE IS THE __________PORTION OF THE GLAND.
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SUPERIOR
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THE APEX OF THE PROSTATE IS THE __________PORTION OF THE GLAND.
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INFERIOR
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THE DEMARCATION BETWEEN THE INNER GLAND AND THE OUTTER GLAND IS CALLED THE ___________.
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SURGICAL CAPSULE
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THE PROSTATE IS SITUATED IN THE RETROPERITONEUM AND IS BORDERED ANTERIORLY BY THE ___________.
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PUBIC BONE
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THE PROSTATE IS SITUATED IN THE RETROPERITONEUM AND IS BORDERED POSTERIORLY BY THE ___________.
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RECTUM
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THE PROSTATE IS BORDERED SUPERIORLY BY THE _________.
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BLADDER
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THE PROSTATE IS BORDERED INFERIORLY BY THE__________.
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UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
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DESCRIBE PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA)
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PRODUCED EXCLUSIVELY BY PROSTATIC ACINAR CELLS, AND RISES IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE AMOUNT OG BENIGN AND OR MALIGNANT TISSUE
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WHEN DO PSA LEVELS RISE?
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PSA WILL RISE WITH AGE, PROSTATE VOLUME, BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, AND/OR PROSTATE CANCER. PROSTATE CANCER WILL ELEVATE THE PSA LEVEL APPROX. 10 TIMES THAT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.
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WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE ANATOMICAL POINT WHERE THE POSTERIOR SHEATH OF THE RECTUS MUSCLE ENDS?
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ARCUATE LINE
**ABOVE THE LINE HEMATOMA'S ARE CONFINED TO THE ANT AND POST RECTUS SHEATH. **BELOW THE LINE HEMATOMA'S PROTRUDE POSTERIORLY INTO THE PELVIS (DUE TO ABSENCE OF POST RECTUS SHEATH) |
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DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF AN ABSCESS.
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COMPLEX COLLECTIONS CONTAINING CYSTIC AND SOLID COMPONENTS. BORDERS ARE TYPICALLY IRREGULAR, AND MAY BE QUITE THICK. DEPENDING ON THE AMOUNT OF CYSTIC COMPONENT, THEY TYPICALLY DEMONSTRATE POST ENHANCEMENT.
CLINICALLY- SHOULD PRESENT WITH FEVER AND LEUKOCYTOSIS |
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WHAT IS THE ETIOLOGY OF A LYMPHOCELE?
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COMPLICATIONS OF RENAL TRANSPLANTS AND GYNECOLOGICAL, VASCULAR OR UROLOGICAL SURGERY. THE ETIOLOGY IS A LEAKAGE OF LYMPH DUE TO SURGICAL DISRUPTION OF LYMPHATIC CHANNELS.
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WHAT ARE SOME POSSIBLE CAUSES OF URINOMAS?
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URINOMAS RESULT FROM RENAL TRAUMA, RENAL SURGERY, OR AN OBSTRUCTING LESION.
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WHAT TWO CONDITIONS ARE COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH URINOMAS?
|
ASSOCIATED WITH RENAL TRANSPLANTATION AND POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVE OBSTRUCTION. SONOGRAPHICALLY SIMILAR TO LYMPHOCELES.
|
|
|
DEFINE HEMATOCRIT
|
HEMATOCRIT IS THE % OF RBC PER VOLUME OF BLOOD. = % OF BLOOD MADE UP OF RBC. NORMAL HEMATOCRIT RANGES FROM 40-50%
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF A LOW HEMATOCRIT LEVEL?
|
LOW HEMATOCRIT LEVELS INDICATE RBC LOSS.
MANY FACTORS COULD ACOUNT FOR LOW LEVELS SUCH AS INTERNAL BLEEDING, IRON DEFICIENCY, AND EXTERNAL BLOOD LOSS. |
|
|
WHAT IS A BAKER'S CYST?
|
COLLECTION OF SYNOVIAL FLUID WHICH IS FOUND IN THE POPLITEAL FOSSA.
CAN BE CAUSED BY TRAUMA OR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. |
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|
WHAT IS PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI?
|
RARE CONDITION- THE FILLING OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY WITH MUCINOUS MATERIAL AND GELATINOUS ASCITES.
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF PSEUDOMYXOMA PERITONEI?
|
RUPTURE OF
MUCINOUS CYSTADENOCARCINOMA OF THE OVARY OR APPENDIX |
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF A NEONATAL ADRENAL MASS?
|
aDRENAL HEMORRHAGE- TYPICALLY OCCURS DURING FIRST WEEK OF LIFE AS ASSYMPTOMATIC ABD MASS OR MASS WITH THE PRESENCE OF JAUNDICE AND/OR ANEMIA.
|
|
|
WHAT DOES THE PRESENCE OF PORTAL VENOUS GAS INDICATE?
|
BOWEL INFARCTION- SEEN WITH ULCERATIVE COLITIS OR NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF PORTAL VENOUS GAS?
|
LINEAR ECHOGENIC BRANCHES IN THE PERIPHERY OF THE LIVER. ECHOGENIC FOCI WITHIN THE LUMEN OF THE PORTAL VEIN IS ALSO SEEN.
|
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|
DOES THE SONO PORTAL VENOUS GAS DIFFER FROM THAT OF BILIARY GAS?
|
YES, PORTAL VENOUS DIFFERS FROM THAT OF BILIARY GAS. PORTAL VENOUS GAS IS SEEN WITHIN THE PERIPHERY OF THE LIVER, WHILE BILIARY GAS IS LOCATED CLOSER TO THE LIVER HILUM.
|
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|
WHAT IS NUTCRAKCER SYNDROME?
|
COMPRESSION OF THE LEFT RENAL VEIN BETWEEN THE SMA AND THE AORTA.
ASSOC SYMPTOMS: LEFT-SIDED HEMATURIA, ABDOMINAL PAIN, VARICOCELE FORMATION, AND POSSIBLY INFERTILITY. |
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS DESCRIBED BY THE TERMS MANTLE SIGN AND SANDWICH SIGN
|
DIFFUSE LYMPHADENOPATHY WILL CREATE A LAYERED OR MANTLE APPEARANCE AROUND VESSELS OF THE ABDOMEN. LYMPHADENOPATHY IS VISUALIZED ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO VESSELS OF THE ABDOMEN (I.E. AORTA, SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY, IVC), THUS CREATING THE SANDWICH SIGN.
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|
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF GRAVE'S DISEASE?
|
THYROID HYPERFUNCTIONING.
SYMPTOMS: EXOPHTHALMOS, PALPABLE LYMPH NODES, MUSCLE ATROPHY, LOCALIZED MYXEDEMA, WEIGHT LOSS, TREMORS, AND NERVOUSNESS |
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|
DESCRIBE THE SONO FEATURES OF GRAVES' DISEASE.
|
SONO: DIFFUSELY ENLARGED AND APPEARS IDENTICAL TO A MULTINODULAR GOITER. cOLOR FLOW DOPPLER WILL SHIW INCREASED VASCULARITY DUE TO HYPERFUNCTIONING OF THE GLAND.
|
|
|
6 Y/O PATIENT PRESENTS WITH LATERAL NECK MASS. THE MASS IS ANTERIOR TO THE STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID MUSCLE AND LATERAL TO THE THYROID NEAR THE ANGLE OF THE MANDIBLE. THE MASS IS PREDOMINANTLY CYSTIC, WITH ENHANCED THROUGH TRANSMISSION. WHAT IS THE MOST LIKELY DIAGNOSIS.
|
BRANCHIAL CLEFT CYST- COMMONLY FROM EPITHELIAL REMNANTS OF THE SECOND BRANCHIAL CLEFT. THIS IS THE MOST COMMON EXPLANATION FOR A CYST IN THE LATERAL ASPECT OF THE NECK.
|
|
|
A PATIENT PRESENTS WITH HYPOGLYCEMIA AND A HYPOECHOIC MASS IN THE TAIL OF THE PANC. WHAT IS THE MASS IN THE PANC?
|
MOST LIKELY- ISLET CELL TUMOR (INSULINOMA). USUALLY SEEN IN THE BODY OR TAIL OF THE PANC, CAUSES HYPERSECRETIONS OF INSULIN, WHICH CAUSES THE HYPOGLYCEMIA
|
|
|
NAME AND DESCRIBE 2 CYSTIC MASSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE PANCREAS IN PATIENTS WITHOUT A HISTORY OF AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT (ADULT) POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE.
|
***BOTH ARE ASSOC WITH INCREASED LEVELS OF SERUM AMYLASE
1. PSEUDOCYSTS- FORMED IN ASSOC WITH ACUTE OR CHRONIC PANCREATITIS.COMMONLY DISPLACE OR INVADE ADJACENT STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE LIVER, LESSER SAC, STOMACH, LT KID, OR SPLEEN 2. CYSTADENOMAS- RARE FLUID COLLECTIONS THAT ARISE FROM EPITHELIUM OF THE PANC DUCT. PRIMARYILY CYSTIC WITH SEPTATIONS AND THICK WALLS. EASILY CONFUSED WITH PSEUDOCYSTS |
|
|
NAME THE SONO CRITERIA OF EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
|
ACUTE INFECTION OF THE GB WALL. DUE TO VASCULAR COMPROMISE, BACTERIA PRODUCES GAS WITHIN THE WALL.
SONO- THICKENED GB WALL. GAS WITHIN THE WALL MAY CAUSE COMET-TAIL OR REVERBERATION ARTIFACTS. MAY BE DESCRIBED AS "RING OF AIR" |
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|
WHAT ARE THE PRESENTING SYMPTOMS IN A PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS?
|
HIGH MORTALITY RATE- LARGE % OF PATIENTS ARE DIABETICS.
SYMPTOMS MAY BE: RUQ PAIN, FEVER, LEUKOCYTOSIS |
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|
WHAT TWO MAIN VESSELS FORM THE MAIN PORTAL VEIN?
|
SPLENIC VEIN AND SMV
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE TWO METHODS OF RENAL ARTERY EVALUATION?
|
DIRECT EVALUATION- RENAL ARTERY VELOCITY EVALUATION
INDIRECT EVALUATION- INTRARENAL WAVEFORM EVALUATION |
|
|
NAME 5 TECHNIQUES TO ACCESS A RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS
|
1. MAIN RENAL ARTERY PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITY
2. RENAL ARTERY/AORTA VELOCITY RATIO 3. PULSUS PARVUS ET TARDUS 4. ABSENT EARLY SYSTOLIC PEAK 5. ACCELERATION (INTRARENAL WAVEFORM) |
|
|
DEFINE ACCELERATION TIME
|
THE INTERVAL OF TIME FROM THE BEGINING OF SYSTOLE TO THE INITIAL PEAK VELOCITY
|
|
|
DEFINE ACCELERATION INDEX
|
DERIVED BY DIVIDING THE ACCELERATION SLOPE BY THE TRANSMITTED FREQUENCY (MHZ)
|
|
|
DESCRIBE THE USE OF THE AT AND AI IN DETERMINING RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS.
|
ACCELERATION TIME > 0.1 SEC
OR ACCELERATION INDEX OF <3.78 KhZ/SEC/MHZ = HEMODYNAMICALLY SIGNIFICANT RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS OF 50% OR GREATER |
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|
DEFINE TARDUS
|
A PROLONGED OR DELAYED EARLY SYSTOLIC ACCELERATION
|
|
|
DEFINE PARVUS
|
DECREASED AMPLITUDE AND ROUNDING OF THE SYSTOLIC PEAK.
|
|
|
NAME TWO CLINICAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH MESENTERIC ISCHEMIS.
|
1.POSTPRANDIAL INTESTINAL ANGINA
2. WEIGHT LOSS |
|
|
WHAT 3 SONO FACTORS DEFINE MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA?
|
1. PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITY OF SMA OF >275 CM/SEC(70% STEN)
2. PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITY OF CELIAC AXIS >200 CM/SEC(70%) 3. MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA IS DIAGNOSED WHEN AT LEAST 2/3 ARTERIES THAT SUPPLY THE MESENTERY ARE OCCLUDED OR SIGNIFICANTLY STENOSED. THESE 3 ARTERIES ARE: SMA, CELIAC AXIS, IMA |
|
|
NAME 6 CAUSES OF GB WALL THICKENING
|
ASCITES, CHOLECYSTITIS, ADENOMYOMATOSIS, HYOALBUMINEMIA, CHF, ACUTE HEPATITIS
|
|
|
NAME 5 REASONS FOR AN ENLARGED GB
|
1. PROLONGED FASTING
2. HYDROPS OF GB (CYSTIC DUCT OB) 3. CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS(CBD OB) 4. COURVOISIER GB(PANC CA) 5. DIABETES |
|
|
NAME AND DESCRIBE 3 CAUSES OF JAUNDICE
|
1. HEPATOCELLULAR DISEASE (I.E. CIRRHOSIS, HEPATITIS)
2. HEMOLYTIC DISEASE (WHEN HEPATOCYTES CAN NOT CONJUGATE BILIRUBIN FAST ENOUGH TO KEEP UP WITH AN INCREASE IN RBC DESTRUCTION...IE: SICKLE CELL ANEMIA) 3. SURGICAL JAUNDICE (I.E. CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS, CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA, PANC DISEASE) |
|
|
DESCRIBE WHAT TYPE OF FURTHER ULTRASOUND EVALUATION SHOULD BE DONE WHEN A SOLID TESTICULAR MASS IS FOUND
|
WITH SOLID TESTICULAR MASS- EVAL. PERIAORTIC REGION SHOULD BE EVALUATED FOR LYMPHADENOPATHY
|
|
|
DESCRIBE WHAT TYPE OF FURTHER ULTRASOUND EVALUATION SHOULD BE DONE WHEN A SOLID RENAL MASS IS FOUND
|
WITH SOLID RENAL MASS- IVC AND RENAL VEINS FOR TUMOR EXTENSION
|
|
|
DESCRIBE WHAT TYPE OF FURTHER ULTRASOUND EVALUATION SHOULD BE DONE WHEN A SOLID MASS FILLING THE GB IS FOUND
|
SOLID MASS FILLING THE GB- LIVE SHOULD BE EVAL FOR METS DISEASE, TO VERIFY THE MALIGNANT NATURE OF THE GB MASS
|
|
|
DESCRIBE WHAT TYPE OF FURTHER ULTRASOUND EVALUATION SHOULD BE DONE WHEN A SOLID PANCREATIC MASS IS FOUND
|
PANC MASS- ADDITIONAL EVAL OF AREAS SUCH AS LIVER FOR METS, THE BILIARY TREE AND PANC DUCT FOR DILATATION, REGIONAL LYMPHADENOPATHY,AND PORTAL VEIN AND SPLENIC VEIN FOR THROMBOSIS
|
|
|
IN THE PANC...WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THE ENDOCRINE GLAND AND WHAT CELLS CARRY OUT THE ENDOCRINE FUNCTION?
|
PRODUCE INSULIN- CELLS THAT CARRY THIS OUT IS ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
|
|
|
IN THE PANC...WHAT IS THE PRODUCT OF THE EXOCRINE GLAND AND WHAT CELLS CARRY OUT THE EXOCRINE FUNCTION?
|
PRODUCE AMYLASE, LIPASE, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE, TRYPSIN, AND CHYMOTRYPSIN- CELLS THAT PRODUCE THESE ENZYMES ARE CALLED ACINAR CELLS
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL LOCATION OF A TRANSPLANTED KIDNEY?
|
RIGHT PELVIS WITHIN THE RETROPERITONEUM
|
|
|
NAME 4 FLUID COLLECTIONS THAT MAY BE SEEN AROUND A TRANSPLANT KIDNEY.
|
LYMPHOCELE, URINOMA, HEMATOMA, ABSCESS
|
|
|
WHAT 5 SONO FINDINGS ARE DINICATIVE OF ACUTE RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS?
|
1.DILATED ECHO-FILLED RENAL VEIN
2. ABSENCE OF INTRARENAL VENOUS FLOW 3. ENLARGED KIDNEY 4. HYPOECHOIC RENAL PARENCHYMA 5. HIGHLY RESISTIVE RENAL ARTERY WAVEFORM. |
|
|
DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE FOUR PARTS OF THE DUODENUM AND THEIR ANATOMICAL RELATIONSHIPS.
|
1.FIRST PORTION- TRANSVERSLY ORIENTED SEGMENT WHICH ORIGINATES FROM THE PYLORUS
2.SECOND PORTION- LONG ORIENTED. DIRECTLY LATERAL TO THE HEAD OF PANC. CBD & PANC DUCT COMBINE TO FORM AMPULLA OF VATER, WHICH TERMINATES AT THE SECOND PART OF THE DUODENUM 3.THIRD PORTION- TRANS ORIENTED LOCATED BETWEEN SMA AND AO 4.FOURTH PORTION-LONG ORIENTED SEGMENT LEFT OF AORTA. IT TERMINATES AT THE JEJUNUM |
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY WILL DISPLACE THE IVC ANTERIORLY?
|
RETROPERITONEAL LYMPHADENOPATHY- APPEARS POST TO IVC, DISPLACING IT ANTERIORLY
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE TYPICAL SONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF LYMPH NODES?
|
LYMPH NODES TYPICALLY APPEAR SONOGRAPHICALLY AS ANECHOIC OR HYPOECHOIC MASSES WITHOUT ACOUSTIC ENHANCEMENT
|
|
|
THE PANCREAS HEAD IS _______TO THE IVC
|
ANTERIOR
|
|
|
THE PANCREAS HEAD IS _______ TO THE PORTAL VEIN
|
INFERIOR
|
|
|
THE PANCREATIC HEAD IS ________ TO THE SECOND PORTION OF THE DUODENUM.
|
MEDIAL
|
|
|
THE UNCINATE PROCESS OF THE PANCREAS IS ________ TO THE SMV
|
POSTERIOR
|
|
|
THE RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND IS ___________ TO THE KIDNEY
|
SUPERIOR/ANTEROMEDIALLY
|
|
|
THE RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND IS __________ TO THE IVC.
|
POSTERIOR
|
|
|
THE RIGHT ADRENAL GLAND IS __________ TO THE CRUS OF THE DIAPHRAGM.
|
ANTERIOR
|
|
|
THE LEFT ADRENAL GLAND IS ____________ TO THE TAIL OF THE PANC.
|
POSTERIOR
|
|
|
THE LEFT ADRENAL GLAND IS ___________ TO THE CRUS OF THE DIAPHRAGM
|
ANTERIOR
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY LIVER TUMOR IN CHILDREN?
|
HEPATOBLASTOMA
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON NEONATAL ABDOMINAL MASS?
|
HYDRONEPHROSIS
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON SOLID ABDOMINAL MASS IN CHILDREN?
|
WILM'S TUMOR
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON SOLID ABDOMINAL MASS IN CHILDREN?
|
NEUROBLASTOMA
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF CYSTIC DISEASE IN INFANTS?
|
MULTICYSTIC DYSPLASTIC KIDNEY
|
|
|
NAME 2 STRUCTURES POSTERIOR TO THE IVC
|
1. RT RENAL ARTERY
2. RT ADRENAL GLAND |
|
|
NAME 2 STRUCTURES POSTERIOR TO THE FIRST PORTION OF THE DUODENUM
|
1. CBD
2. GDA |
|
|
NAME THE STRUCTURE POSTERIOR TO THE THIRD PORTION OF THE DUODENUM
|
AORTA
|
|
|
NAME THE STRUCTURE POSTERIOR TO THE HEAD OF THE PANCREAS
|
IVC
|
|
|
WHAT IS A COLD NODULE?
|
SEEN IN NUC MED THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY, INDICATES AREA OF HYPOFUNCTIONING
|
|
|
WHAT MASS COMMONLY APPEARS AS A COLD NODULE IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE THYROID SCINTIGRAM?
|
BENIGN THYROID NODULES, SUCH AS ADENOMAS
|
|
|
DEFINE MILK OF CALCIUM BILE
|
PRECIPITATION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL WITHIN THE GB WITH A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE, CALCIUM PHOSPHATASE, AND CALCIUM BILIRUBINATE.
|
|
|
WITH WHAT CLINICAL CONDITION IS MILK OF CALCIUM BILE ASSOCIATED WITH?
|
CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS, DUE TO GALLSTONES OR OBSTRUCTION OF THE CYSTIC DUCT
|
|
|
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN SYNDROME)...NAME 4 TUMORS ASSOCIATED WITH MEN THAT CAN BE VISUALIZED SONOGRAPHICALLY.
|
1. PARATHYROID ADENOMA
2. MEDULLARY THYROID CA 3. PANCREATIC ISLET CELL TUMOR 4. PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA |
|
|
NAME 3 LAB VALUES THAT WILL ELEVATE IN ASSOCIATION WITH BILIARY OBSTRUCTION.
|
1. ALP (ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE)
2. GGT (GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSPEPTIDASE) 3. CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN |
|
|
NAME TWO LAB VALUES UTILIZED AS TUMOR MARKERS AND WILL ELEVATE IN ASSICIATION WITH A MALIGNANCY.
|
1. ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN
2. CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) |
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH PSEUDOKIDNEY SIGN?
|
INFLAMMATORY BOWEL
|
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH SONO. WATER LILY SIGN?
|
ECHINOCOCCAL CYSTS
|
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH SONO. PARALLEL CHANNEL SIGN?
|
INTRAHEPATIC DUCTAL DILATATION
|
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS ASSOC. WITH SONO DOUBLE BUBBLE SIGN?
|
DUODENAL ATRESIA
|
|
|
WHAT PATHOLOGY IS ASSOC. WITH OLIVE SIGN?
|
HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
|
|
|
NAME 3 ABDOMINAL EXAMPLES THAT PRODUCE A COMET-TAIL OR REVERB. ARTIFACT.
|
1. EMPHYSEMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS
2. ADENOMYOMATOSIS 3. PNEUMOBILLIA |
|
|
NAME 3 MASSES THAT PRODUCE A PROP SPEED ARTIFACT
|
1. ANGIOMYOLIPOMA
2. HEPATIC LIPOMA 3. ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMA (COMMON DENOMINATOR= FATTY TUMORS) |
|
|
DESCRIBE THE USE OF RENAL ARTERY TO AORTIC RATIO IN DETERMINING RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS.
|
TO DETERMINE THE DEGREE OF STENOSIS IN THE RENAL ARTERIES, PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITIES OF THE MAIN RENAL ARTERIES ARE COMPARED WITH THE PEAK SYSTOLIC VELOCITY OF THE AORTA.
THE RATIO IS COMPUTED BY DIVIDING THE PEAK SYSTOLIC OF THE RENAL ART BY THE PEAK SYSTOLIC OF THE AORTA. RATIO'S EQUAL TO OR GREATER THAN 3.5 INDICATE A HEMODYNAMICALL SIGNIFICANT STENOSIS. |
|
|
PUT THESE ABD. STRUCTURES IN ORDER OF ECHOGENICITY FROM HYPER TO HYPO....
PANCREAS, RENAL CORTEX, RENAL SINUS, SLEEN, LIVER |
1. RENAL SINUS
2. PANCREAS 3. LIVER 4. SPLEEN 5. RENAL PARENCHYMA |
|
|
WHAT IS COUINAUD'S ANATOMY?
|
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM FOR HEPATIC LESION LOCALIZATION. BASED ON FUNCTIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF PORTAL VEINS. EACH SEGMENT HAS IT'S OWN HEPATIC ART, PORT VEIN, AND BILE DUCT
|
|
|
WHICH PORTION OF THE LIVER RECEIVES BOTH RIGHT AND LEFT PORTAL BRANCHES?
|
CAUDATE LOBE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE TWO NAMES FOR THE LIVER'S COVERING?
|
GLISSON'S CAPSULE OR VISCERAL PERITONEUM
|
|
|
NAME THE LINING OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY
|
PARIETAL PERITONEUM
|
|
|
EXPLAIN EXACTLY HOW THE COVERING OF THE LIVER IS CREATED
|
THE LIVER, LIKE THE SPLEEN, INVAGINATES INTO THE PERITONEUM WHICH COVERS THE SURFACE OF THE LIVER.
|
|
|
DEFINE HEPATOPEDAL
|
PORTAL VEIN FLOW TOWARD THE LIVER
|
|
|
DEFINE HEPATOFUGAL
|
PORTAL VEIN FLOW AWAY FROM THE LIVER...
***HINT: hepatoFUGAL...THINK OF FLUGAL TO FLEE...FLEEING A COUNTRY OR IN THIS CASE....THE BLOOD FLOW IS FLEEING THE LIVER |
|
|
NAME THE THREE LOBES OF THE LIVER
|
LEFT
RIGHT CAUDATE |
|
|
NAME THE NINE SEGMENTS OF THE LIVER
|
1.CAUDATE
2.LT LAT SUP SEGMENT 3.LT LAT INF SEGMENT 4.LT MED SUP SEGMENT 5.LT MED INF SEGMENT 6.RT ANT SUP SEGMENT 7.RT ANT INF SEGMENT 8.RT POST SUP SEGMENT 9.RT POST INF SEGMENT |
|
|
WHICH VESSELS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE INTERSEGMENTAL WITHIN THE LIVER?
|
HEPATIC VEINS- VEINS THIN WALLED...COURSE BETWEEN SMALL SEGMENTS OF LIVER
|
|
|
WHICH VESSELS ARE CONSIDERED TO BE INTRASEGMENTAL WITHIN THE LIVER?
|
PORTAL VEIN, HEPATIC ARTERY, AND BILE DUCT COARSE TOGETHER INTO THE CENTER OF EACH HEPATIC SEGMENT. THESE THREE VESSELS FORM THE PORTAL TRIAD( THESE VESSELS HAVE ECHOGENIC WALLS)
|
|
|
DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE MAIN LOBAR FISSURE.
|
INCOMPLETE SONO BOUNDARY WHICH IS LOCATED BY AN IMAGINARY LINE FROM THE GB FOSSA TO THE IVC. THIS BOUNDARY SEPERATES THE RIGHT AND LEFT LOBE OF THE LIVER. MIDDLE HEPATIC VN IS THE LANDMARK FOR THIS FISSURE.
|
|
|
WHICH TWO SEGMENTS OF THE LIVER DOES THE MAIN LOVAR FISSURE SEPARATE?
|
ALSO CORRECT TO SAY THE MAIN LOBAR FISSURE SEPERATES THE RT ANTERIOR SEGMENT OF RT LOBE FROM THE LEFT MEDIAL SEGMENT OF LEFT LOBE
|
|
|
DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE RT INTERSEGMENTAL FISSURE
|
CORONAL DIVISION- DIVIDES RT LOBE INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SECTIONS. RT. HEPATIC VN IS LANDMARK OF RT INTERSEGMENTAL FISSURE
|
|
|
DESCRIBE THE LOCATION OF THE LT INTERSEGMENTAL FISSURE
|
SAGGITAL DIVISION OF LT LOBE OF LIVER- DIVIDES LT LOBE INTO MEDIAL AND LATERAL SECTIONS. LT HEPATIC VN, LIGAMENTUM TERES, FALCIFORM LIGAMENT, AND LT PORTAL VNS ARE LANDMARKS OF THE INTEREGMENTAL FISSURE
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE LIGAMENTUM VENOSUM?
|
REMNANT OF THE DUCTUS VENOSUS, WHICH PRENATALLY CONDUCTS BLOOD FROM THE LT PORTAL VEIN TO THE IVC. THIS LIGAMENT AND PROX PORTION OF LT PORTAL VEIN SEPARATE THE MEDIAL SEGMENT OF THE LEFT LOBE OF THE LIVER FROM THE CAUDATE.
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE BOUNDARIES OF THE CAUDATE LOBE?
|
1.BORDERED POST BY IVC
2.BORDERED ANT/INF BY PROX LT PORTAL VEIN 3.ANT/LAT BY LIG. VENOSUM 4.INF BY MAIN PORTAL VEIN |
|
|
WHAT IS THE BARE AREA?
|
THE BARE AREA IS THE POST, CRESCENT-SHAPED PORTION OF THE LIVER WHICH IS NOT COVERED BY THE PERITONEUM
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE CORONARY LIGAMENT?
|
REFLECTION OF THE PARIETAL PERITONEUM ONTO THE LIVER SURFACE, BECOMING THE VISCERAL PERITONEUM
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT AND LEFT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENTS?
|
THE REFLECTIONS, OR CORONARY LIGAMENTS, AT EACH CORNER OF THE BARE AREA ARE TERMED THE RIGHT AND LEFT TRIANGULAR LIGAMENTS
|
|
|
WHAT IS REIDEL'S LOBE?
|
LIVE ANOMALY, INF TONGUE-LIKE PROJECTION OF THE RIGHT LOBE OF THE LIVER. INCREASES THE SUP/INF DIMENSION.
***MORE COMMON IN WOMEN |
|
|
WHAT CONSTITUTES HEPATOMEGALY?
|
SAG, SUP-INF, MID-CLAVICULAR DIMENSION MEASUREMENT OF GREATER THAN 15.5CM IS CONSIDERED TO REPRESENT HEPATOMEGALY.
**REMEMBER NOT TO MISTAKE REIDEL'S LOBE FOR HEPATOMEGALY |
|
|
DESCRIBE HOW PYOGENIC (BACTERIAL) ABSCESSES DEVELOP IN THE LIVER
|
USUALLY SOLITARY, OCCUR IN THE RT LOBE OF THE LIVER.
TYPICALLY A BACTERIA THAT REACHES THE LIVER VIA BILE DUCTS, PORTAL VEINS, HEPATIC ARTS OR LYMPHATIC CHANNELS |
|
|
WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF PYOGENIC ABSCESS?
|
SONO PYOGENIC ABSCESS:
HYPOECHOIC, ROUNDED, FLUID FILLED MASS WITH VARIABLE DEGREES OF INTERNAL ECHOS. AS WITH ANY ABSCESS, ECHOGENIC FOCI MAY BE SEEN AS A RESULT OF GAS PRODUCING ORGANISMS |
|
|
DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF ACUTE HEPATITIS
|
ACUTE HEPATITIS:
1.HYPOECHOIC LIVER PARENCHYMA 2.LIVER ENLARGEMENT 3.HYPERECHOIC PORTAL VEIN WALLS |
|
|
DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS
|
CHRONIC HEPATITIS:
1. HYPERECHOIC LIVER PARENCHYMA 2. SMALL LIVER 3. DECREASED ECHOGENICITY OF PORTAL VEINS |
|
|
THE LIVER IS COMMONLY INVOLVED IN THE SPREAD OF MYCOTIC (FUNGAL) INFECTIONS. THE INFECTED PATIENT IS USUALLY ___________________.
|
IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF A FUNGAL ABSCESS?
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FUNGAL ABSCESS IN THE LIVER HAS A SEQUENCE OF SONO CHANGES.
*** MOST COMMON RECOGNIZED SIGN IS "WHEEL WITHIN A WHEEL" SIGN...WHICH IS SEEN EARLY IN DISEASE. HERE'S 4... 1. WHEEL WITHIN A WHEEL 2. BULL'S EYE 3. HYPOECHOIC MASS 4. ECHOGENIC MASS |
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______________ ABSCESSES ARE DUE TO PROTOZOAN PARASITES, ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, WHICH ENTER THE INTESTINAL TRACT AND RESIDE IN THE COLON. THE AMOEBAE MAY EXTEND INTO THE LIVER VIA PORTAL VEIN.
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AMOEBIC ABSCESS
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MOST AMOEBIC ABSCESSES OCCUR IN THE _______ LOBE OF THE LIVER.
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RIGHT
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WHAT TEST IS USED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF AN AMOEBIC ABSCESS?
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INDIRECT HEMAGGLUTINATION
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DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF AN AMOEBIC ABSCESS WITHIN THE LIVER.
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SONO:
1.ROUND OR OVAL-SHAPED HYPOECHOIC MASS 2.ABSENCE OF A PROMINENT WALL 3.FINE LOW-LEVEL INTERNAL ECHOES 4.DISTAL ENHANCEMENT 5.CONTIGUOUS WITH DIAPHRAGM |
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WHAT DISEASE IS PREVELANT IN SHEEP AND CATTLE RAISING COUNTRIES?
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HYDATID DISEASE
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WITH HYDATID DISEASE, HUMANS MAY BE HOSTS WHEN EGGS ARE ___________. THE EMBRYOS TRAVEL FROM THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT TO THE LIVER, VIA THE ________ ______.
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1. INGESTED
2. PORTAL VEIN |
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL SONO APPEARANCE OF AN ECHINOCOCCAL CYST?
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1.LARGE "PERICYST"- CYST CONTAINING SEVERAL SMALLER 'DAUGHTER' CYSTS.
2.FINE, INTERNAL ECHOS (HYDATID SAND)MAY BE FOUND 3. THIS CYST UNDERGOES A SERIES OF CHANGES ENDING IN COLLAPSED CALCIFIED MASS |
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WHAT IS ON THE MOST COMMON PARASITIC INFECTIONS WORLDWIDE (MOST POPULAR IN AFRICA AND S. AMERICA)?
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SCHISTOSOMIASIS
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WHAT IS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT VASCULAR EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH SCHISTOSOMIASIS?
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PORTAL VEIN OCCLUSION- THIS IS BY THE LARVAE..
*** THIS LEADS TO PORTAL HYPERTENSION, SPLENOMEGALY, VARICES, AND ASCITES. |
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF SCHISTOMIASIS?
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SONO: APPEARS AS DISTENDED, ECHOGENIC DEBRIS-FILLED INTRAHEPATIC PORTAL VEINS
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON ORGANISM CAUSING INFECTIONS IN AIDS AND OTHER IMMUNOCOMPROMIZED PATIENTS?
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PNEUMOCUSTIS CARINII
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII?
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SONO: INVOLVEMENT OF THE LIVER IS SEEN AS NONSHADOWING ECHOGENIC FOCI
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DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF FOCAL FATTY INFILTRATION
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REGIONS OF INCREASED ECHOGENICITY PRESENT WITH A BACKGROUND OF NORMAL LIVER PARENCHYMA. EXTENT MAY BE VARIABLE
**COMMONLY SEEN AT PORTA HEPATIS |
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DESCRIBE THE SONO APPEARANCE OF FOCAL FATTY SPARING
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AREAS OF NORMAL LIVER PARENCHYMA, THEY APPEAR AS HYPOECHOIC AREAS SURROUNDED WITHIN A DENSE FATTY INFILTRATED LIVER.
**COMMONLY SEEN ADJACENT TO GB |
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WHAT DISEASE RESULTS IN LARGE QUANTITIES OF GLYCOGEN BEING DEPOSITED IN THE HEPATOCYTES OF THE LIVER AND CONVOLUTED TUBULES OF THE KIDNEY.
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GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE
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WHAT LIVER MASS IS ASSOCIATED WITH GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISEASE?
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HEPATIC ADENOMA-ALSO LINKED TO THE USE OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.
** RISK OF HEMORRHAGE AND MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION MAKES IT RECOMMENDED TO GET THIS SURGICALLY RESECTED. |
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF A HEPATIC ADENOMA?
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NONSPECIFIC- TYPICALLY VERY DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH HEPATIC ADENOMAS FROM FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
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WHAT ARE THE THREE MAJOR PATHOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF CIRRHOSIS?
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1.HEPATOCELLULAR DEATH
2.FIBROSIS 3.REGENERATION |
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WHAT IS THE CLASSIC CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF A PATIENT WITH CIRRHOSIS?
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1.HEPATOMEGALY
2.JAUNDICE 3.ASCITES |
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WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL SIGNS OF PORTAL HYPERTENSION?
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1.ASCITES
2.SPLENOMEGALY 3.VARICES |
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NAME 4 THINGS THAT PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS HAS BEEN LINKED TO:
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1. HEPATOCELLULAR CA
2. METASTATIC LIVER DISEASE 3. PANCREATIC CA 4. PANCREATITIS |
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WHAT ARE THE SONO FINDINGS OF PORTAL VEIN THROMBOSIS...
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1. INTRALUMINAL THROMBUS
2. INCREASED VEIN DIAMETER 3. CAVERNOUS TRANSFORMATIONS |
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WHAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY OCCLUSION OF THE HEPATIC VEINS?
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BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME
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WHAT ARE THE SONO FINDINGS ASSOC. WITH BUDD-CHIARI SYNDROME?
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1. HEPATIC VEIN THROMBOSIS
2. ASCITES 3. HEPATOMEGALY- ACUTE PHASE 4. CAUDATE LOBE ENLARGEMENT(CHRONIC) 5. PORTAL HYPERTENSION |
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WHAT ARE THE COMMON BENIGN TUMORS OF THE LIVER?
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CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMAS
**THE MAJORITY ARE SMALL AND ASYMPTOMATIC |
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HEMANGIOMAS MAY ENLARGE FURING PREGNANCY OR WITH WHAT?
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ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY.
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WHAT IS THE TYPICAL SONO APPEARANCE OF A CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA?
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SMALL, WELL-DEFINED, HYPERECHOIC MASS WITH POSSIBLE POST- ENHANCEMENT
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TRUE OR FALSE
FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA IS A COMMON MALIGNANT LIVER MASS. |
FALSE- FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA IS A COMMMON BENIGN LIVER MASS.
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF FOCAL NODULAR HYPERPLASIA?
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1. SOLITARY MASS (USUALLY LESS THAN 5CM IN DIAMETER)
2. MAY HAVE A CENTRAL FIBROUS SCAR. ***MAY BE DIFFICULT TO DIFFERENTIATE FROM ADJACENT LIVER PARENCHYMA ***DESCRIBED AS "STEALTH" LESION. |
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NAME 4 WELL-DEFINED HYPERECHOIC LIVER MASSES
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1. HEMANGIOMA
2. HEPATIC LIPOMA 3. ECHOGENIC METS 4. FOCAL FATTY INFILTRATE |
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NAME THE MOST COMMON PRIMARY MALIGNANT TUMOR OF THE LIVER
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HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA-
ETIOLOGY: 1. ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS 2. CHRONIC HEP B AND C ***THERE IS PROPENSITY TOWARD PORTAL VEIN INVASION |
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WHAT IS THE SONO APPEARANCE OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA?
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VARIABLE, BUT TYPICALLY SEEN AS A HYPOECHOIC MASS
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NAME 5 PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS
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1.PORTOCAVAL
2.PROX. SPLENORENAL SHUNT 3.DIST. SPLENORENAL (WARREN) SHUNT 4.MESOCAVAL SHUNT 5.TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT |
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HOW ARE PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS CONFIRMED PATENT SONOGRAPHICALLY?
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1.DEMONSTRATING FLOW WITHIN THE SHUNT ITSELF
2.PRESENCE OF HEPATOFUGAL PORTAL VEIN FLOW |
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WHAT TWO SHUNTS WILL HAVE HEPATOPEDAL PORTAL VEIN FLOW?
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WARREN SHUNT AND TRANSJUGULAR INTRAHEPATIC PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT
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WITH A PROPERLY FUNCTIONING TRANSJUGULAR PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT, WHAT IS THE FLOW DIRECTION OF THE RIGHT AND LEFT PORTAL BRANCHES (ASSUME THE PATIENT DOES NOT HAVE A RECANALIZED UMBILICAL VEIN)
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RT AND LT PORTAL BRANCHES ARE HEPATOFUGAL
***WITH RECANALIZED UMB. VN THE LT BRANCH WILL DRAIN HEPATOPEDALLY THROUGH THERE INSTEAD OF THE SHUNT. |
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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF GB FOLDING?
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JUNCTIONAL FOLD- GB NECK
PHRYNGIAN CAP- GB FUNDUS |
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WHAT ARE THE TWO TERMS THAT DESCRIBE THE STONE FILLED CONTRACTED GB?
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1.WES SIGN (WALL-ECHO-SHADOW)
2.DOUBLE ARC SHADOW SIGN |
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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ADMINISTERING A FATTY MEAL TO A PATIENT?
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ASSESS BILIARY OBSTRUCTION.
-IF OBSTRUCTION IS PRESENT THE BILE DUCT SIZE WILL INCREASE WITH SERVING OF FATTY MEAL. -NONOBSTRUCTED BILE DUCT SHOULD DESCREASE IN SEIZE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF A FATTY MEAL. |
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WHAT DOES A SIGNIFICANT ELEVATION OF CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN LEVELS INDICATE?
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1.OBSTRUCTIVE JAUND(HEPATITIS)
2.INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS 3.BILIARY TREE OBSTRUCTION |
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GB WALL THICKENING IS DIAGNOSED WHEN THE WALL IS GREATER THAN _________MM.
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3 MM
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WHAT ARE THE CAUSES FOR GB WALL THICKENING?
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1. CHOLECYSTITIS
2. ASCITES 3. HYPOALBUMINEMIA 4. HEPATITIS 5. CHF 6. RENAL DISEASE 7. AIDS 8. SEPSIS |
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NAME SONO CRITERIA FOR GALLSTONES
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1.MOBILE
2.ECHOGENIC STRUCTURE 3.POSTERIOR SHADOWING |
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DESCRIBE THE COMPOSITION OF GALLSTONES
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1.CHOLESTEROL
2.CALCIUM BILIRUBINATE 3.CALCIUM CARBONATE |
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DESCRIBE ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
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1.USUALLY PRECIPITATED BY A STONE OBSTRUCTING THE CYSTIC DUCT.
2.RESULTS FROM OBSTRUCTION OF VENOUS DRAINAGE 3.INFLAMMATION OF THE GB WALL WITH VARIABLE DEGREES OF NECROSIS AND INFECTION |
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WHAT SYMPTOMS ACCOMPANY ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS?
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RUQ TENDERNESS, GUARDING, FEVER, CHILLS, LEUKOCYTOSIS
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NAME THE 5 SONO CRITERIA THAT DEFINE ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS
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1. GALLSTONES
2. SONO MURPHY'S SIGN 3. DIFFUSE WALL THICKENING 4. GB DILATATION 5. SLUDGE |
