Ultimate Praxis Flashcards (Under Construction)

Front 1

Sound treated rooms have Ts (reverberation time) of ___ seconds.

Back 1

0.3

Front 2

At what age should children have proper articulation in all areas?

Back 2

8

Front 3

How many cranial nerves are there?

Back 3

12

Front 4

The SNR at the student's ear should exceed at minimum of ___ dB.

Back 4

15

Front 5

What is a passing score for the Praxis?

Back 5

600

Front 6

cricoid cartilidge

Back 6

- 2nde largest
-uppermost tracheal ring
- completely surround trachea
-linked with arytenoids and thyroid

Front 7

sound spectography

Back 7

- a graphic representation of a sound wave's intensity and frequency as a funtion of time
-quantitative analysis of speech
-used to measure improvements in voice

Front 8

extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Back 8

- all have 1 attachment to hyoid bone, and 1 out of larynx
-elevate or lower position of larynx in neck
-infrahyoids and suprahyoids

Front 9

surgical modifications for laryngectome

Back 9

- Bloom-singer prostechtic device (TEP), small tube inserted to stop food from entering trachea
-client bblocks stoma w/ finger to build up air for speech

Front 10

delayed hard palate closure

Back 10

- cleft of soft palate closed first hard closed later

Front 11

rules of 10's

Back 11

- cleft surgery wait for the child to be 10lbs, 10 weeks olds, and a hemoglobin of 10

Front 12

alternate form reliability

Back 12

- consisitency of 2 parralel forms of the same test
- ex EVT-2 form A and form B

Front 13

reliability

Back 13

- consistency in which the same event is measured repeatedly
- expressed in correlational coeeficient

Front 14

test retest relaibility

Back 14

- consistency of measures when the same test is given 2x to the same person

Front 15

independent variable

Back 15

- directly manipulated by the experimenter (cause)

ex: amount of noise in enviorment

Front 16

flaccidity

Back 16

- Due to lower motor neuron damage
- Lesions: Intermedulary -- within the brainstem (Low: 10th cranial nerve; High: 5th or 7th cranial nerve)

Front 17

content validity

Back 17

- examines all test items to ensure if they measure the full range of skill being tested

Front 18

In the periphery, ACh neurons are found where? AND what is their function?

Back 18

- found at neuromuscular junction (stored here)
-cause muscles to contract

Front 19

RLN

Back 19

- gives all motor innervation to interarytenoids, posterior cricoarytenoids, thyroids, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
-supplies all sensory infor below v.folds

Front 20

tx for resonance disorders for cleft patients

Back 20

- hypernasality should not be treated until: surgery to improve physiological functioning & child is capable of velopharyngeal closure
-voice therapy techniques: increase loudness, discrim training,, lower pitch, increase mouth opening )
- biofeedback

Front 21

crouzon syndrome

Back 21

- hypolpasia of midface/maxilla, craniosynostosis, small jaw, far apart eyes, facial assymetry, etc.
-conductive HL, artic dis, hyponaslaity, lang dis

Front 22

thyroid cartilidge

Back 22

- largest cartilidge
-Adam's apple
- shields other laryngeal structures from damage

Front 23

3 tx's for laryngeal cancer

Back 23

- Laryngectomy ((partial or full)
- chemotherapy (alone or combined, used when tumor is large and spread is a risk)
-radiation therapy (alone or combined, used b4 surgery to trya nd elliminate cancer)

Front 24

laryngeal web

Back 24

- membrane that grows across anterior portion of glottis
- can be congenital or acquired due to trauma
- infants have immediate surgery and tracheostomy
-tx adults surgery to remove web

Front 25

tx of hyponasality

Back 25

- nasometer, biofeedback
-focusing, teaches to feel vibrations in mask
-nasal-glide stim
-visual aids, tissue, mirror

Front 26

effects of laryngectome

Back 26

- normal voicing impossible
-must breath through stoma
- sound can be produced with external devices, esophageal speech, & surgical modifications

Front 27

disadvantages of group experimental designs

Back 27

- not always possible to randomly select particpiants
-may not allow extension of study to indevidual clients

Front 28

paralysis of vf's

Back 28

- occurs when nerve supply is cut off
-caused by surgery, neurological diseases, malignant diseases, intubation trauma, laryngeal trauma, stroke, vagus nerve deficits
-uni or bi

Front 29

group designs-nonexperimental

Back 29

- only 1 group
-research is observational or a case study

Front 30

injection method of esophageal speech

Back 30

- patient impounds air in mouth, then pushes it back into esophagus, makes soft tissues of esophagus vibrate

Front 31

inhalation method of esophageal speech

Back 31

- patient inhales rapidly while keeping esophagus open and relaxed, ait moves through esophagus and sets tissues into vibration

Front 32

papiloma

Back 32

- primarily in children
- wart like growths, pink or white, found in airway
-horase, breathy, low pitch
-ariway obstriction life threatening concvern
- may need multiple surgeries, surgery can cause increased voice issues

Front 33

Von lanenback surgical method

Back 33

- repairs cleft of palate
- uses flaps, but does not elongate palate

Front 34

split-half reliability

Back 34

- responses on the 1st 1/2 of test are correlated with responses on 2nd 1/2

Front 35

Name and define the anatomical planes of the CNS.

Back 35

- sagittal- divides brain into right and left (also parasagital = off-center)
-coronal (frontal)- divides brain into anterior/ posterior
-axial (horizontal or transverse)- divides brain into upper and lower

Front 36

pharyngeal flap

Back 36

- secondary surgery procedure
-muscular flap cut from posterior pharyngeal wall, raised, and attached to velum
-opeinings on either side of flap allow for nasal breathing, sound prodcutin, and drainage
- flap helps closes velopharyngeal wall and reduces hypernasality

Front 37

across behaviors MB design

Back 37

- several behaviors are sequentially taught
- shows that only treated behaviors change

Front 38

across subjects MB design

Back 38

- sevral participants who are taught 1 or more behvior sequentailly
-shows that only behaviors of treated participant change

Front 39

arytenoid cartilidges

Back 39

- shaped like pyramids
-on cricoid cartilidge on either side of midline

Front 40

corniculate cartilidges

Back 40

- sit on apex of arytenoids
-small and cone shaped
-play a minor role in vocalization

Front 41

ankylosis

Back 41

- sitffening of joints (arytenoids), caused by arthritis or cancer
-vf's dont close fully

Front 42

nodules

Back 42

- small nodes on vf's, red /pink then turn gray/white
- typically bilateral, junction of anterior and middle 1/3 portion of vf's
-develop over time dure to vocal abuse
-create low pitch, breathy or hoarseness
- tx: vocal rest, voice therapy, surgery

Front 43

multiple baseline design

Back 43

- subject design which avoids tx withdrawal phase
- 3 types: across subjects, across settings, across behaviors

Front 44

submucous cleft

Back 44

- surfase tissues of soft or hard palate fuse,but underlying muscle or bone tissues do not
- SC of soft palate( bifid uvula)
-SC of hard palate (bony defect in midline, notch)
-causes hypernasal speech, ear infections
- tx: surgery, prostetic device for velopharyngeal incompetence, therapy, combo

Front 45

tx of artic for cleft patients

Back 45

- teach more visible sounds (except linguadentals), stops, and frics 1st
- k & g may be innapropriate if velopharygeal function is inadaquate
-lingupalatals, lingualvelors, lingudentals taught in this order
-compensatory artic positioning

Front 46

construct validity

Back 46

- the degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs or concepts

Front 47

concurrent validity

Back 47

- the extent that a new test correllates with an established test

Front 48

intERobserver intERjudge relaibility

Back 48

- the extent to which 2 or more observers agree in measuring an event

Front 49

dependent variable

Back 49

- -the vairable that is affected by manipulation of the independent variable (effect)

*ex: amount of difficulty hearing speech
*all disorders are DV's

Front 50

cuneiform cartilidges

Back 50

- tiny cone shaped
-under mucous membrane that covers aryepiglotic folds
-minor role of phonatary funtions of larynx

Front 51

cul-de-sac resonance

Back 51

- tongue is carried too far back in oral cavity
-common in deaf, large adenoids/tonsils

Front 52

advantages of group experiemtnla designs

Back 52

- useful in isolating cause/effect realtionship
-strong internal validity (the manipulation of the Independent V. caused the change)

Front 53

laryngeal innervation

Back 53

- vagus nerve x, primary nerve involved
- superior laryngeal nerve & recurrent laryngeal nerve branches of vagus

Front 54

velopharyngeal insufficiency

Back 54

- velopharyngeal mech is inadaquate to achieve closure
- nasal cavities are not sealed off for non nasal sounds
caused by decreased muscle mass of velum, adenoidectomy or tonsilectomy, paresis or paralysis of velum (CP, stroke, tbi, debiliatating diseases)

Front 55

tx for abuse based disorders

Back 55

- voice therapy, meds, surgery, or combo

Front 56

Give examples of activity intervention.

Back 56

- Clear speech,
- proper phrasing,
- appropriate stress patterning,
- optimal speaking rate

Front 57

Give examples of impairment intervention.

Back 57

- Reduce Impairments,
- Eliminate maladaptive behaviors
- Learn behavioral compensations
- Receive prosthetic intervention (palatal lift)

Front 58

What is the insular cortex also known as? AND can it be seen from the surface?

Back 58

-"5th" lobe
-cannot be seen from surface

Front 59

What does larynx mean?

Back 59

"box" or "chest"

Front 60

Describe the Phoneme Contrast Approaches

Back 60

-"cognitive linguistic" approaches
-The target selection is different for each
-significant in generalization
-2 or more target sounds with contrasting features are taught at the word, phrase, and sentence level.

Front 61

Why is basal ganglia a misnomer?

Back 61

"ganglia" refers to collections of cell bodies in periphery....should be named basal nuclei

Front 62

What is anosognosia?

Back 62

"not to know yourself"
-lack of awareness of your deficits

Front 63

What is the tectum?

Back 63

-"roof plate" of midbrain
-superior and inferior colliculi (4 bumps)

Front 64

What is the cost range for CI?

Back 64

$50,000-60,000

Front 65

From the lateral geniculate bodies, info from upper retinal fields (i.e., ?) goes thru WHAT loop to WHAT part of the primary visual cortex of occipital lobes?

Back 65

(i.e., lower visual fields)
-Parietal loop
-upper part

Front 66

Info from lower retinal fields (i.e., ?) goes thru WHAT loop to WHAT part of the primary visual cortex of occipital lobes?

Back 66

(i.e., upper visual fields)
-Meyer's loop
-lower part

Front 67

What are the 3 divisions of cranial nerve V?

Back 67

(trigeminal)
-opthalamic (sensory)
-maxillary (sensory)
-mandibular (mixed)

Front 68

What type of innervation does cranial nerve V receive from the motor cortex?

Back 68

(trigeminal)
receives bilateral innervation

Front 69

What is alphabet supplemented speech intelligibility?

Back 69

* The speaker uses an alphabet supplementation board and points to the first letter of each word they are producing.
*End of the day our goal is to try to get to an acoustic signal that listeners can understand.

Front 70

Step 1 of the DFA

Back 70

**Use nonsense syllables for both step 1 and step 2

1. Ask client to produce a consonant in which the feature is lacking

Front 71

What is speech intelligibility

Back 71

*A measure of the understandability of the speech signal only.
*The listener is a listener (judge) only! (Needs to be unfamiliar with the text)

Front 72

What are txs for GI issues?

Back 72

*positioning (during and after meals)
-decrease intra-abdominal pressure
-diet (infants: smaller, more frequent feedings, thicker lower fat formulas; children: take cues from them related to textures and flavors)
-activity (avoid hurried meals and excessive activity during meals)
-meds (side effects, limited evidence of effectiveness)
-surgical (fundoplication)

Front 73

what intervention strategy goes with activity limitation level?

Back 73

*Reduce Speaking Rate
*Speak louder
*Speech amplifier

Front 74

What is Rancho Level X?

Back 74

-*very few people get to this level
-handles multiple tasks simultaneously
-independently establishes memory devices
-problem solves independently
-socially appropriate
-continued periods of depression and irritability
-accurately estimates abilities

Front 75

In higher noise environments, the average distance is ______.

Back 75

.4 meter

Front 76

Reverberation time should not exceed _____ (ASHA) and _____ (ANSI).

Back 76

.4 sec (ASHA)
.6 sec (ANSI)

Front 77

What is the prevalence (number who have disorder) of stuttering?

Back 77

.5 or 1% of a given population

Front 78

Many adult environments have Ts (reverberation time) of ___ to ___ seconds.

Back 78

.5 to .75

Front 79

Many classrooms have Ts (reverberation time) of __ to ___ seconds.

Back 79

.6 to 1.2 (not good)

Front 80

Provide an example of a voiced bilabial stop

Back 80

/b/

Front 81

labiodentals

Back 81

-/f/ and /v/
-Sounds that are produced by the lips and teeth

Front 82

Provide an example of a voiced velar stop

Back 82

/g/

Front 83

What are the early 8 sounds?

Back 83

/m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

Front 84

What is the order of acquisition of sounds? (early)

Back 84

/m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/

Front 85

List the nasal sounds in the English langugae.

Back 85

/m/ /n/ and ng

Front 86

Give examples of bilabials

Back 86

/p/ /b/ /m/ /w/

Front 87

bilabials

Back 87

-/p/, /b/, and /m/
-These involve both lips
-they are produced primarily by the 2 lips

Front 88

List the liquid sounds in the English language.

Back 88

/r/ and /l/

Front 89

What are the late 8 sounds?

Back 89

/s, z, r, l, voiced th, voiceless th, sh, shz/

Front 90

Provide an example of a voiceless palatal fricative

Back 90

/s/

Front 91

What is the order of acquisition of sounds? (late)

Back 91

/sh, th, s, z, l, r, 'shz'/

Front 92

The least frequently occurring sound in the English language is ....

Back 92

/sh/ as in shoe or should

Front 93

What are the middle 8 sounds?

Back 93

/t, ng, k, g, ch, J, f, v/

Front 94

What is the order of acquisition of sounds? (middle)

Back 94

/t, ng, k, g, f, v, ch, dg/

Front 95

List the glide sounds in the English language.

Back 95

/w/ /j/

Front 96

You are a speech pathologist on a school based literacy team. You are asked how reading and language are different and how they are the same. What do you say?

Back 96

??

Front 97

What are risk factors for CAS?

Back 97

??

Front 98

What are protective factors for CAS?

Back 98

??

Front 99

Stimulability/non-stimulability and tx.

Back 99

??

Front 100

Complex sounds

Back 100

??

Front 101

Why is clinical expertise important for EBP?

Back 101

????

Front 102

What is an neurological etiology (medical condition) that might cause each
type of dysarthria

Back 102

????????????

Front 103

describe the cerebellar and basal ganglia loops and their roles in speech motor control.

Back 103

?????????????????

Front 104

What % of children with a phonological awareness deficit in kindergarten had a deficit in word recognition in 2nd and 4th grades?

Back 104

~45%

Front 105

Children who are HOH need SNRs no less than ___ to ___ dB.

Back 105

#ERROR!

Front 106

What is SNR typically is public areas?

Back 106

#ERROR!

Front 107

What dB level (SNR) is needed for HOH to understand 50%?

Back 107

#ERROR!

Front 108

Studies have consistently shown that SNRs in classrooms are poor. On the order of ___ to ___ dB.

Back 108

#ERROR!

Front 109

Normal hearing children require an SNR of at least __________ for optimum communication efficiency.

Back 109

#ERROR!

Front 110

What is the most typical SNR for adults?

Back 110

#ERROR!

Front 111

For CI candidacy, what score must an adult have on a speech test?

Back 111

< 50-60% on the HINT (Hearing In Noise Test)

Front 112

What is the laryngeal performance of a person with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 112

• Vocal folds do not adduct
• monopitch, monoloudness, short rushes of speech
• Myasthenia Gravis: hypernasility, stridor, “vocal weakness”
• Peripheral Nerve
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (unilateral): hoarse voice, breathy voice, reduced loudness, voice may be normal
Superior Laryngeal Nerve: mild hoarseness, vocal fatigue
• Nuclear (injury to lower motor neurons of 10th nerve)
laryngeal paralysis, hypoadduction
• Brainstem Stroke: flaccidity
• Parkinson’s Disease: reduced loudness, monotone, hoarseness, tremor
• Closed head injury: hypophonia (weak voice)

Front 113

symptoms of flaccid dysarthria

Back 113

• *breathy voice
• *inspiratory stridor
• hypernasality
• *nasal emission
• imprecise articulation
• short breath groups

Front 114

symptoms of spastic dysarthria

Back 114

• *phonation rough, strained-strangled
• breathy groups short
• hypernasality
• imprecise articulation

Front 115

What can a clinician do to help parents understand that their child’s
speech may be more difficult to understand than they assume?

Back 115

• An SLP could record the child’s speech with single word utterances and sentences. They could then share the unknown words and topic with the parent and allow them to determine what their child is saying. Usually the parent will not be able to identify most of the single word utterances or phrases because it is out of context.

Front 116

What is the impact on intelligibility measures of judge familiarity with the passage or message?

Back 116

• Familiarity increases the intelligibility.
• It is important for the listener to be a naive, unfamiliar judge to show accurate intelligibility.

Front 117

symptoms of hypokinetic dysarthria

Back 117

• monoloudness
• reduced loudness
• monopitch
• breathy/rough phonation
• *excessive rate
• *rushes of speech
• *difficulty initiating speech

Front 118

Why do parents apparently routinely over-estimate the intelligibility of their children’s speech?

Back 118

• Parents are around their child more often than SLP’s or caregivers
• The topic of which the child and parent are talking about is already known
• Parents adjust down questions so the child does not have to be as intelligible when answering

Front 119

How can judge familiarity be controlled in a clinical setting?

Back 119

• Since it is important for the listener to be unfamiliar, computerized assessments such as the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech help with randomization
• There is a large pool of words and sentences that the computer draws from

Front 120

For what type of dysarthric speaker would you use alphabet supplementation?

Back 120

• The type of dysarthria is not critical in determining who should use alphabet supplementation, but the severity of the dysarthria is. Generally, the best candidates are those with severe or profound dysarthria. Speakers with intelligibility over 80% may receive some minor benefits, however the accompanying reduction in speaking rate or naturalness is often considered unacceptable by the speakers.

Front 121

symptoms of ataxic dysarthria

Back 121

• voice symptoms-normal, unsteady, excessive loudness, voice tremor (4-7 HZ)
• resonance-usually normal
• *articulation-irregular articulatory breakdowns

Front 122

What are the scores given for the DOCS?

Back 122

0 = no response
1 = general response
2 = localized response
(use best response; can have multiple trials)

Front 123

What is SNR for transportion vehicles?

Back 123

0 dB or worse

Front 124

What dB level (SNR) is needed for a normal listener to understand 50%?

Back 124

0 to +2 dB above background noise

Front 125

What is the best viewing angle for adaquate speachreading?

Back 125

0 to 60 degrees

Front 126

What is normal ICP (intracranial pressure)?

Back 126

0-10 mmHg (millimeters of mercury)

Front 127

What are the highest risk groups for TBIs?

Back 127

0-4, 15-24, >75

Front 128

List the cranial nerves and what they innervate.

Back 128

1 = smell 2 = eye (sensory)
3 , 4, 6 = eye movement
5 = face (sensory) and jaw motor)
7 = tongue (sensory) and face (motor)
8 = hearing and balance
9 = tongue (sensory) pharynx (sensory and motor)
10 = larynx, cardiac and gatrointestinal
11 = shoulder arm and throat movements
12 = tongue movements

Front 129

What are the 6 steps to becoming an evidenced-based practitioner?

Back 129

1- convert clinical need into answerable question
2- document the internal evidence
3- search for and find the best external evidence to answer the question
4- critically evaluate the evidence you find for its validity, strength, and usefulness
5- use your clinical experience combined with your research findings to apply to practice
6- evaluate and audit you performance (question everything)

Front 130

The average distance for conversation in the home is _____.

Back 130

1 meter

Front 131

Describe cranial nerves 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

Back 131

1- Olfactory nerve: smell, 2 - Oculomotor: vision, 3 Oclumotor, 4 trochlear, 6 abducens - eye movement,

Front 132

What are the five classifications of dysarthria?

Back 132

1) Flaccid dysarthria
2) Spastic dysarthria
3) Ataxic dysarthria
4) Hypokinetic dysarthria
5) Hyperkinetic dysarthria

Front 133

What are four styles of hearing aids?

Back 133

1) Behind the Ear
2) In the Ear
3) In the Canal
4) Completely in Canal

Front 134

What are three functions of earmolds?

Back 134

1) couple the hearing aid to the patients ear
2) provides support for the BTE aid
3) directs and modifies the amplified sound that reaches the ear canal

Front 135

What are five things that affect the life of a battery?

Back 135

1) Daily usage
2) Volume control setting
3) Heat/humidity
4) Circuit requirements
5) Battery Size

Front 136

What are three important factors when selecting a hearing aid candidate?

Back 136

1) degree of hearing loss
2) communicative difficultures
3) motivation to use aid

Front 137

What criterion is used for intervention in Iowa-Nebraska project?

Back 137

1) if child is one chronological year past the age of 90% acquisition for their error phoneme
2) If they exhibit minimum number of phoneme error (eg, must have 3 sounds that are non-developmental)
3) Follow Rule 51 (always being revised)

Front 138

What are four advantages of Zinc Air Batteries?

Back 138

1) Last longer
2) Longer shelf Life
3) Less expensive
4) Contain no chemicals that may affect the environment.

Front 139

What are the four basic components to hearing aids?

Back 139

1) Microphone
2) Amplifier
3) Receiver
4) Battery

Front 140

Hearing aid batteries are coded by (3 things):

Back 140

1) number
2) Size
3) Color

Front 141

List four variations in normal velopharyngeal port closure.

Back 141

1, Anterior-posterior closure pattern
2. Latero-medial closure pattern
3. Circular closure pattern
4. Circular + anterior closure pattern

Front 142

What are the main principles of voice therapy?

Back 142

1. not a long-term process
2. its a continuum
3. negative practice

Front 143

List Wilson's 8 Steps.

Back 143

1. "I won't abuse my voice" (vocal abuse and how to stop)
2. "I can tell when I use my voice incorrectly"
3. "I can tell when I use my voice correctly"
4. "I can tell when other people use their voices incorrectly"
5. "I can tell when other people use their voice correctly"
6. "I know where I use my voice incorrectly"
7. "I know where I use my voice correctly"
8. Transfer and maintenance of voice use

Front 144

How is the structure of cycles in the CA?

Back 144

1. 1 pattern per session
2. each phoneme within a target pattern should be trained for approx. 60 minutes
3. 2+ targets per pattern for voicing errors (so at least 2 hours per pattern)
4. the cycle is complete when all patterns have been taught
5. at least 3-6 cycles for gained intelligibility

Front 145

What 3 main components make up a well-written prognostic statement?

Back 145

1. A goal statement
2. A judgment of success (poor, fair, good, excellent)
3. The prognostic variables that justify the judgment.

Front 146

What are the 3 fundamental components of a hearing aid?

Back 146

1. A microphone
2. An amplifier
3. A receiver

Front 147

List possible goals for fluency therapy.

Back 147

1. Acceptable Stuttering: stuttering in an easier, more controlled way,
2. Improved effectiveness as a communicator
3. Fluency with Conscious Control
4. Automatic Fluency
5. Acceptable Stuttering

Front 148

List some characteristics of Spanish influenced English

Back 148

1. Adjective comes after noun
2. s is often omitted in plurals and possessives
3. Omission of past tense ed
4. Double negatives
5. The adverb often follows the verb

Front 149

What is the role of the SLP for during modified barium swallowing assessments?

Back 149

1. Assess the efficacy of your treatment strategies
2. Ask for various positions, food consistencies, compensatory techniques
3. Can help to minimize the risk of aspiration by limiting the number of swallows a patient needs to perform
4. Informant to radiologist

Front 150

What are the steps in the diagnostic process?

Back 150

1. assessment (appraisal)
2. analysis
3. interpretation
4. dissemination

Front 151

Cerebral palsy can be divided into what three categories?

Back 151

1. Ataxic CP
2. Athetoid CP
3. Spastic CP

Front 152

List three categories of cerebral palsy.

Back 152

1. Ataxic CP: disturbed balance, awkward gait, uncontrolled movements
2. Athetoid CP: slow writhing and involuntary movements
3. Spastic CP: increased tone and rigidity, abrupt jerky, slow movements.

Front 153

What are the fundamental approach of the Van Riper's approach to articulation therapy.

Back 153

1. Auditory discrimination/perceptual training
2. phonetic placement
3. Drill-like repetition and practice

Front 154

What are the four design principles of Auditory Training curricula?

Back 154

1. Auditory Skill
2. Stimuli
3. Activity Type
4. Difficulty level

Front 155

List two sound resonators in the auditory system.

Back 155

1. Auricle - resonates enhances sound around 4500 Hz
2. External Auditory Meatus enhances sounds around 2700Hz

Front 156

List 5 alternatives to standardized tests.

Back 156

1. Authentic assessments
2. Language samples
3. Dynamic approach assessments
4. portfolio method assessment
5. Narratives

Front 157

When conducting a laryngeal examination using indirect laryngoscopy or endoscopic examination, what structures does a clinician examine?

Back 157

1. Base of the tongue
2. Vallecula
3. Epiglottis
4. Pyriform sinuses
5. Vocal folds
6. Ventricular folds

Front 158

List the hierarchy of treatment for persons with traumatic brain injury.

Back 158

1. Basic Attention
2. Orientation/memory
3. Simple relationships and associations
4. Simple problem solving
5. Abstract reasoning

Front 159

List general assessment guidelines for toddlers and infants

Back 159

1. Begin assessment as early as possible
2. Make assessments family centered
3. Conduct interviews and gather an extensive case history
4. Take into consideration the cultural practices in family communication patterns, child rearing and caregiver interactions

Front 160

List four Hearing Aids styles.

Back 160

1. Behind The Ear (BTE)
2. In The Ear (ITE)
3. In The Canal (ITC)
4. Completely In The Canal (CIC)

Front 161

List factors that would influence a family's participation in therapy.

Back 161

1. Beliefs concerning health and illness
2. Financial concerns
3. Accessibility to services
4. Poor familiarity to treatment models
5. Expectations regarding progress and outcomes.

Front 162

List 5 standardized tests for aphasia.

Back 162

1. Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE)
2. Western Aphasia Battery (WAB)
3. Aphasia Diagnostic Profiles (ADP)
4. Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia (BASA)
5. Minnesota Test for the Differential Diagnosis of Aphasia

Front 163

What areas of speech and language are assessed in infants and toddlers?

Back 163

1. Caregiver interaction
2. Hearing status
3. Comprehension and production of language (depending on the age)
4. Play activities

Front 164

List 5 conditions that place children at risk for developing language disorders.

Back 164

1. Chronic middle ear infections
2. Family history of predisposing genetic or medical conditions
3. Caregiver or parental substance abuse
4. Serious pretnatal and natal conditions
5. Unstable and dangerous living conditions

Front 165

In accessing the respiratory status of a patient for voice, what types of breathing does the clinician analyze?

Back 165

1. Clavicular breathing: patient inhales and shoulders elevate.
2. Diaphragmatic-abdominal breathing - using the abdominal region and lower thoracic cavity - used by professional singers
3. Thoracic breathing

Front 166

List some variables the client demonstrates that affects prognostic conclusions.

Back 166

1. Client motivation
2. Client's stimulability or response to trial intervention
3. Client's medical, development and therapeutic histories

Front 167

What are the stimuli types? What are teaching strategies used for?

Back 167

1. Clinician support
-direct physical manipulation
-imitation or modeling
-cues and prompts
-indirect modeling
-spontaneous
2. input (material used to evoke response)
-abstract symbols
-concrete symbols

Front 168

List two types of head injuries.

Back 168

1. Closed head injury- no disruption of the meninges
2. Open head injury (penetrating injury) – disruption of meninges as the result of traum

Front 169

Explain the following terms:
1. Commissural fiber tracts
2. Projection fiber tracts
3. Assocation

Back 169

1. Commissural fiber tracts connect regions between two hemispheres
Projection fiber tracts connects motor neurons inn the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord
Association connects regions within one cerebral hemisphere

Front 170

Name 5 factors involved in the selection of hearing aids.

Back 170

1. Degree of hearing loss
2. User preference
3. Costs
4. Life styles
5. Physical status

Front 171

Define the following terms:
1. Deixis
2. Anaphoric Reference
3. Fast Mapping

Back 171

1. Deixis means indicating or pointing
2. Anaphoric Reference is referal to what has come before e.g. the boy was watching his television when it caught fire.
3. Fast Mapping enables a child infer a connection between a word and its referent after only one exposure

Front 172

List the structural properties of a narrative.

Back 172

1. Descriptive sequence
2. Action sequence
3. reaction sequence
4. Abbreviated episode
5. Complete episode
6. Complex episode
7. Interactive episode

Front 173

List four goals of language diagnosis.

Back 173

1. Determine nature of complaint
2. Determine existence of language disorder
3. Determine concomitant factors
4. Prediction of the course of the language problem.

Front 174

What are the reasons for conducting an AAC assessment?

Back 174

1. Determine service eligibility
2. Identify the course of therapy
3. Device selection and feature match

Front 175

List two neurotransmitters for the basal ganglia and the actions.

Back 175

1. Dopamine (inhibitory)
2. Acetylcholine (excitatory)

Front 176

List 2 examples of alternative assessments.

Back 176

1. Dynamic assessments
2. Portfolio assessments

Front 177

Researchers have classified hand gestures to what six categories?

Back 177

1. Emblematic - V for victory sign
2. Iconic
3. Metaphoric
4. Deictic
5. Beat
6. Regulatory

Front 178

List 3 alternative assessment aproaches.

Back 178

1. Ethnographic interviews
2. Inventories and work sample analysis
3. Dynamic assessment

Front 179

List two types of knowledge structures.

Back 179

1. Event based knowledge: which consists of sequences of events or routines.
2. Taxonomic Knowledge which consists of categories and classes organized hierarchically.

Front 180

Provide examples to the following relational words in children's single-word utterances.

Back 180

1. Existence e.g this, here, that
2. Non-existence e.g. gone, no
3. Disappearance e.g all gone, away, bye-bye
4. Recurrence e.g. more, again, another

Front 181

List the compensatory treatments for dementia.

Back 181

1. External strategies (notes, calendars, reminders)
2. Internal strategies (mnemonics, association strategies etc.)

Front 182

List speech therapy goals for velopharngeal insufficiency.

Back 182

1. Extinguish backing and compensatory articulations
2. Increase movement of the articulators during oral speech sounds
3. Increase lip, tongue and velar sounds
4. In corporate voicing

Front 183

Glasgow scale of level of conscienceness is based on what three criteria

Back 183

1. Eye opening responses
2. Motor responses
3. Verbal responses
Scores range from 3 to 15
Severe coma is at a score of 8 or below

Front 184

List some behaviors that may ocur with dysfluency.

Back 184

1. Fear
2. Struggle
3, Audible and visible characteristics
4. Avoidance

Front 185

List some behavioral characteristic of Attention -Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Back 185

1. Frequent fidgeting with hands or feet
2. High distractibility by extraneous stimuli
3. Difficulty sustaining attention in tasks and activities

Front 186

List signs of GERD

Back 186

1. Gagging when lying down;
2. Bad taste in mouth;
3. Burning in chest/pharynx

Front 187

List some factors associated with speech disorders.

Back 187

1. Gender
2. Intelligence
3. Socioeconomic status
4. Auditory discrimination skills

Front 188

List the factors that cause dilectal differences.

Back 188

1. Geographic regions
2. Socio-economic status
3. Speaking situation
4. Group membership

Front 189

Examples of compensatory articulation patterns associated with VPI are ....

Back 189

1. Glottal stops
2. Pharyngeal stops
3. Pharyngeal fricatives
4. Backing

Front 190

Describe the following narrative terms:
1. Heaps
2. Decsriptive sequence
3. Action Sequence
4. Ractive Sequence
5. True narrative

Back 190

1. Heaps are stories with ideas that are not related temporarly or causally but around perception
2. Decsriptive sequence describe character and setting but not causal or temporal links
3. Action Sequence describe events that are related chronologocally but not causally
4. Reactive Sequence ar estories in which actions are related causally and chronologically
5. True narrative includes components of story grammer (characters and a theme)

Front 191

List some concomitant factors to language disorders in children.

Back 191

1. Hearing status
2. Home environment
3. Cognition

Front 192

List some medical conditions prevalent in African Americans as a group.

Back 192

1. High incidence of traumatic brain injury
2. High incidence of stroke and hypertension
3. Low incidence of cleft palate

Front 193

List some medical conditions prevalent in Asian Americans as a group.

Back 193

1. High prevalence of cleft palate
2. High incidence of strokes
3. Low incidence of Alzheimers

Front 194

What components should be included in a CAS assessment?

Back 194

1. history
2. examination of child's neuromuscular status (overal motor skills, sensory issues)
3. structural-functional exam
4. motor speech exam (sound, syllable, word)
5. sound system (formal assessment and connected speech sample)
6. prosody/fluency naturalness
7. intelligibility and comprehensibility

Front 195

List types of apraxia

Back 195

1. Ideamotor apraxia
2. Ideation apraxia
3. Constructional apraxia
4. Limb apraxia
5. Oral apraxia
6. Developmental apraxia of speech
7. Apraxia of speech

Front 196

Describe the staircase of the traditional approach, beginning at the first step.

Back 196

1. Identifying the sound
-auditorily, visually, tactily
-isolating the sound from others
2. Knowing the sound
-sound properties
-familiar with the sounds in different contexts
3. Discriminating the sound
-detecting errors in others
-recall, perceive, and predict errors
4. Producing the sound (with help)
-imitating sound correctly
-correct placement of articulators
-shaping sound to correct production
5. Producing the sound with ease
-sound in isolation or syllables
-in words, phrases, sentences
-in reading
-in conversation
6. Transfer & carry-over
-generalize to other environments: school, home
-use in different situations
7. Maintenance over time.
-repeating any of the steps below if necessary

Front 197

List diagnostic criteria for autism.

Back 197

1. Impaired social interactions
2. Disturbed communication
3. Stereotypic patterns of behaviors, interests and activities

Front 198

Define the following terms:
1. Impairment
2. Disability

Back 198

1. Impairment is the loss or abnormality of a function or structure.
2. Disability is the reduction in function of a structure.

Front 199

List three techniques that constitute milieu teaching.

Back 199

1. Incidental teaching: in which the adult waits for the child to initiate a verbal response
2. Mand model: teaches language through use of typical adult-child interactions in play oriented settings
3. Time delay: adults waits for the child to initiate verbal responses in relation to stimuli that is separated by predetermined waiting period

Front 200

Lesions in which sites are most likely to cause apraxia of speech?

Back 200

1. inferior frontal cortex (Broca's Area)
2. Left parietal cortex
3. Left anterior insula

Front 201

Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by what symptoms

Back 201

1. Large numbers of senile plaques
2. Social comportment disorder
3. Intellectual disorder
4. Memory loss

Front 202

What are the 3 stages of reading comprehension according to Chall?

Back 202

1. Learning to read
2. Becoming unglued from text
3. Reading to Learn

Front 203

List 3 components of communicative competency.

Back 203

1. Linguistic competence: knowledge of their native language as well as learning their AAC system language
2. Operational competence: using the device efficiently and effectively
3. Strategic competence: knowing what strategies to use when.

Front 204

List the requirements to obtain a certificate of clinical competence

Back 204

1. Master’s or doctoral degree
Education completed in accredited program
2. 400 clock hours of supervised observation & practicum (as of 2005)
3. Passing of Praxis
4. Completion of full-time, supervised professional experience

Front 205

List prenatal factors that can cause language disorders in children?

Back 205

1. Maternal drug abuse, e.g. alcohol and nicotine
2. Maternal infections (rubella and HIV)

Front 206

List and describe the vocal registers?

Back 206

1. Modal register - used in daily conversation.
2. Glottal Fry ( aka Pulse Register or Strohbass), extremely low pitch voice that sounds crackly or like popcorn
3. Falsetto register is where the vocal folds lengthen and become extremely thin. They vibrate in tense bowed margins.
4. Whistle Register: a register above falsetto, vibration occurs as a result of turbulence on the edge of the vocal folds

Front 207

What symptoms result from damage to the cerebellum or it's control circuits?

Back 207

1. Movement deficits of timing, force, range and direction
2. Difficulty coordinating voluntary movements
3. Controlling timing and force of movement, especially at initiation and termination of a movement
4. Broad-based gait
Intention tremors (dysmetria)
Hypotonia of muscles
Problems with motor learning

Front 208

List 4 clinical symptoms of Tourette's syndrome.

Back 208

1. Multiple motor and vocal tics
2. Development of symptoms before the age 14 (most children show signs by age 10)
3. Slow appearance and disappearance of symptoms
4. Tic behaviors that change and evolve over time
Hypothesized to be due to super-sensitive dopamine receptors in the striatum

Front 209

In dysphagia treatment, the combination of chin tuck and rotation of head has what effects?

Back 209

1. Narrows the laryngeal closure
2. Increases vocal fold adduction
3. Puts epiglottis in more protective position
4. Widens the valleculla

Front 210

List the feeding difficulties seen frequently in infants born with cleft.

Back 210

1. Nasopharyngeal reflux
2, Aerophagia
3. Potential airway compromise

Front 211

"Is speech and language tx appropriate for this particular client?"

What are the 4 possible answers?

Back 211

1. Normal articulation and phonological skills--> tx is not recommended
2. Within normal limits but tx is not recommended and re-evaluation is.
3. Articulation or phonological disorder but immediate tx is not recommended
4. Articulation or phonological disorder and tx is recommended. (along with frequency/length of sessions, specific therapy goals and objectives)

Front 212

List some characteristics of African American English.

Back 212

1. Omission of noun possessive
2. Omission of noun plural
3.Past tense ending omitted
4. Multiple negatives

Front 213

List some characteristics of Asian influenced English

Back 213

1. Omission of plurals
2. Omission of copula
3. Omission of possessive
4. Misuse of pronouns
5. Past tense double marking

Front 214

Describe the first 2 phases of swallowing

Back 214

1. Oral preparation: chewing of food and mixing with saliva to form bolus
2. Oral stage: bolus is moved back towards the oropharynx by the tongue

Front 215

List some characteristics of children with language disorders.

Back 215

1. Over-extension or under-extension of words
2. Word finding and word retrieval problems
3. Less complex syllable structure
4. Articulation and phonological problems

Front 216

List some complication to VP surgery.

Back 216

1. Pain and discomfort
2. Scarring
3. Infection
4. Heavy snoring
5. Fistula formation

Front 217

List 4 kinds of communication styles?

Back 217

1. Passive
2. Aggressive
3. Passive-Aggressive
Assertive

Front 218

List three assessment tools used in assessing motor speech disorders.

Back 218

1. Perceptual
2. Acoustic
3. Physiologic

Front 219

List 2 benefits of play to young children.

Back 219

1. Play helps young children learn anticipation.
2. Play helps young children predict what happens next and turn taking skills

Front 220

List Huckabee and Pelletier's (1999) five areas of compensatory strategies .

Back 220

1. Postural strategies;
2. Bolus control techniques;
3. Volitional airway protection strategies;
4. Diet modifications, and
5. Prosthetic devices.

Front 221

Define the following terms:
1. Primary intervention
2. Secondary intervention
3. Tertiary intervention

Back 221

1. Primary intervention is the attempt to inhibit or eliminate the onset or development of disorder by limiting susceptibility
2. Secondary intervention early detection or treatment to eliminate disorder or hinder it's progress
3. Tertiary intervention involves reducing a disability by trying to restore more effective functioning

Front 222

List specific accommodations in in administering standardized testd to CLD children.

Back 222

1. Provide additional response time
2. Provide additional repetitions
3. Continue testing past the ceiling
4. Accept revised answers
5. Ask client to explain unusual responses

Front 223

List some fluency shaping techniques

Back 223

1. Rate reduction
2. Easy Onset of voicing
3. Light Contact of Articulators
4. Airflow technique (softly exhale a bit before initiating a word or syllable in an easy way)
5. Continuous phonation (keep the voice box going)
6. Full breath (sufficient breath to speak a desired phrase)
6. Prolonged or stretched speech (a variant on rate reduction)

Front 224

List red flags that would indicate a need for swallowing evaluation.

Back 224

1. Recurrent pneumonia
2. Unplanned weight loss
3. Coughing with meds or at meals
4. NT consult or vocal cord paralysis
5. Labored breathing
6. Reporting of wet vocal quality (gurgly voice) –
suggests residue on the surface of vocal folds

Front 225

List some modificications in an inclusive classroom for an AAC user.

Back 225

1. Reduction of workload
2. Adaptation to academic testing
3. Selective retention, and the use of peer instruction.

Front 226

List 5 variables in that influence individual behavior within a culture.

Back 226

1. Religion
2. Gender
3. Age
4. Educational level
5. Socio-economic status

Front 227

List the types of dysfluencies.

Back 227

1. Repetitions
2. Prolongations
3. Cessation of sound - blocks
4. Interjections
5. Revisions
6. Tense pauses, or silent blocks, or silent prolongations (alternate terms)

Front 228

What are the overview steps of assessment? (8 steps)

Back 228

1. Review client background
2. Plan the diagnostic session
3. Select appropriate tests
4. Prepare testing area
5. Conduct an intake interview
6. Assess the child (observation, nonstandardized/standardized measures, assess related areas)
7. Write a diagnostic report
8. Discuss findings and make recommendations

(Reverend P Selected Prep Classes After Wrong Doing)

Front 229

How are the sessions structured in the CA?

Back 229

1. review of previous session
2. auditory bombardment
3. word cards
4. productions practice
5. stimulability probing for next session
6. auditory bombardment
7. home program
*shift activities every 5-10 minutes so child doesn't lose interest

Front 230

What is the eval procedures for stuttering?

Back 230

1. sample during reading (adaptation?)
2. 300 word sample
3. analyze behavioral characteristics (form, types, sound difficulties, attitudes, knowledge)
4. demonstrate novel effects
5. demonstrate skills that enhance fluency
6. explore motivation (goals, perceptions, expectations)
7. assess attitudes and perceptions

Front 231

List the first priority of an AAC evaluation.

Back 231

1. Seating
2. Positioning

Front 232

What should a clinician do if he/she gets a client who needs AAC and he/she does not feel qualified to conduct the evaluation?

Back 232

1. Seek a professional who is qualified
2. Contact a local universoty
3. Contact ASHA and/or local AAC Assessor

Front 233

What are the phases of the traditional approach?

Back 233

1. Sensory-perceptual/ ear training
2. Production training: sound establishment
3. Production training: sound stabilization
4. Transfer/carry-over training
5. Maintenance of behavior across time

Front 234

Name/describe the first phase. What are the 4 phases of it?

Back 234

1. sensory-perceptual/ear training
-teaching auditory discrimination of the sound; make child aware of production errors. thought to be foundation of production training
4 PHASES:
1. isolation-teach auditory/visual/kinesthetic properties of sound; goal is to recognize sound in isolation
2. identification-teach how to isolate sound when in words, phrases, or sentences
3. stimulation-increase sensitivity to the occurrence of the sound and to develop an internalized auditory model. "Auditory bombardment"
4. discrimination
-discriminate correct/incorrect production of the sound in others.
1. error detection
2. error correction

Front 235

List the charcteristics of normal non-fluency.

Back 235

1. Single word repetitions
2. Multisyllabic word repetitions
3. Whole phrase repetitions
Interjections
4. Revisions
5. Rarely displays awareness of fear
6. Less than 10 disfluencies/100 words
7. Usually peaks between 2-3.5 years

Front 236

List 4 types of cultural biases.

Back 236

1. Situational bias: a mis-match between clinician and client.
2. Format bias
3. Value bias
4. Linguistic bias

Front 237

List 3 classification of cerebral palsy.

Back 237

1. Spastic-most common
2. Dyskinetic (Athetosis)
3. Ataxic

Front 238

List some speaking enhancing conditions.

Back 238

1. Speaking in a non habitual manner
2. Choral reading
3. Shadow speaking
4. Singing
5. Rate variation
6. Altered Auditory feedback: Masking, DAF, FAF
7. Speaking alone, to children, or to animals
8. Whispered
9. Speaking with no felt need to conceal dysfluencies
10. Speaking when playing a role

Front 239

Which 2 nerves innervate the larynx?

Back 239

1. Superior laryngeal nerve
2 Recurrent laryngeal nerve.

SLN has two branches
i) internal branch: which provides sensory info to larynx
ii) Exterior branch which supplies motor info to cricothyroid muscle only

RLN supplies sensory info below the vocal fold

Front 240

What 2 areas of the parietal lobe are important for speech and language?

Back 240

1. Supramarginal gyrus and
2. Angular gyrus, which damage can cause difficulties in writing, reading and naming difficulties.

Front 241

List the conditions that likely increase stuttering.

Back 241

1. Telephone
2. Saying one’s name
3. Telling jokes
4. Being asked to repeat a message
5. Waiting one’s turn to speak
6. Speaking to authority figures
7. Large audience
8. Attempts to avoid stuttering
9. Emotional reactions

Front 242

When making a diagnosis, what are the 3 situations in which the child's speech is considered normal? What must be considered?

Back 242

1. The errors are related to second language interference, bilingualism, or dialect.
2. The errors fall within normal development range of mastery for a particular age group.
3. The errors are so slight or subtle they would not call undue attention to the speaker or be perceived as disordered to the average layperson.

Must consider family/client's perception of the problem.

Front 243

Discuss the following theories:
1. Structuralist theory
2. Interactionist-Discovery 3. Natural Theory (Stampe)
4. Prosodic Theory

Back 243

1. The structuralist theory proposes that children are born with an innate ability to develop language, and skills are acquired in a universal order or structure. 2. The interactionist-discovery theory states that the child uses trial and error to discover the rules and to actively learn a new system. 3. The natural theory proposes that children develop sounds by imitating the adult model, but because of immature motor abilities the productions are naturally simplified.
4. The prosodic theory proposes that children try to produce units or chunks of meaningful speech rather than individual phonemes.

Front 244

List some reasons why some teens may react negatively to stuttering therapy.

Back 244

1. Their friends know they are going into the treatment room
2. They feel uncomfortable to be grouped with younger pws, or with teens with other disorders
3. They do not not fully understand that their communication may affect peer acceptance or rejection

Front 245

List the vocal fold adductors.

Back 245

1. Thyroarytenoid muscles
2. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
3. Transverse and oblique interarytenoid muscles

Front 246

When should a clinician not trial feed but go to MBS instead?

Back 246

1. Tracheostomy patients
2. Those with severely impaired oral-motor function
3. Ventilator dependent spinal cord patients with massive problems demonstrated in early part of the eval.
4. Patients with brain stem damage, gurgly voice, no throat clearing or poor respiratory control
5. Absent swallow, no cough, or no throat clearing ability

Front 247

List 3 types of verb phrases

Back 247

1. Transitive verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
3. Stative verbs

Front 248

List 3 imaging techniques of the velopharyngeal system.

Back 248

1. Ultrasonography
2. Oral Endoscopy
3. Nasopharyngoscopy

Front 249

List some compensation treatment appraoches for aphasia

Back 249

1. Using a communication notebook
2. Circumlocuting around a word
3. Learning self cuing strategies
4. Teaching caregiver strategies

Front 250

List common causes of traumatic brain injury in children.

Back 250

1. Vehicular accidents
2. Sports accidents
3. Falls
4.Physical abuse and assaults
5. Gun shot wounds

Front 251

What are the two classes of speech sounds and what are their functions

Back 251

1. Vowels, which are the nucleus of syllables
2. Consonants,which release and arrest syllables

Front 252

What are the steps for the sensorimotor approach?

Back 252

1. Watchsssssssss-sun.
2. Watch, sun will burn you.
3. Watch-sea, watch-sit, watch-send
4. Reach-sea, teach-sit, which-sale
5. book-sun, cat-sun, mop-sun

Front 253

Damage to the extrapyramidal systems results in what symptoms?

Back 253

1. Weakness
2. Increased muscle tone
3. Abnormal muscle reflexes

Front 254

When standard measures are used which criterion is used to identify the presence of a language disorder?

Back 254

1.2 to 1.5 standard deviations on 2 tests.

Front 255

How much voltage does a Zinc Air battery put out in a hearing aid?

Back 255

1.3 - 1.4 volts.

Front 256

List the cover layers of the vocal fold

Back 256

1.epithelium
2. superfical layer
3. lamina propria

Front 257

If a sound wave vibrates at 200 cycles per second, what is the period of the sound wave?

Back 257

1/200 seconds

Front 258

About how many TBI patients does aphasia occur to?

Back 258

1/3 (usually co-occurs with a cognitive-communication impairment)

Front 259

What is the incidence of cleft of hard/soft palate?

Back 259

1/500-1,000

Front 260

What are the 5 layers of the VFs? AND tell what they are made up of.

Back 260

1: stratified squamous epithelium
2: superficial layer of the lamina propria (collagen fibers: reinke's space)
3: intermediate layer of the lamina propria (elastic and collagen fibers)
4: deep layer of the lamina propria (dense collagen fibers)
5: vocalis muscle

Front 261

How is the DOCS administered?

Back 261

1: eliminate environmental confounds leading to unintentional stimulation
2: following positioning guidelines (limit pain, spasticity, or discomfort responses)
3: perform baseline observational profile (document)
4: quietly observe survivor 2-5mins while completing a checklists (present one type of stimuli at a time)

Front 262

How many levels of cognitive functioning are there for the Rancho?

Back 262

10 (originally 8)

Front 263

What is the typical standard mean score for formal assessments? AND standard deviation?

Back 263

-100 standard score
-15 SD

Front 264

When does the eye opening response component of the Glasgow Coma Scale point system stop counting?

Back 264

10-14 days post-injury

Front 265

What is the average drop in IQ following a TBI?

Back 265

10-20 pts

Front 266

Describe cranial nerves 11 and 12

Back 266

11- Accessory nerve collaborates with vagus nerve in activating palatal, pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles
12- hypoglossal nerve- muscles of tongue except palatoglossus

Front 267

internal intercostals

Back 267

-11 paired
-pull ribs down to decrease diameter of the cavity for exhalation

Front 268

external intercostals

Back 268

-11 paired
-raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the cavity for inhalation

Front 269

How often does lability occur among survivors?

Back 269

11%

Front 270

What is the prevelance of CAS in the population? AND why is there such a large increase in the last decade?

Back 270

1-10 in 1,000 children have CAS; earlier diagnosis and likely overdiagnosed

Front 271

thoracic vertebrae

Back 271

-12 located within the posterious surface of the rib cage

Front 272

How long is the supervised practicum experience for audiology?

Back 272

12 months

Front 273

What age must a person be to be considered for CIs?

Back 273

12 months (as long as cochlea is developed)

Front 274

What age can a child undergo a primary surgery to close the hard and soft palate?

Back 274

12 to 18 months of age

Front 275

Adult-like speech recognition performance is not reached until about what age?

Back 275

13 years old

Front 276

What SPI score do CWS score?

Back 276

16 or more

Front 277

Veterans association is responsible for __-__% of all Hearing Aid sales.

Back 277

16-17%

Front 278

As of 2009, about how many people have CIs worldwide?

Back 278

180,000

Front 279

What are the tx steps for sustained attention training for tx of left neglect?

Back 279

-1st: person performs a particular test and spatial error are pointed out
-2nd: person performs the task again while trainer knocks loudly and unpredictably on the table every 20-40 secs and says "attend" in a loud voice
-last: person performs task again to see if s/he has learned to "self-alert"

Front 280

What does the cerebellum consist of?

Back 280

2 hemispheres, which divided by the vermis (each hemisphere is divided into 3 major lobes)

Front 281

What are maximal oppositions?

Back 281

2 or more feature difference (manner, place, and/or voice)
-e.g., phone - bone

Front 282

For autism, how many DSM-IV criteria must a child fit into and what are all of them?

Back 282

-2
-qualitative impairment in social interaction
-qualitative impairment in communication
-restricted patterns in behavior, interest, and activities
-delays or abnormal functioning before age 3 in social development, language used for social communication, or play

Front 283

Step 2 of the DFA

Back 283

2. Ask child to produce a minimal pair of the phoneme.

Front 284

How long does the CI surgery take? AND how long must a patient wait for a healing period before the unit is programmed?

Back 284

2+ hours; 4 to 6 weeks

Front 285

How many electrodes does the Nucleus 22/24 have? The Clarion? and The Med-El?

Back 285

-20 (22)
-16
-12

Front 286

What percentage of vital capacity is required for speech production?

Back 286

20%

Front 287

When screening a child’s hearing, the usual decibel level (in an appropriate sound proof environment) for frequencies above 500Hz is ...

Back 287

20dB

Front 288

What is the expected shelf life of a Zinc Air battery?

Back 288

2-3 years (under normal conditions)

Front 289

What is constructive play?

Back 289

2-4 items combined to construct something (blocks, legos, play doh) --(try not to use coloring)

Front 290

What percent of typically developing children have feeding disorders?

Back 290

25%

Front 291

peripheral nervous system

Back 291

-2nd major division of the human nervous system
-made up of 3 types of nerves: cranial, spinal and peripheral

Front 292

Someone __ meters from the central point experiences a blast wave that is ___ times greater than that experienced by a person ___ meters away.

Back 292

-3 meters
-9 times greater
-6 meters

Front 293

What is the typical age of onset for a normally nonfluent child? beginning CWS?

Back 293

-3 or less
-3 1/2 or older

Front 294

How many types of cranial nerves are there? AND what are the types?

Back 294

3 types
-motor only
-sensory only
-mixed

Front 295

By what age should children have developed all of their vowels?

Back 295

3 years

Front 296

What is the renewal period for audiologists?

Back 296

-3 years
-30 contact hrs

Front 297

What is the ratio of males to females with CAS?

Back 297

3:01

Front 298

What dB level does ASHA say unoccupied noise levels should not exceed in schools? and ANSI?

Back 298

30 dB (ASHA)
35 dB (ANSI)

Front 299

How many hours are needed for SLP continuing education every 3 years? and what options are avaible to complete it?

Back 299

-30 hrs
-2 semester hrs for CAA college
-complettion of 30 hrs of continuing ed.
-30 hrs of employer-provided in-service

Front 300

What percent of sounds in English are visibly different?

Back 300

30 to 40% (doesn't mean we can only visually interpret 30-40% of what is spoken)

Front 301

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? AND what is the make-up of these?

Back 301

31 pairs (an afferent and efferent)
-8 cervical
-12 thoracic
-5 lumbar
-5 sacral
-1 coccygeal

Front 302

How long may it be before a child experiences some degree of open set speech recognition?

Back 302

3-4 years

Front 303

How many weeks are needed for the SLP CFY?

Back 303

36 weeks

Front 304

Bolus control techniques.

Back 304

3-second prep
Lingual sweep
Cyclic ingestion
Dry swallows
Thermal gustatory stimulation

Bolus placement
Modification of bolus size
Adaptations in rate of intake

Front 305

What is the average age of ID for children with permanent HL in Nebraska?

Back 305

4 months of age

Front 306

The skills encompassed in metalinguistics emerge at what age?

Back 306

4 to 5 years

Front 307

For phonological processes, at what % of production should we become concerned?

Back 307

40%

Front 308

How many hours of practicum experience are needed for SLPs? How many of those hours can be observation?

Back 308

-400
-25

Front 309

How many states have implemented UNHS guidelines?

Back 309

47 and D.C.

Front 310

What is the mean for percentile rankings? AND standard deviation?

Back 310

-50%
-10 SD

Front 311

When screening a child’s hearing, the usual frequencies are .....

Back 311

500Hz, 1000Hz, 2000Hz, and 4000Hz

Front 312

What % of survivors complain of persistent memory impairments?

Back 312

55-75%

Front 313

What is the lowest risk group for TBIs?

Back 313

5/9/2014

Front 314

Describe cranial nerves 5, 7

Back 314

5-Trigeminal - innervates muscles of mastication, tensor veli palatini, sensation to face, mouth, teeth, tongue
7. Facial nerve- facial expression and taste for anterior two thirds of tongue

Front 315

Applebee identified how many levels of narrative production?

Back 315

6 Levels. They include Applebee’s levels of narratives are heaps, sequences, primitive narrative, unfocused chain, focused chain, and a true narrative

Front 316

How long does spontaneous recovery continue for post-stroke?

Back 316

6 months (insurance companies)
1-2 yrs (rehab professionals)

Front 317

What % of children with a phonological awareness deficit and a family history of reading disabilities had problems in word recognition in 2nd and 4th grades?

Back 317

60-65%

Front 318

What is the chance a beginning CWS has a family history of stuttering?

Back 318

66%

Front 319

What is the average life expectancy for digital Hearing Aid?

Back 319

6-7 years

Front 320

IQ for MR is _____ to _____ or ______.

Back 320

70 to 75 or below

Front 321

What % of intelligibility does a child need to be less than to qualify for services?

Back 321

75%

Front 322

If the penetration rate is 24%, how many people havea loss but don't use a hearing aid?

Back 322

75%.

Front 323

What is the Hz range for boys and girls around age 7? adult men? women?

Back 323

-7yr olds: 270-290
-men: 120
-women: 220

Front 324

Describe cranial nerves 8, 9, 10

Back 324

8 - vestibulocochlear - auditory and vestibular sensation
9 - posterior tongue receptors, pharynx and eustachian tube
10 - Vagus nerve - pain, touch, temprature, pharynx, larynx and esophagus

Front 325

when does intentional communication emerge?

Back 325

8 to 9 months

Front 326

What percent of children with developmental disabilities have feeding disorders?

Back 326

80%

Front 327

Munching feeding pattern in children occurs at what age?

Back 327

9 months

Front 328

What are the PCC severity ratings?

Back 328

90 to 100% mild
65 to 89% mild-moderate
50 to 64% moderate-severe
49% and below severe

Front 329

What percent of students with TBI are referred for services?

Back 329

9-38%

Front 330

___% of people with RHD admitted to rehab have at least one cognitive or communication deficit, but only ___% are referred for SLP eval or tx.

Back 330

94%; 45% referred

Front 331

What percent of children born with significant hearing loss have normal hearing parents?

Back 331

95%

Front 332

Digital hearing aids make up ~__% of the hearing aids sold in the U.S.

Back 332

97%

Front 333

In 2009, what percent of newborns in Nebraska were screened for HL?

Back 333

99%

Front 334

A receptor's affinity for a specific molecular structure, a ligand, is similar to the relationship between what?

Back 334

a "lock and key"

Front 335

What strategy should be used to prevent spillage?

Back 335

a chin tuck to widen valliculae to avoid aspiration

Front 336

The basic reason for using standardized or normative instruments for assessing language and speech function

Back 336

a clients behavior is most usefully compared to what is normal for a person in that age range

Front 337

Define dysarthria.

Back 337

-a collective name for a group of speech disorders resulting from damage of the CNS or PNS.
-problems due to paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of the speech musculature

Front 338

What does a connected speech sample help us obtain? How many utterances should it contain? How can we engage the child to speak?

Back 338

A connected speech sample will help us obtain:
1. omissions, substitutions, distortions, and additions
2. A phonological pattern analysis
3.Phonetic inventory or repertoire
4. Syllable structure analysis
5. Level of speech intelligibility.

It contains 50-150 utterances.

To engage a child, we must first learn of the child's interests and prepare the clinic with age-appropriate and interesting toys. (consider placing them in hard to reach places) Make sure atmosphere is relaxed and non intimidating. Take advantage of the presence of family members.

Front 339

What is a consequence? What is its goal?

Back 339

A consequence is an even that is contingent on and immediately following a response. It's goal is to increase a desired behavior or decrease an undesired one.

Front 340

What type components must a syllable contain?

Back 340

A consonant and a vowel.

Front 341

What is an SLPs role in reading?

Back 341

-a critical and direct role in the development of literacy for children and adults with communication disorders
-prepare them to assume variety of roles related to the development of reading and writing

Front 342

What is an antagonist?

Back 342

-a drug occupation of a receptor
-a receptor blocker that binds but does not activate
-will interfere with the binding of NT

Front 343

What is an agonist?

Back 343

-a drug occupation of a receptor
-binds to and activates receptors
-facilitates the NT effects

Front 344

Define general depressants. AND give some examples.

Back 344

-a drug or agent that has the effect of slowing the rate of the body's vital functions
-egs: alcohol, diazepam (Valium), chlordiazepoxide (librium), barbituates, methaqualone (Quaalude), "glue"

Front 345

Define the term "feature match."

Back 345

A feature match is used to match a client’s needs to a device that would meet these needs.

Front 346

labyrinth (of the temporal lobe)

Back 346

-A fluid-filled system of interconnecting canals and passages that houses structures of the inner ear

Front 347

What is the difference between a focal injury and a diffuse injury?

Back 347

A focal injury is restricted to one area, while a diffuse injury involves multiple areas.

Front 348

spec tro gram

Back 348

a graphic or photographic representation of a spectrum

Front 349

Describe dysarthria.

Back 349

A group of speech disorders resulting from disturbances in muscular control-weakness, slowness, or in-coordination of the speech mechanism due to damage to the central or peripheral nervous system or both.
-The term encompasses several or all of the basic processes of speech: respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody.
-Not having the speed and accuracy to do what you need to do.

Front 350

What is Norepinephrine (NE)?

Back 350

-a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that serves as a NT in the brain
-most regions of the brain receive input from NE neurons

Front 351

endolymph

Back 351

-A kind of fluid that fills the cochlea

Front 352

What is the difference between a language disorder and a language difference?

Back 352

A language disorder is exists when a child makes errors that are not typical for his or her cultural and linguistic community. While language difference are errors that typically arise from the influence of the child's first language.

Front 353

conduction aphasia

Back 353

-A lesion to the arcuate fasciculus disconnects Wernicke's and Broca's and may lead to a langauge disorder known as this

Front 354

What instrument can be used to measure pressure of the upper and lower esophagus.

Back 354

A manometer

Front 355

What is a statistical procedure that combines the results of many studies investigating the same variable

Back 355

A meta-analysis analyzes the results of several studies that have investigated the same variable.

Front 356

Describe Parkinson's.

Back 356

a movement disorder that is characterized by: resting tremors, rigidity of limbs, poor balance, difficulty in initiating movements, hypokinetic dysarthria
-caused by degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons that connect the substantia nigra with the caudate nucleus

Front 357

tensor tympani

Back 357

-A muscle in the middle ear that tenses the eardrum

Front 358

What is a non-radiologic technique provides the best method of viewing velar valving during speech

Back 358

A nasopharyngoscopy provides a view of the valving mechanism during speech.

Front 359

What is a Noise Notch?

Back 359

A Noise Notch is a pattern of audiometric thresholds characterized by a dip in hearing sensitivity at 4,000Hz and is often found in someone who has a history of noise exposure

Front 360

oval window of the inner ear

Back 360

-A opening to, and a part of the inner ear

Front 361

maxilla

Back 361

-A pair of large, facial bones that form the a major portion of the hard palate and the upper jaw

Front 362

palatine bones

Back 362

-A part of the hard palate

Front 363

How does a patient with a strident voice sound?

Back 363

A patient with a strident voice sounds, shrill, unpleasant and high pitched

Front 364

Acute laryngitis

Back 364

a person may lose the use of the voice and may even become aphonic during this episode

Front 365

Describe arousal attention.

Back 365

a person's awareness of environmental events and readiness to respond; fundamental to all other attentional operations

Front 366

Define reverberation.

Back 366

a phenomenon by which direct acoustic waves bounce off reflective surfaces back into the acoustic space

Front 367

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer?

Back 367

A primary reinforcer does not require learning (conditioning), while a secondary reinforcer is conditioned by prior experience.

Front 368

What is a prognostic statement?

Back 368

A prognostic statement is a cautious prediction about the outcomes with and without interventions.

Front 369

A prognostic statement specifies what? What is it based on, and what are the various prognostic variables?

Back 369

A prognostic statement specifies the course of improvement under treatment. It is based upon the available information at the time of assessment.

Variables:
-age
-intelligibility
-motivation
-inconsistency of errors
-associated conditions
-treatment history
-family support

Front 370

a correct response rate of 51 percent on a 2 choice picture pointing task would most likely indicate ...

Back 370

a random pointing response

Front 371

What is sonority?

Back 371

-a relative measure that is directly correlated with intensity (i.e., acoustic energy) and inversely correlated with intraoral air pressure

Front 372

alveolar ridge

Back 372

-a ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth
-most often located behind the upper anterior teeth.
-In most people, serves as point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/

Front 373

alveolar ridge

Back 373

-A ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth, most often located behind the upper anterior teeth
-In most people, serves as the point of articulation for English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/

Front 374

neurons

Back 374

-A single nerve cell
-Meaning, specialized cells that make up the central nervous system; basic building blocks in the CNS responsible for receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing information; each one consists of of a single axon, a cell body, dendrites, and many terminal knobs

Front 375

bradykinesia

Back 375

a slowness of movement, characteristic of hypokintetic dysarthria. Either drug induced or related to Parkinson’s. Etiology: lesion in basal ganglia circuit.

Front 376

stapedius muscle

Back 376

-A small muscle attached to the stapes in the middle ear
-In response to loud sounds, it normally contracts to stiffen the ossicular chain

Front 377

High vowels have higher impedance and correlates to ....

Back 377

A small velopharyngeal opening

Front 378

What is an unmarked sound?

Back 378

a sound that appears to be natural

Front 379

Describe vigilance attention.

Back 379

a state of directed alertness despite the presence of only intermittent stimuli or of distractions (refers to a very repetitive task-- distractions are built into the task)

Front 380

What is akinetic mutism sometimes conceptualized as?

Back 380

a subtype of minimal consciousness

Front 381

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of phonation

Back 381

-a theory that states that vocal fold vibrations are due to air pressure, the difference between positive and negative pressure, and the elasticity of the muscles

Front 382

diaphragm

Back 382

-a thick dome shaped muscle that separates the stomach from the thorax, important for respiration

Front 383

corpus callosum

Back 383

-a think bundle of myelinated fibers that interconnect the two cerebral hemispheres

Front 384

trachea

Back 384

-a tube formed by a ring of cartilages leading to the lungs

Front 385

arcuate fasciculus

Back 385

-a type of specialized association fiber
-one of the most imp for speech
-connects Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe with Broca's area in the frontal lobe

Front 386

hyoid bone

Back 386

-a u-shaped bone that floats under the jaw
-the muscles of the tongue and various muscles of the skull, larynx, and jaw are attached to this bone

Front 387

What is the nucleus of a syllable?

Back 387

A vowel

Front 388

What is a battery?

Back 388

a whole bunch of sub-tests that assess multiple modalities

Front 389

Children with artic/phonological disorders can ___a____ their own sound errors when made by the clinician even if they cannot __b___ the sounds.

What is this called? Inaccuracy of it is related to what?

Back 389

a. discriminate
b. produce

Called speech discrimination. Inaccuracy is related to second language acquisition.

Front 390

Research suggests that treating ___a___ alone does not lead to better production while _____b_____ leads to both benefits in _c___ and __d__ skills.

Back 390

a. speech discrimination
b. production training
c. production
d. discrimination

Front 391

How are AAC devices and services funded?

Back 391

AAC devices and services are funded by both public and private sources. Adult AAC users may apply for funding from private sources, such as insurance and service organizations, or public sources, such as Medicare, Medicaid, Vocational Rehabilitation, while children’s AAC devices may be funded by health insurance companies, public schools, and Medicaid.

Front 392

2 types of single subject design studies

Back 392

-ABA &ABAB

- multiple baseline

Front 393

What is the major function of cranial nerve VI?

Back 393

-Abducens
-motor nerve for vision
-turns eye laterally

Front 394

What type of spasmodic dysphonia responds to tx? AND which does not?

Back 394

-abductor does
-adductor does not (use botox)

Front 395

Name the types of intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

Back 395

-abductor
-adductors
-tensor relaxer

Front 396

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

Back 396

abducts the vocal folds

Front 397

Describe divided attention.

Back 397

ability to focus attention on 2 tasks simultaneously

Front 398

Describe stimulability analysis.

Back 398

-ability to produce sounds with model/prompt
-can be used to direct tx
-prognostic value of stimulability is questionable

Front 399

What is dysprosody?

Back 399

abnormal pitch and intonation

Front 400

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 400

abnormal rhythmic or irregular and unpredictable, rapid or slow involuntary movements account for speech characteristics

Front 401

About how many Americans are profoundly hearing impaired and may not be able to participate in normal conversation, hearing warning signals, or use the telephone?

Back 401

about 2 million

Front 402

What is the incidence (number of cases who have ever stuttered in a lifetime) of stuttering?

Back 402

about 5% of population

Front 403

What percent of CIs worldwide are produced by Cochlear Corporation?

Back 403

about 70-80%

Front 404

Where is the hyoid bone located?

Back 404

about the 3rd cervical vertebra

Front 405

areyepiglotic folds

Back 405

-above false vf's
-seperate pharynx nd laryngeal vestibule

Front 406

What will weak or paralyzed VFs result in for onset?

Back 406

abrupt onset or breathy onset

Front 407

What will tense VFs result in for onset?

Back 407

abrupt or breathy onset (will disrupt the recoil force)

Front 408

What physiological impacts does a tracheostomy have?

Back 408

-absence of airflow thru glottic, nose, and mouth
-loss of taste and smell
-decreased laryngeal sensation
-decreased subglottal pressure (decreased closure)
-loss of phonation
-reduced true vocal fold closure and coordination
-esophageal compression
-increased secretions (body produces more as a result of the foreign object)

Front 409

What does damage to IX CN cause?

Back 409

absence of gag reflex

Front 410

What pharyngeal symptoms are present with brainstem stroke?

Back 410

-absent/delayed pharyngeal response
-reduced hyolaryngeal elevation
-reduced oropharyngeal constriction
-reduced pharyngeal constriction
-reduced laryngeal closure
-reduced pharyngoesophageal segment opening
-generalized incoordination

Front 411

What is the ability to analyze situations both at the face content level and the metaphoric level?

Back 411

abstract reasoning

Front 412

What does "acceleration vocabulary" mean?

Back 412

Acceleration vocabulary refers to pre-stored messages that are needed in interaction where timing is critical. This would include situations as greetings or commonly used comments.

Front 413

Go thru Rule 51's Intelligibility Continuum.

Back 413

-acceptable for age
-at least 75% intelligible, although speech is noticeably in error
-unknown contexts may be adversely affected
-known and unknown contexts are generally severely affected

Front 414

According to Piaget, when does accommodation occur?

Back 414

Accommodation occurs when the child uses new information to transform an existing cognitive scheme

Front 415

What is the criterion for evidence of functional communication?

Back 415

accurate yes/no response to 6 of 6 situational orientation questions on 2 consecutive evals

Front 416

What are the primary NTs?

Back 416

-Acetylcholine (ACh)
-Monamines
-Amino Acids

Front 417

Which NT is the primary efferent transmitter in the CNS?

Back 417

Acetylcholine (ACh): axons and terminal buttons containing ACh are distributed widely throughout the brain

Front 418

All muscular activity is accomplished by the release of what?

Back 418

ACh

Front 419

Describe curare as it relates to ACh.

Back 419

-ACh antagonists
-blocks ACh receptors found in muscle
-produces paralysis
-used for poisoned darts for hunting causing animals to collapse and cease breathing (extracted from several different species of plants in South America)
-used medically to relax a muscle undergoing surgical procedure

Front 420

What is the leading cause of sensorineural hearing loss, besides presbyacusis?

Back 420

Acoustic trauma

Front 421

What are ways to meet acceptable standards for classroom listening environments?

Back 421

-acoustical modification of classrooms
-reduce speaker-listener distance
-use classroom amplification systems (free field or FM systems)
-locate rooms away from external noise sources
-use landscaping
-use internal acoustic treatments
-use small group instruction

Front 422

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Cerbrovascular Accident (CVA) are examples of what type of neurological impairment?

Back 422

acquired

Front 423

What is the preferred term for TBI?

Back 423

acquired brain injury

Front 424

posterior cricoarytenoid

Back 424

-act in opposition to the major vocal fold adductors
-responsible for abducting the vocal folds
-originate on both sides of posterior plate of cricoid cartilage and attach to the lateral processes of arytenoid cartilages
-as they contract, they pull the arytenoids and make them swivel laterally

Front 425

Describe prolongation of postsynaptic potential.

Back 425

-acting as agonists, drugs can interfere with any of these processes:

--deactivation of molecules responsible for reuptake
--binding with enzyme that normally destroys transmitter (e.g., acetylcholinesterase can be made ineffective which usually destroys acetycholine)

Front 426

transverse and oblique arytenoid muscles

Back 426

-actions of these will help achieve complete adduction
-as these muscles contract, they pull the arytenoids and the vocal folds together, which assists the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles in completely closing off the glottis

Front 427

What function do ACh neurons have in the basal forebrain?

Back 427

-activating cerebral cortex
-facilitating learning, especially perceptual learning

Front 428

What is presynaptic facilitation?

Back 428

activation of receptors that facilitate the opening of calcium channels

Front 429

What is presynaptic inhibition?

Back 429

activation of receptors that inhibit the opening of calcium channels

Front 430

What is the difference between an active and an assigned variable?

Back 430

Active variables are independent variables that are manipulated by the researcher; assigned variables is a potential independent variable that cannot be manipulated.

Front 431

What pulmonary problems are there for feeding?

Back 431

-activity tolerance
-increase breathing work
-coordination of breathing and eating

Front 432

What are the three types of laryngitis? and which are SLPs involved in the tx of?

Back 432

-acute (byproduct of cold/flu; 3-5 days)
-chronic (excessive allergies)
-reflux (caused by GERD; can have globus--full feeling-- in VFs)

-SLPs only tx reflux (educate pt on how to use voice more efficiently; or just take meds)

Front 433

The effect of aphasia therapy beginning in the _______ stage of recovery is nearly twice as great as the effect of ________ recovery alone.

Back 433

acute; spontaneous

Front 434

What type of errors are we looking for in relational analyses?

Back 434

-additions
-deletions
-distortions
-substitutions

Front 435

what direction do the arytenoids rotate for adduction? abduction?

Back 435

adduction = anteromedial
abduction = posterolateral
(rocking motion)

Front 436

What does the cricoarytenoid joint permit?

Back 436

Adduction and abduction of the true vocal folds

Front 437

What type of muscle is the LCA?

Back 437

adductor (brings VFs together)

Front 438

What type of muscles are the IAs?

Back 438

adductors

Front 439

Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Back 439

adducts the vocal folds

Front 440

What is an adequate connected speech sample size? preferred size?

Back 440

-adequate- 100 words
-preferred- 200-250 words

Front 441

What types of patients does neural feed back work well for?

Back 441

ADHD, anxiety disorder, and some LD

Front 442

About how many adults AND how many children have CIs in the U.S.?

Back 442

adults = 41,000
children = 25,000

Front 443

What 3 categories do prospective CI candidates fall into?

Back 443

-adults with acquired HL
-adults with prelingual HL
-children

Front 444

What does the A in the CALMS focus on?

Back 444

AFFECTIVE
-feelings
-emotions

Front 445

Describe primary mechanisms of drugs: Affecting release of NT (presynaptic).

Back 445

-affects neurons ability to release NT
-presynaptic heteroreceptor

Front 446

Which direction do afferent nerves send messages? efferent?

Back 446

afferent- going to the CNS
efferent- going away from the CNS

Front 447

The effectiveness of two drugs with same sites of action can vary considerably if they can have different ___________ for their binding sites.

Back 447

affinities

Front 448

Describe a patient in a vegetative state.

Back 448

-after coma ends
-sleep/wake cycles
-spont. eye opening (doll's eyes phenomenon)
-return of reflexes (startle, postural, chewing, sucking)
-spont. responses to external stimuli
-may vocalize (not verbalize)
-don't become use to stimuli
-no communication

Front 449

secondary closure of clefts

Back 449

-after primary, approve appearance and functioning

Front 450

How effective is virtual reality for tx of left neglect?

Back 450

-after repeated trials, tx was effective for people with lesions that spared the inferior parietal/superior temporal regions of the right hemi
-no maintenance or generalization testing performed, so do not yet know whether changes are long-lasting

Front 451

Describe residue.

Back 451

-after the swallow
-nasal reflux/penetration (VP not working)
-reduced pharyngeal contraction (bilateral vs. unilateral)
-decreased base of tongue retraction, and/or inadequate hyoid elevation (vallecular residue)
-decreased laryngeal elevation (residue at top of airway)
-reduced closure of airway entrance/laryngeal closure (laryngeal penetration and aspiration)

Front 452

Performance with a CI is most sensitive to _________________ and ______________.

Back 452

age at implementation; length of deafness

Front 453

What sociolinguistic factors should be analyzed as part of a child's evaluation?

Back 453

-Age of exposure of 2 languages
-Ability to use each language
-Individual variability of the language
-Amount of exposure to each language
-Linguistic structure of both languages

Front 454

presbyphonia

Back 454

-age related vocie disorder

Front 455

What effect does Fenfluramine have on 5-HT?

Back 455

-agonist that facilitates the release of 5-HT and inhibits its reuptake
-suppresses appetite

Front 456

What effect does Fluoxetine (Prozac) have on 5-HT?

Back 456

agonist that inhibits reuptake of 5-HT

Front 457

What effect does LSD have on 5-HT?

Back 457

agonist that stimulates 5-HT receptors

Front 458

Drug occupation of a receptor either serves as an....

Back 458

-agonist
-antagonist

Front 459

For a test of expressive morphology and syntax for speakers of african american vernacular english, test item that would be considered LEAST biased against such speakers would be one requiring

Back 459

agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents in gender and number

Front 460

What is are differences in disorder detection between air conduction and bone conduction testing?

Back 460

Air conduction testing is used to reflects disorders along the entire conductive and sensorineural systems from middle ear to cochlear to auditory nerve. While bone conduction reflects only disorder in the cochlear and auditory nerve.

Front 461

subglottic air pressure

Back 461

-air pressure built up below the vocal folds because of adduction

Front 462

supraglottic air pressure

Back 462

-air pressure that is above the vocal folds

Front 463

What structures are most prone to injury from a blast injury?

Back 463

air-fill structures (i.e., lungs, middle ear, sinuses)

Front 464

What physiological impacts does the PMV have?

Back 464

-airflow
-oxygenation
-sensation
-cough, secretion management
-subglottic air pressure

Front 465

aerodynamic measurements

Back 465

-airflows, air volume, air pressures
-used to evaluate dysphonia, monitor voice changes and tx
-tidal volume(air inhaled/exhaled normal breath), vital capacity (air volume is exhaled after deep breath), total lung capacity (total air volume in lungs)

Front 466

Compare/contrast visual for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 466

AK: fixation and tracking; discrimination
LIS: intact

Front 467

Compare/contrast auditory for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 467

AK: localized; delayed command following
LIS: intact

Front 468

Compare/contrast awareness for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 468

AK: partial
LIS: full

Front 469

Compare/contrast arousal for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 469

AK: present
LIS: present

Front 470

Compare/contrast communication for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 470

AK: present/inconsistent; delayed
LIS: aphonic/anarthric; based on eye movement/switch control/safe laser

Front 471

Compare/contrast motor for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 471

AK: purposive but delayed
LIS: quadriplegic

Front 472

Compare/contrast emotion for akinetic mutism and locked-in syndrome.

Back 472

AK: severely blunted or flat
LIS: preserved

Front 473

What is environmental agnosia?

Back 473

-aka disorientation
-effects orientation to time, person, place, and situation

Front 474

What is the laryngeal aditus?

Back 474

-aka laryngeal vestibule
-entrance into glottis

Front 475

medulla oblongata

Back 475

-aka medulla
-cone shaped appearance
-imp for speech because contains number descending fibers that carry motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei
-Also contains motor fibers that descend to the spinal cord for innervation of the spinal nerves
-cranial nerve nuclei housed here

Front 476

central sulcus

Back 476

-aka the fissure of Rolando
-deep cortical valley
-serves as primary bounary between the frontal lobe on its anterior surface and the parietal lobe on its superior surface by the lateral fissure

Front 477

What is Trigeminal neuralgia?

Back 477

-aka tic douloureux - means painful tic
-a facial pain syndrome
-severe pain of unknown origin
-onset of pain is rapid in response to only mild stimuli
-usually develops in individuals over 50 years old and the most common facial pain syndrome in this age group
-incidence of 4/100,000

Front 478

false v.folds

Back 478

-aka ventricular
- above true vf's
-used only for lifting/coughing

Front 479

flaccid- types of movement affected

Back 479

all (reflex, automatic, voluntary) because damage is in FCP

Front 480

ataxic- types of movement affected

Back 480

all (reflex, automatic, voluntary) because damage is in FCP

Front 481

What does a LMN lesion of CN VII cause?

Back 481

all muscles supplied by nerve are paralyzed ipsilaterally

Front 482

Who (nearly 200 years ago) inserted metal rods attached to an active current into his ears?

Back 482

Allessandro Volta

Front 483

What does the Passy-Muir Valve do?

Back 483

allows inhalation via the trach, but exhalation occurs via the nose and mouth (so patient can speak)

Front 484

What does ICP above 60 mmHg cause?

Back 484

almost invariably fatal

Front 485

subcostals

Back 485

-along with the internal intercostals, the subcostals pull the lower ribs down and apart to decrease the cavity size

Front 486

What is another name for LMN?

Back 486

alpha motoneurons

Front 487

What is the final common pathway?

Back 487

alpha motoneurons and their axons are the only connection between the CNS and muscle

Front 488

What is the tx effect for alphabet supplementation?

Back 488

-alphabet supplementation for words intelligibility: consistent 11.3%
-alphabet supplementation for sentence intelligibility: 25.5% (variability in tx effects for moderate to severe dysarthria) (less severity= more consistent tx effect) (variability in tx effect for severe individuals because of the slowed rate of speech with the use of alphabet supplementation. Some individuals have greatly increased intelligibility as they slow their rate while others already speak with a slow rate so their intelligibility does not improve as much)

Front 489

what intervention strategy goes with participation restriction impairment?

Back 489

Alphabet supplementation
*Listener training
*Topic Supplementation

Front 490

Spelling involves which three processes?

Back 490

Alphabetic, orthographic and morphologic knowledge

Front 491

What two ways does ALS manifest itself.

Back 491

ALS manifests itself in 2 ways:
1. Bulbar onset: where damage begins in the corticubulbar tract and has rapid negative effect on speech production.
2. Motor onset: damage begins in the spinal cord and first affects motor function

Front 492

AMRs

Back 492

alternating motion rates

Front 493

State some advantages of using alternative assessment approaches in assessing children with language disorders.

Back 493

Alternative assessment approaches tend to sample more naturalistic communication skills and expand the scope of assessment to include a variety of more reliable and valid information than standardized tests

Front 494

What do the terms alternative communication and augmentative communication mean?

Back 494

Alternative communication refers to the replacement of communication skills while augmentative communication is used to refer to situations where strategies and techniques are used to supplement a person’s existing communication skills.

Front 495

What does ADA stand for?

Back 495

Americans with Disabilities Act

Front 496

What are the most common transmitter substances?

Back 496

amino acid NTs

Front 497

What receptors mediate synaptic plasticity?

Back 497

AMPA receptors

Front 498

Why should an AAC vendor be part of the assessment team?

Back 498

An AAC vendor can be part of an AAC assessment to demonstrate features of a device and to arrange for a device trial.

Front 499

What is Apraxia of Speech (AOS)?

Back 499

-an acquired impairment caused by neurological trauma in left hemisphere
-impaired capacity to plan or program sensoimotor commands to direct speech movements

Front 500

What is the IDEA definition of a TBI?

Back 500

an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force (blow or change in acceleration/deceleration forces), resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychological impairment that adversely affects a child's educational performance

Front 501

What is an Anaphora?

Back 501

An Anaphora is a replacement of a noun or a noun phrase with a pronoun. eg. replacing John and Katy with they

Front 502

What is lexical semantics?

Back 502

-an area of communication
- what the words mean

Front 503

internal capsule

Back 503

an area of concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brain stem

Front 504

What is relational semantics?

Back 504

-an area of language processing
-how the word can be used in a sentence (i.e., noun, verb,...)

Front 505

What is phonology?

Back 505

-an area of language processing
-rules of the sound system

Front 506

What is infarction?

Back 506

-an area of tissue that undergoes necrosis as a result of ischemia

Front 507

What is a quaternary blast injury?

Back 507

an array of other explosion-related injuries (i.e., gas/toxin exposure, crush injuries, falling, or struck when building collapses)

Front 508

Describe apraxia.

Back 508

An articulatory disorder. Impairment of the capacity to program the positioning of speech muscles and the sequencing of muscle movements for the volitional production of phonemes.
-No significant weakness, slowness, or in-coordination of these muscles in reflex and automatic acts.
-Prosodic alternations may be associated with articulation problems, possibly for compensation.
-Inability to plan and program.

Front 509

What is presynaptic heteroceptor?

Back 509

-an axoaxonic synapse
-one axon synapses on another axon

Front 510

Define hydrocephalus.

Back 510

an excess amount of CSF in brain

Front 511

theory

Back 511

-an explanation of a phenomenon

Front 512

What are some explanations for why the adaptation effect occurs?

Back 512

-an extinction or reduction of anxiety
-a reduction of the fear of speaking
-reductions in the propositionality of the reading material
-greater ease and facilitation of the motor plan and serial ordering of speech movements

Front 513

fundamental frequency

Back 513

-an idividuals typical pitch
-determined by mass, length, elasticity of vf's

Front 514

How do you differentially diagnose aphasia?

Back 514

An impairment due to brain damage that interferes with the capacity to interpret and formulate language symbols across all modalities.
-not attributed to dementia, sensory loss, or motor dysfunction

Front 515

How do you differentially diagnose language of confusion?

Back 515

An impairment of language accompanying neurologic conditions.
Characterized by reduced recognition and understanding/responsiveness to the environment, faulty memory, unclear thinking, and disorientation in time and space.
-often traumatically induced
-Structured language events are usually normal
-Open-ended language situations elicit irrelevance, confabulation.
-ex.- do not know the time of day, confused about what they ate for dinner

Front 516

Describe Glycine.

Back 516

-an inhibitory NT in spinal cord and lower portions of the brain
-ionotropic receptor that controls chloride channel

Front 517

What is a placebo?

Back 517

an innocuous substance without a specific physiologic effect
-subject's belief that they receive a medication can trigger real physiological responses that mimic the effect of a drug

Front 518

What is an octave?

Back 518

An octave is a doubling of frequency.

Front 519

Interrupted ossicular chain results in what type of typanogram?

Back 519

An Type Ad typanogram.

Front 520

An activity where a client is asked to discriminate word pairs is best described as ...

Back 520

Analytic training

Front 521

What is the distribution of speech sounds analysis?

Back 521

-analyze where correct and misarticulated sounds occurred in a word
-do not use articulation test initial, medial, final descriptors

Front 522

Describe place-manner-voice analysis.

Back 522

-analyzes substitution errors only
-defines patterns of errors according to place, manner, or voicing features

Front 523

What is caudal block?

Back 523

anesthesia and paralysis of lower part of body produced by injecting anesthetic into CSF surrounding the cauda equina

Front 524

What are 3 types of hemorrhages?

Back 524

-aneurysm
-AVM
-arterial hemorrhage

Front 525

What could go wrong if there was a lesion in the phonology and orthography region (perisylvian and/or extrasylvian lesion)?

Back 525

-anomia: circumlocute when shown pic
-agraphia: may or may not write regular, irregular, and nonwords to dictation depending on extent of other damage; cannot write words when shown pics
-alexia: may or may not read regular and nonwords depending on extent of other damage; cannot read irregular words or associate read words with meaning- reading without comprehension

Front 526

What would impaired phonology area look like? (perisylvian lesion)

Back 526

-anomia: will produce jargon when shown a pic
-phonological/deep agraphia
-phonological/deep alexia

Front 527

Fluent
Good auditory comprehension
Good repetition

Back 527

Anomic

Front 528

Define the term Anosognosia.

Back 528

Anosognosia is the denial of illness by a patient.

Front 529

What are associated problems of neglect?

Back 529

-anosognosia
-poor motivation
-apathy
-decreased arousal and responsiveness
-confabulation

Front 530

extrapyramidal system

Back 530

-another motor system with importance in speech production
-includes such subcortical nuclei as the basal ganglia, subthalamus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and the various pathways that interconnect them
-an indirect activation system

Front 531

neuraxis

Back 531

another name for brain or spinal cord

Front 532

What does the internal carotid artery give rise to?

Back 532

-anterior cerebral artery
-middle cerebral artery

Front 533

Which arteries distribute blood to the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 533

-anterior cerebral artery
-middle cerebral artery
-posterior cerebral artery

Front 534

What materials are needed for the assessment of structure and function of oral motor mechanisms?

Back 534

-antibacterial hand sanitizer
-gloves
-tongue blades
-glycerin swabs
-flashlight

Front 535

What is an antecedent?

Back 535

Any type of stimuli used to evoke a response from a client.

Front 536

What is the main artery from the heart?

Back 536

aorta

Front 537

What is the difference between AOS and CAS (Childhood Apraxia of Speech)?

Back 537

-AOS usually affects adults
-CAS occurs at birth

Front 538

What language impairment can be due to TBI?

Back 538

aphasia

Front 539

What is aphasia?

Back 539

Aphasia is an impairment, as a result of brain damage, of the capacity for interpretation and formulation of language symbols; multimodality loss or reduction in efficiency of the ability to decode and encode conventional meaningful linguistic elements, disproportionate to impairment of other intellective functions

Front 540

Describe the ALPS.

Back 540

-Aphasia Language Performance Scales
-Battery? (screening)
-20 mins to admin.
-screening measure for multiple modalities (typically don't give screening tests for aphasia)

Front 541

You have been asked to evaluate a client who has sustained a neurological insult. The chart tells you that his lateral cricoarytenoid is paralyzed in an abducted position. Upon your evaluation, you will likely find that this client’s voice is

Back 541

Aphonic

Front 542

spastic dysphonia

Back 542

aphonic breaks due to sudden over adduction or underadduction of the vocal folds

Front 543

Suppose you made an honest mistake towards the code of ethics...What should you do?

Back 543

apologize and don't do it again

Front 544

How effective is visual spatial training for left neglect?

Back 544

-appears to help in specific situation in which cuing occurs and in which individual is struggling to locate objects in left field
-generalization to other instances and situations appears to be minimal

Front 545

Name modified feeding activities.

Back 545

-appropriate seating (90 degrees)
-rate
-bolus placement
-downward pressure on tongue w/ spoon
-alternate liquids/solids
-multiple swallows
-tongue sweep
-larger volumes
-pre-swallow hydration
-self-feeding
-feeding aides
-educate family
-time meals (meds, fatigue)
-minimize distractions

Front 546

What is the criterion for evidence of functional object use?

Back 546

appropriate use of 2 different objects on 2 consecutive evals

Front 547

Apraxia or dysarthria?--primarily articulation and prosody affected

Back 547

apraxia

Front 548

Apraxia or dysarthria?--automatic speech better

Back 548

apraxia

Front 549

Apraxia or dysarthria?--errors inconsistent

Back 549

apraxia

Front 550

Apraxia or dysarthria?--groping for correct articulatory movements

Back 550

apraxia

Front 551

Apraxia or dysarthria?--attempts to correct error

Back 551

apraxia

Front 552

Apraxia or dysarthria?--more often in combination with aphasia

Back 552

apraxia

Front 553

Define apraxia.

Back 553

Apraxia is a disorder in performing voluntary learned motor acts in which similar automatic gesture are intact. It is due to a lesion in motor association areas and association pathways

Front 554

What disorder has a primary disorder of articulation and prosody?

Back 554

Apraxia of speech is primarily a disorder of articulation and prosody.

Front 555

Broca's area and Wernicke area are connected by what?

Back 555

Arcuate Fasciculus

Front 556

valleculae

Back 556

are depressions that lie lateral to the median epiglottal folds

Front 557

Describe ACh neurons in the brain.

Back 557

are distributed widely and are generally facilitatory in the brain

Front 558

Children dx with specific language impairments

Back 558

are likely to exhibit the greatest deficits in production of sentences with appropriate inflectional morphology and syntax

Front 559

Cohesive devices

Back 559

are used to link sentences together in a clear and logical manner. synonyms,transition words, enumeration

Front 560

What is locus of control?

Back 560

are you in control of your own success or is it an external factor
(people who stutter tend to have external control)

Front 561

Describe neural innervations of the muscles of respiration. Trace the neural tracts from the cortex (Area 4) to the motor end plate.

Back 561

Area 4 --- Phrenic Nerves --- Diaphragm
Area 4 --- Accessory Nerve (XI) --- Sternomastoid (elevate rib cage)
Area 4 --- Internal & External Intercostals --- Internal Intercostal Nerve (T2-T12)
Area 4 --- Internal & External Oblique --- Intercostal Nerve (T6-T12)
Area 4 ---Transverse Abdominis --- Intercostal Nerve (T7-T12)

Front 562

Describe neural innervations of the muscles of phonation. Trace the neural tracts from the cortex (Area 4) to the motor end plate.

Back 562

Area 4 --- Vagus Nerve (X) (Superior Laryngeal Nerve & Recurrent Nerve Branches) --- Laryngeal Muscles (move VFs together and serves for production of voice)

Front 563

glottis

Back 563

-area between v.folds

Front 564

What is the area postrema?

Back 564

-area in medulla that controls vomiting that is relatively permeable permitting neurons in this region to detect toxic substance (weak spot in the BBB)

Front 565

Wernicke's area

Back 565

-area located inthe posterior superior portion of the first temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere
-large area
-believed to help humans both understand and formulate speech and language
-damage to this area means difficulty in both the comprehension and production of speech

Front 566

Broca's area

Back 566

-area typically located in the lower section of the frontal lobe just anterior to the portion of the primary motor cortext that controls the jaw, lip, tongue, and layrngeal movements (inferior frontal gyrus)
-important area for production of fluent and well-articulated speech
-found in left hemisphere (usually most speech dominant hemisphere for most people)
-damage to this area leads tospeech production problems

Front 567

What is the only formal assessment tool for dementia?

Back 567

Arizona Battery for Communication Disorders in Dementia (ABCD). It assesses language and cognitive function in light of memory impairments

Front 568

What are some examples of phonetic assessments?

Back 568

-Arizona
-Goldman- Fristoe

Front 569

What are the different types of attention?

Back 569

-arousal
-orienting
-vigilance
-sustained attention
-selective attention
-divided attention
-alternating attention

Front 570

What aspects are most frequently affected by RHD for attention deficits?

Back 570

-arousal
-vigilance
-orienting

Front 571

What is syllable shape analysis?

Back 571

-arrangement of consonants and vowels
-look at child's strategies to simplify adult form
-good for use with CSS
-better than canonical form

Front 572

Describe an AVM.

Back 572

-arterial venous malformation
-child stroke
-type of hemorrhage
-congenitally deformed artery
-can occur at junction of artery

Front 573

costal cartilage

Back 573

-articulate directly with sternum

Front 574

What abnormalities might you see in speech production of a person with AOS?

Back 574

-articulation (vowel and consonant distortion, lots of substitutions, voicing errors)
-rate and prosody (slower and more effortful speech, variation in vowel length, difficulties with juncture, trouble with inappropriate speech)
-fluency (false starts, articulatory grouping, sound and syllable repetitions)

Front 575

What is phonetic assessment used to evaluate?

Back 575

articulation types of errors

Front 576

What are some concomitant disorders of children who stutter?

Back 576

-articulation/phonological disorder
-language/learning disability
-subtle linguistic impairments
-ADHD
-intellectual disabilities/Down's syndrome
-voice disorder

Front 577

What is hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 577

articulators are very rigid

Front 578

What are the common speech characteristics associated with ataxic dysarthria?

Back 578

-articulatory inaccuracy
-increased variability of speech rate, loudness, fundamental frequency
-impression of "drunken" quality of speech
-decreased intelligibility

Front 579

Describe nasotracheal tube.

Back 579

-artificial airway
-thru nose

Front 580

Describe endotracheal tubes.

Back 580

-artificial airway
-thru the mouth
-short-term (1-7 days)
-used for surgery
-risk of laryngeal injury
-risk of aspiration
-sore throat

Front 581

Describe tracheotomy tubes.

Back 581

-artificial airways
-long-term (>7 days)
-bypass upper airway
-greater comfort
-effective means of secretion removal
-improved options for oral comm and swallowing
-improved oral hygiene

Front 582

Which laryngeal cartilage permits sliding and circular movements?

Back 582

Arytenoid cartilage

Front 583

How is SNR expressed?

Back 583

as a decibel value (positive and negative values)

Front 584

How early can unilateral cleft lip be corrected in young children?

Back 584

As soon as 4 to 6 weeks.

Front 585

When should fittings be done after identification of hearing loss?

Back 585

As soon as possible.

Front 586

Reissner's mebrane

Back 586

-As vibrations delivered by the foot plate of the stapes reach the inner ear's oval window, wavelike movements are created in the perilymph
-The movements are then transmitted tot eh endolymph through this.
-This in turn transmits them to the basilar membrane

Front 587

Where do the vertebral arteries ascend along AND where do they enter the cranium at?

Back 587

-ascend along the cervical vertebral column
-enters cranium through the foramen magnum

Front 588

The American Speech-Language Hearing Association is governed by…

Back 588

ASHA is governed by an elected Executive Board and an elected Legislative Council

Front 589

What is vertical phase lag?

Back 589

-aspect of mucosal wave
-top 1/2 of VFs lag behind bottom 1/2 (creates wave)

Front 590

weak cough = what predicted swallowing dysfunction?

Back 590

-aspiration during swallow
-ineffective clearance if aspiration

Front 591

wet vocal quality = what predicted swallowing dysfunction?

Back 591

aspiration of food, liquid, secretions after the swallow
(pharyngeal disorder)

Front 592

What is a specialty test?

Back 592

assess greater detail of one modality

Front 593

What is assessment? What are the three diagnostic purposes of assessment? What is dynamic assessment?

Back 593

Assessment is the process and procedures used to attain a clear description of articulatory and phonological skills of a child with a view in determining the presence or absence of a disorder.

The three diagnostic purposes of assessment:
1. Is there a phonological or articulation disorder?
2. If so, what is the nature and severity?
3. State prognosis and recommendations for management.

Dynamic assessment is a clinical activity that precedes treatment, often continues through treatment, and is repeated before dismissal and during follow-up.

Front 594

According to Piaget, when children apply new concepts to an existing scheme, the process is called ...

Back 594

Assimilation

Front 595

transverse thoracic and quadratus lumborum muscles

Back 595

-assist in depressing the ribs for exhalation
-transverse thoracic muscles originate in the internal surface of the sternum and xiphoid process and insert into the costal cartilages and bony end of ribs 2 to 6
-quadratus lumborum has several points of origin including the posterior part of the iliac crest, the iliolumbar ligament and the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae 3,4, and 5. Its point of insertion is the lower border of rib 12 and the tendons of the abdominal muscles. It helps depress rib 12 and aids in fixing the origin of the diaphragm

Front 596

What are the 3 types of connections of white matter?

Back 596

-association fibers
-commissural fibers
-projection fibers

Front 597

What are differences between asthma and VF Dysfunction?

Back 597

-Asthma: exhale (wheezing), chest tightness, worst at 5-20mins post-exercise, responds to inhalers
-VFD: inhalation stridor, neck/throat tightness, worst shortly after exercising, doesn't respond to inhalers

Front 598

Cerebral Palsy (CP) and static encephalopathy are examples of what type of neurological impairment?

Back 598

at birth

Front 599

What are the 3 forms of neurological impairments?

Back 599

-at birth
-acquired
-degenerative

Front 600

axon terminals

Back 600

-At its terminal end, the axon divides into these
-These are covered with end buttons or terminal knobs

Front 601

How often should the GOAT be administered?

Back 601

at least once daily

Front 602

How long of time period does speech production and perception scores continue to improve?

Back 602

at least over a 5 year period

Front 603

What are cisterns?

Back 603

-at the base of brain
-direct CSF upward over the cerebral hemispheres

Front 604

Where is the hypothalamus located? AND what does it contain?

Back 604

-at the bottom of the 3rd ventricle
-contains many nuclei and fiber tracts

Front 605

Where is the insular cortex located?

Back 605

at the bottom of the lateral sulcus

Front 606

When do primary mechanisms of TBIs occur?

Back 606

at the time of the trauma (instant effects of acceleration/deceleration and rotational forces on the skull and brain)

Front 607

what type/s of dysarthria would result in irregular speech AMRs

Back 607

ataxic

Front 608

List the cause and characteristics of Ataxic Cerebral Palsy

Back 608

Ataxic CP is caused by damage to cerebellum and characteristics include disturbed balance, awkward gait and uncoordinated movements.

Front 609

Which dysarthria is speech characteristics reflect the effects of incoordination and reduced muscle tone?

Back 609

Ataxic dysarthria is due to dysfunction of the cerebellar control circuit. This control circuit coordinates timing and force of muscular contractions and allows for skilled, voluntary movements.

Front 610

What is the cause of Ataxic dysarthria?

Back 610

Ataxic dysarthria occurs as a result of damage to the cerebellum. Speech characteristics reflect the effects of incoordination and reduced muscle tone
Slow and inaccurate force, range of motion, timing, direction of speech movements, sounds like drunken speech.

Front 611

List the cause and characteristics of Athetoid Cerebral Palsy

Back 611

Athetoid CP is caused by damage to the indirect motor pathways, especially the basal ganglia. It is characterized by slow, wrtithing, involuntary movement.

Front 612

What is atresia and what type of hearing aid would they use?

Back 612

Atresia is when there is no opening to the ear. These patients would use a bone conduction aid.

Front 613

What voice anatomy changes come with advancing age?

Back 613

-atrophy of intrinsic muscles of larynx
-loss of elasticity of ligaments
-calcifications of laryngeal cartilages
-some bowing of VFs

Front 614

Where does the muscularis portion of the thyroartenoid attach?

Back 614

attach to the vocal process of arytenoid and lateral edge of the thyroid. the muscles

Front 615

epiglotis

Back 615

-attached to hyoid
-protects trachea by closing inferiorly and posteriorly over laryngeal area
-directs liquids and food into esophagus

Front 616

Where is the LCA located?

Back 616

attaches to lower border of each arch of the cricoid cartilage and muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage

Front 617

Where does the cricothyroid muscle attach?

Back 617

attaches to the cricoid and thyroid in the anterior portions

Front 618

Where does the thyroarytenoid: vocalis portion medial edge of the VF attach?

Back 618

attaches to the vocal process of arytenoid and to thyroid lamina, posteriorly

Front 619

What is restoration tx for cognitive losses?

Back 619

attempt to restore damaged functioning

Front 620

When would you recommend a palatal lift instead of a nasal obturator?

Back 620

attempted before obturator because:
-more visually appealing
-more natural phonation.

Front 621

how would you assess listener load?

Back 621

Attention Allocation
Minimal-- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7-- Full Attention

Front 622

What are the biggest problems for TBI students?

Back 622

-attention/concentration
-executive functioning
-slowed processing speed

Front 623

What areas of cognitive-communication may be impaired due to a TBI?

Back 623

-attention/concentration
-memory
-sequencing events
-organizing info
-taking listener's perspective
-nonverbals
-abstract reasoning

Front 624

What is the difference between an AuD and a PhD?

Back 624

AuD - more clinical
PhD - more research

Front 625

If needed, who should be referred to after a pure tone test?

Back 625

audiologist

Front 626

What instrument measures the hearing sensitivity for a range of frequencies?

Back 626

Audiometer

Front 627

What two factors affect speech perception?

Back 627

auditory and visual

Front 628

Tx of Apraxia of Speech

Back 628

auditory-visual stimulation,oral motor repetition,and phonetic placement

Front 629

How would you assess Speech intelligibility for a child four years of age

Back 629

Augmented Speech Comprehensibility in Children (Dowden)
(Pictures: apple, crayon, hotdog, etc.)
TOCS

Front 630

What is Rancho Level VII?

Back 630

Automatic-Appropriate
-appropriate and oriented
-ADLs independent
-lacks insight to deficits
-judgment and problem-solving difficulties
-*new learning but slow
-*no longer in PTA
-minimal supervision

Front 631

What does the hypothalamus control?

Back 631

-autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-pituitary gland--hormone secretion (sex drive, growth hormone)
-organizes species specific behaviors for flight, fight, fed, and mating

Front 632

Why would a person be more fluent in conversation than in reading?

Back 632

avoidance, clever to avoid amount of speech, situational

Front 633

What is a passing grade in graduate school?

Back 633

B

Front 634

What adjustments in subglottal air pressure might be helpful to improve the phonatory quality of someone with reduced medial compression due to a paralyzed vocal fold? Why?

Back 634

-back off/soften the subglottal air pressure to avoid overdriving respiratory system and prevent blowing the vocal folds further apart. Too much subglottal pressure with a paralyzed VF will blow the VF further apart & result in harsher voice.

Front 635

What are the 5 components of language comprehension?

Back 635

-background knowledge (facts, concepts, etc.)
-vocabulary (breadth, precision, links, etc.)
-language structures (syntax, semantics, etc.)
-verbal reasoning (inference, metaphors, etc.)
-literacy knowledge (print concepts, genres, etc.)

Front 636

Reading comprehension performance will vary depending on what factors?

Back 636

-Background knowledge
-Attention
-Types of questions
-Interest in the text

Front 637

A range of frequencies that filters will transmit is called what?

Back 637

Bandwidths

Front 638

What are the severity ratings for the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Back 638

based on initial administration of GCS upon arrival to ER
-3 to 7: severe
-8 to 11: moderate
-12 to 15: mild

Front 639

ABA

Back 639

-basic single subject design
- A baseline, B tx, A withdrawal

Front 640

What are some examples of phonological assessments?

Back 640

-BB Top
-Con Louis

Front 641

Know at least 3 pieces of legislation:

Back 641

be able to discuss the importance of legislation

Front 642

What is manner (Grice's Maxim)?

Back 642

be clear and organized and avoid obscurity of expression, ambiguity, and unnecessary wordiness

Front 643

What is quantity (Grice's Maxim)?

Back 643

be only as informative as necessary

Front 644

What is quality (Grice's Maxim)?

Back 644

be truthful in communications and do not state ideas that have insufficient evidence

Front 645

Why are secondary coping behaviors maintained?

Back 645

because of intermittment reinforcement

Front 646

Why are SSD's and literacy related to one another?

Back 646

Because SSD's and language co-occur, and we know language is related to literacy.

Front 647

Why is CAS difficult to diagnose?

Back 647

because there is not validated diagnositc criteria that separates it from other SSD's, and there is lots of overlap

Front 648

Why is coarticulation important?

Back 648

-because we don't speak our words separately
-sounds/words melt into each other

Front 649

Why are most hearing aid sales BTE?

Back 649

Because you can fit any type, degree and configuration with a BTE.

Front 650

When is generally the age of onset of stuttering?

Back 650

before age 6

Front 651

Describe spillage.

Back 651

-before the swallow (anterior or posterior)
-drooling (anterior)
-repeat tongue pumping (oral prep is complete, yet no or struggle to swallow)
-premature loss (tongue pumping involved chewing and lose it)
-long latency (swallow delay; can also have absent swallow response)

Front 652

across settings MB design

Back 652

-behaior is taught sequentially in different settings
-demonstrates that behavior changhed only in treated setting

Front 653

What is behavior modification? How can it be applied to physics?

Back 653

Behavior modification is a set of principles that can be applied to any treatment. When applied to physics, it can predict the occurrence of events.

Front 654

What experientially-based feeding problems are there?

Back 654

-behavioral feeding issues or food selectivity/refusal
-generally have underlying impairments in physical, sensory, or structural skills

Front 655

Skinner and Mowrer were proponents of what language theory?

Back 655

Behavioral Language Theory

Front 656

2 language acquisition views

Back 656

Behaviorist Interpretation & Nativist Interpretation

Front 657

What key components would you include in a definition of stuttering?

Back 657

behaviors (repetions and prolongations), emotions (thoughts on their speech), loss of control of speech, and others' perceptions

Front 658

What are secondary coping behaviors?

Back 658

behaviors (speech and non-speech) that accompany or accessorize non-fluent speech

Front 659

What is auditory discrimination?

Back 659

-being able to discriminate between different sound productions

Front 660

What is code switching?

Back 660

being able to switch between one linguistic setting to another

Front 661

Damage to what part of the Circle of Willis causes minimal challenege?

Back 661

Below the Circle of Willis

Front 662

cricoid cartilage

Back 662

-below thyroid cartilage and above uppermost tracheal ring
-ring-shaped with plate on posterior side (posterior quadrate laminae)
-a narrower band forms front and lateral sides (anterior arch)

Front 663

leukoplakia

Back 663

-benign thick whitish plaques
-caused: smoking, alcohol, vocal abuse
-prescancerous but should be monitored
-hoarse, low-pitch, breathy, soft
-tx: voice therapy, surgery

Front 664

What is the Paired-Stimuli Approach? Who is it best for? What is a key word?

Back 664

Best for few misarticulations and sound distortions. PSA identifies a keywords to teach target sounds in other contexts. A keyword is a word that a target sound occurs in only once and is produced correctly 9/10 times.

Front 665

What are 3 things that should be included in EBP?

Back 665

-best research
-clinical experience
-client values

Front 666

Why would a person be more fluent in reading than in conversation?

Back 666

better with structure, less social aspect

Front 667

What is dynamic range?

Back 667

Between barely audible and uncomfortably loud. For example:
50dB is audible and 120 dB is uncomfortable. The dynamic range would be 70 dB.

Front 668

Where are epidural or extradurl hematomas located?

Back 668

between dura mater and skull

Front 669

Where are subdural hematomas located?

Back 669

between the layers of the meninges (either in subdural or subarachnoid space)

Front 670

What sound production would be different in blind children and sighted chldren?

Back 670

Bilabial sounds e.g. /p/

Front 671

With a cleft lip, what type of consonants will be affected?

Back 671

bilabials; bottom lip will need to compensate

Front 672

What type of innervation does the facial nerve have?

Back 672

bilateral and contralateral (exception to the rule)

Front 673

spastic- oral mechanical

Back 673

bilateral droop; fatigue, speaking against resistance; drooling; hyperactive gag

Front 674

What causes spastic dysarthria?

Back 674

Bilateral Upper Motor Neuron lesions

Front 675

Corticubular tracts projects to most of the brain stem motor nuclei in what manner?

Back 675

Bilaterally

Front 676

What is the unitary systems model?

Back 676

bilingual children have one linguistic system that eventually becomes two systems

Front 677

List examples of Medicare fraud charges.

Back 677

Billing for services not provided or billing for services not covered
Misrepresenting a diagnosis to justify payment
Soliciting, offering, or receiving a kickback
Unbundling or “upcoding” charges
Miscoding
Waiving of a co-paymentFalsifying records
Falling below standards for quality of care
Providing services by a person who is less qualified than is required

Front 678

Name the 12 voice therapy facilitating techniques.

Back 678

-biofeedback
-chant talk
-chewing approach
-digital manipulation/laryngeal massage/change head position
-establishing new pitch
-glottal fry technique
-inhalation phonation
-masking noise
-pushing and pulling technique
-relaxation
-tone focus
-yawn-sigh and easy onsets of phonation

Front 679

tx of hypernsality

Back 679

-biofeedback
-nasometer(visual feedback)
- mirror under nose, ear training, increase mouth opening, increase loudness, improve artic, change rate, decrease pitch

Front 680

larynx

Back 680

-biological valve at top of trachea
- closes off trachea to protect lungs
-builds air pressure below it to assist in lifting, coughing, child bearing
-houses vocal folds

Front 681

What are the normal Hz for birth cry? pain cry? hunger cry?

Back 681

-birth: 300-400
-pain: 530
-hunger: 470

Front 682

What is a visual field cut? and when does it occur?

Back 682

-blindness in a portion of the visual field
-occurs when there is a lesion in the optic tract extending from the eye to the occipital lobe (most common type for RHD is left homonymous hemianopsia)

Front 683

Desribe a thrombic CVA.

Back 683

-blockage due to clot within artery
or
-stenosis (narrowing of artery)

Front 684

Describe a embolic CVA.

Back 684

-blockage of artery from a traveling particle (cholesterol, blood clot, bubble of air or other gas, piece of tissue or tumor, clump of bacteria, bone marrow)

Front 685

For acquisition, what practice schedule should you use?

Back 685

blocked practice with predictable order

Front 686

Most anesthetic drugs affect synaptic action in one of two ways:

Back 686

-blocking the release of transmitter from the pre-synaptic cell
-blocking the receptors on the post-synaptic cell

Front 687

List some etiologies for TBIs.

Back 687

-blows to head
-gunshot wounds
-brain tumors
-birth traumas
-shaken baby syndrome
-hypoxia (cardiac arrest; severing of carotid artery)
-anoxia (near-drowning; suffocation)
-CVAs
-brain hemorrhages
-exposure to explosions

Front 688

What is a new hearing aid connectivity option?

Back 688

Bluetooth.

Front 689

List oral prep disorder.

Back 689

-bolus control issues

Front 690

Describe the BASA.

Back 690

-Boston Assessment of Severe Aphasia
-battery (sometimes)
-30-40mins to admin.
-normed for severe or global aphasia
-score gestural and verbal responses
-more functional assessment (personal info related to individual)

Front 691

Describe the BDAE.

Back 691

-Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination
-1-4 hrs to admin.; 30-45mins short form
-based on Boston Classification System
-norm referenced
-battery

Front 692

Name 2 language assessments.

Back 692

-Boston Naming Test (BNT)
-Peabody Picture Vocab Test-3rd Ed. (PPVT-III)

Front 693

Describe the BNT.

Back 693

-Boston Naming Test
-specialty test
-15-30 mins to admin (easy)
-normed on children 5:5-10:5yrs; normal adults and adults with aphasia
-assesses word finding abilities and affect of semantic and phonemic cues (naming)
-now part of BDAE, but can be a stand-alone test
-all nouns
-poor normative data

Front 694

How does the Boston differ from the Garrett and Lasker?

Back 694

-Boston: modalities; for those with aphasia; how severe?
-Garrett and Lasker: not widely known; communicative interactions (modalities don't matter); not just for people with aphasia (for partner-dependent communicators)

Front 695

What should be provided to people to hyperfunctional disorders?

Back 695

both counseling AND specific techniques

Front 696

Symptoms of Adductor Spasmodic Dysphonia (ADSD) are most successfully treated with what?

Back 696

Botox (botulinum toxin) is a neurotoxin that temporarily paralyzes muscle. By injecting Botox into the thyroarytenoid muscles, vocal fold adduction is weakened. This results in a reduction of adductor spasms associated with ADSD.

Front 697

Describe Botulinum toxin. AND tell how it affects ACh.

Back 697

-Botox: a bacteria that can grow in improperly canned food. A teaspoon could kill the human population. For SLP, inserted into VFs for spasmodic dysphonia.

-an ACh antagonist (prevents presynaptic release of ACh)

Front 698

What can mucosal irregularities caused by scarring, atrophy secondary to vocal fold paralysis be treated with.

Back 698

Bovine collagen injections.

Front 699

What is the CNS made up of?

Back 699

-brain
-spinal cord

Front 700

What is static encephalopathy?

Back 700

brain damage - unknown cause

Front 701

Anoxic Encephalopathy

Back 701

brain damage caused by lack of oxygen that leads to global impairments of memory

Front 702

Anoxic encephalopathy

Back 702

brain deprived from oxygen-memory issues

Front 703

What is Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?

Back 703

-brain floats in CSF
-provides cushion
-helps remove byproducts of metabolism

Front 704

What is dysarthria?

Back 704

-brain impairment can affect impulses sent to muscles to make them move
-abnormalities in subsystems necessary for speech
-abnormalities in speech movements

Front 705

What is apraxia?

Back 705

-brain impairment can affect the planning needed to execute speech movements

Front 706

Impaired attention and memory are symptoms

Back 706

brain injury

Front 707

What is the cerebellum connected to?

Back 707

brain stem

Front 708

What is the tegmentum?

Back 708

brain stem reticular formation that spans the midbrain, pons, and medulla

Front 709

What are possible causes of a LMN lesion?

Back 709

-brain stem stroke
-spinal injury
-surgery
-viral infection on cranial nerve (e.g., Bells Palsy)
-bacterial infection

Front 710

What would happen to the brain without the inhibitory effects of GABA?

Back 710

-brain would become unstable (seizures)
-Epilepsy: may be caused by decline of GABA-secreting neurons

Front 711

What is a primary blast injury?

Back 711

-brain's response to atmospheric pressure changes near the site of the explosion
-causes displacement, stretching, and shearing

Front 712

Where is the origin of the cranial nerves?

Back 712

brainstem (in CNS, but axons are outside)

Front 713

What is vasogenic edema?

Back 713

breakdown in blood-brain barrier such that capillary walls become semi-permeable membranes and allow for passage of water into brain tissue

Front 714

What phonatory impairments does one expect with flaccid dysarthria?

Back 714

breathy voice, inspiratory stridor, hypernasality, nasal emission, imprecise articulation, short breath groups

Front 715

What are the types of vocal onset?

Back 715

-breathy/whisper
-normal
-abrupt

Front 716

What type of transcription is used during a phonetic assessment?

Back 716

broad transcription

Front 717

Compare broad vs. narrow attention.

Back 717

-Broad: gestalt; expansive; seeing the "big picture" (relates to arousal and orienting)
-Narrow attention: attention to specific details (left hemi) (relates to selective attention)

Front 718

What is the role of the tensor palatini muscle in VP closure?

Back 718

-Broaden the palate
-particularly active during swallow
(A,B,C)

Front 719

Why is early intervetion for children with HL now family centered?

Back 719

-broadened perspective of relationships
-recognition of impact of environmental factors on language learning
-research with families underscores the importance of support in reducing stress

Front 720

Non fluent
Good auditory comprehension
Poor repetition

Back 720

Broca's

Front 721

Which aphasia is non-fluent with more comprehension and less repetition.

Back 721

Broca's aphasia

Front 722

What is Brodmann's area 44?

Back 722

Broca's Area

Front 723

Why is the Broca's area important?

Back 723

Broca's area is important for the production of well-articulated, fluent speech. Broca's area is located in the frontal lobe

Front 724

What problem is there for the WAB scores?

Back 724

Broca's score is lower than Wernicke's (doesn't work for continuum)

Front 725

Non-fluent
Good auditory comprehension

Back 725

Broca's
Transcortical motor

Front 726

How many morphemes were proposed by Brown? List 5 of them.

Back 726

Brown proposed 14 morphemes
1. Preset progressive -ing
2. Prepositions e.g. in and on
3. Regular plural -s
4. Irregular past
5. Possessive -s

Front 727

65% of hearing aid sales account for what style of hearing aid?

Back 727

BTE

Front 728

What is cauda equina?

Back 728

bundle of spinal roots at caudal end

Front 729

What is a hemorrhage? and how is it tx?

Back 729

-burst of blood vessels on surface of VFs due to trauma
-taken care of surgically

Front 730

Describe hemorrhagic CVAs.

Back 730

-bursting of blood vessel in brain
-congenital (weakness in artery wall)
-advanced arteriosclerosis (build up of plaque which weakens walls)
-aneurysm - weak spot in artery wall

Front 731

Browns morphemes are acquired

Back 731

by children in an order that is determined by their semantic and syntactic complexity

Front 732

How does pre-linguitic mileu teaching foster a chld's interest in communcation?

Back 732

By placing desired objects our of reach, waiting expectantly, or sabotage routines that violate an expectation

Front 733

What is the best way to make sure the hearing aid will never exceed an uncomfortable level for patients?

Back 733

By using some form of compression. This squeezes it into a smaller operating space.

Front 734

Who is the Cycles Approach for? What does it combine? What is a cycle?

Back 734

CA is best for severely unintelligible children with several phonological processes. It combines auditory bombardment and production practice. A cycle is a period of time during which phonological patterns in need of remediation are successively facilitated. Cycles may last 5-16 weeks.

Front 735

Describe the CVLT-2

Back 735

California Verbal Learning Test-2
-tests memory
-tests remembering words

Front 736

What does the DOCS track?

Back 736

-can track very subtle changes in neurobehavioral functioning over time

Front 737

What are the types of organic voice disorders? (10)

Back 737

-cancer
-voice disorders from dysarthria (parkinsons)
-vocal fold bowing
-paradoxical vocal cord movement
-granuloma
-hyperkeratosis/leukoplakia
-infectious laryngitis
-papilloma
-spasmodic dysphonia (adductor and abductor)
-vocal paralysis (unilateral and bilateral)

Front 738

Describe contextual choice communicators.

Back 738

-cannot consistently initiate communication acts
-retains skills in automatic/familiar activities (waving, nodding,..)
-persistent global aphasia, expressive aphasia, or receptive aphasia
-minimal output

Front 739

Describe selective attention.

Back 739

capacity to focus on one stimulus to the exclusion of others (distractions are separate events)

Front 740

What are the main areas of concern for parents of children with hearing aids?

Back 740

-care and maintenance (75%)
-appearance-hearing aid effect (60%)
-realistic benefits from hearing aids (65%)

Front 741

What does the posterior 1/3 of the glottis make up?

Back 741

cartlangenous glottis
-contact ulcers appear here (happens when you lower voice by shortening VFs which forces posterior 1/3 to make contact--this area irritates easily)

Front 742

What is the ASHA technical report definition of CAS?

Back 742

-CAS is a neurological childhood (pediatric) SSD in which the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech are impaired in the absence of neuromuscular deficits (e.g., abnormal reflexes, abnormal tone).

Front 743

What is the etiology of CAS?

Back 743

CAS may occur as a result of known neurological impairment, in association with complex neurobehavioral disorders of known or unknown origin, or as an idiopathic neurogenic SSD.

Front 744

What are the components of a communication evaluation? (5)

Back 744

-case history
-relevant medical information (medication, hearing eval., etc.)
-observational data
-informal assessment measures
-formal assessment measures

Front 745

Which stuttering assessment are for children?

Back 745

-CAT
-SSI-4 (adults too)
-OASES (adults too)

Front 746

What is another name for posterior?

Back 746

caudal

Front 747

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

Back 747

-caudate nucleus
-globus pallidus
-putamen

Front 748

What are the variables related to speech sound disorders?

Back 748

-causal factors
-causal correlates
-phonological differences

Front 749

Describe Myasthenia Gravis. AND describe what drugs can do for this.

Back 749

-caused by an attack of a person's immune system against ACh receptors located in skeletal muscles
-person becomes weaker as muscle becomes less responsive to ACh

-drugs such as neostigmine (ACh agonist) can return some strength-- produce a more prolonged effect of ACh by inhibiting AChE

Front 750

What causes vocal bowing? AND how is it treated?

Back 750

-caused by presbylarynx (old age)--lack of nerve input to VFs
-tx: voice therapy (add bulk via exercises)

Front 751

apert syndrome

Back 751

-caused by spontaneous autosomal mutations
-syndactly (digital fusion), craniosynostosis (small skull), flat frontal & occipital bones, high forehead, midfacial hypoplasia(underdev't), arched/grooved hard palate, conductive HL, malocclusion III, cleft of hard palate
-hyponsality, artic problems w/alveolars & labiodentals
-normal intelligence or mild-mod intellectual disability

Front 752

Bernoulli effect

Back 752

-causes closing of the vocal folds after they have been forcefully opened (abducted)
-this is the increased velocity and decreased pressure when gases or liquids move through a constricted passage

Front 753

What does ICP above 40 mmHg cause?

Back 753

causes neurological dysfunction and impairment of brain electrical activity

Front 754

What is grey matter composed of?

Back 754

cell bodies

Front 755

Describe the impairment level of chronic disabilities model.

Back 755

Cellular to Subsystem Levels, Loss and/ abnormality of mental, emotional, physiological, or anatomical structure or function
Level – Organs and organ systems
Examples: atrophy of muscles, imprecision of movement, reduced movement rate of respiratory, laryngeal, velo-pharyngeal, or articulatory subsystems

Front 756

List ASHA's censures and penalties.

Back 756

Censure
Reprimand
Suspension
Annulment of the license to practice
Monetary fine
Performance of public service
May receive criminal penalties

Front 757

Describe how the nucleus ambiguus relates to CN X.

Back 757

-central connections: descending input is bilateral from corticobulbar fibers

Front 758

Spasmodic Dysphonia is a pathological disorder of what?

Back 758

Central Nervous System

Front 759

What are the 2 major divisions of the nervous system?

Back 759

-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Front 760

What is the cerebellum covered with?

Back 760

cerebellar cortex

Front 761

What are the common dianoses of ataxic dysarthria?

Back 761

-cerebellar degeneration (also in combo with brainstem degeneration - friedreich's ataxia)
-demyelization (MS)
-toxic/ metabolic etiology (alcohol/ drug abuse, anoxic encephalopathy due to drug overdose)
-TBI
-tumor (cerebellopontine angle tumor)

Front 762

ataxic- localization

Back 762

cerebellum

Front 763

What organ is responsible for coordinating movement

Back 763

Cerebellum

Front 764

What is responsible for rate of speech?

Back 764

Cerebellum

Front 765

What is the metencephalon made up of?

Back 765

-cerebellum ("little brain")
-pons

Front 766

What is the telencephalon composed of?

Back 766

-cerebral cortex
-basal ganglia
-limbic system

Front 767

Grey matter?

Back 767

-cerebral cortex
-cell bodies

Front 768

What are examples of secondary mechanisms of injury?

Back 768

-cerebral edema
-cerebral swelling
-increased intracranial pressure
-hematomas

Front 769

Define cerebral palsy

Back 769

Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive disorder of motion and posture due to brain insult or injury occurring in the period of early brain growth, generally under three years of age

Front 770

What natural courses are commonly associated with neurological
disorders for stability?

Back 770

-Cerebral Palsy
*preparing them to live with this condition

Front 771

What is the number one cause of speech and language disability in the elderly population?

Back 771

Cerebrovascular disease. It may cause dementia, apraxia, dysarthria, aphasia, and right hemisphere damage.

Front 772

What is the major portion of the brain?

Back 772

cerebrum

Front 773

cerebral hemispheres

Back 773

-cerebrum consists of two of these
-these are almost identical in appearance but differ in function

Front 774

What does CCC stand for?

Back 774

Certificate of Clinical Competence

Front 775

Who diagnoses CAS?

Back 775

certified SLP who has specialized knowledge in motor-learning theory and is skilled in differential diagnosis

Front 776

Why do drug effects diminish with repeated administration?

Back 776

-changes in number of brain receptors for drug
-decrease in affinity of receptors to bind drug

Front 777

dystonia

Back 777

characterized by slow hyperkinesis in which individual muscles or muscle groups exhibitinvoluntary tonic contractions of variable duration. Muscles may contract involuntarily and fail to relax when not in use. Characteristic of hyperkinetic disarthria. Etiology: lesion in basal ganglia circuit

Front 778

What objective measures might be used to assess velopharyngeal function of someone with a motor speech disorder?

Back 778

-Check nasal emission using Aerodynamic measures (significant air escape in pressure consonants--If they can seal during plosives, they have the mechanism)
-Endoscopic Evaluation (visual image of the closure)
-Collect speech sample (vary speaking rate and phonetic context)
-Radiographic Techniques (MBS for function)

Front 779

What is ``Checking Action?``

Back 779

Checking Action is the impedance of the flow of air out of inflated lungs by the muscles of inspiration. This action is important because it helps maintain the constant flow of air through the vocal tract and allows the individual to accurately control the pressure beneath the vocal folds that have been closed for phonation.

Front 780

What drugs typically distort taste?

Back 780

-Chemotherapy
-Tetracycline

Front 781

trigeminal 5

Back 781

chewing, face and mouth touch and pain

Front 782

For early intervention of children with HL, how has the focus changed over the years?

Back 782

-child focused (first)
-family involved
-family focused
-family centered

Front 783

What is neurocognitive stall?

Back 783

child has an early injury and look good, but then are unable to keep up with peers later on

Front 784

Flaccid dysarthria

Back 784

child is likely to have chewing, eating and swallowing issues with this

Front 785

Conductive hearing loss

Back 785

children with hx of otitis media are at risk of mild to moderate conductive hearing loss. They have difficulty perceiving and producing strident or high frequency consonants, such as siblilants.

Front 786

The Hodson-Paden therapy for unintelligible children is best used for what type of children?

Back 786

Children with systematic errors that are stimulable

Front 787

What is the COAT?

Back 787

Children's Orientation and Amnesia Test
-like GOAT
-for 3 to 15 yrs old

Front 788

List postural strategies for swallowing disorders.

Back 788

Chin tuck posturing
Head rotation
Head tilt
Side lying
Neck Extension

Front 789

What reactivates ACh?

Back 789

choline

Front 790

The Theory of Syntax was promoted by who?

Back 790

Chomsky

Front 791

What are signs/symptoms of GERD/EERD?

Back 791

-chronic bad breath
-emesis/frequent spitting up
-loss of taste
-food refusal
*drooling
-coughing/choking with feeding/eating
*arching (#1 sign)
-heightened sensitivity to oral-sensory input
-irritable/cranky
-sleep problems
-self-limit what they eat
-picky eater
*chronic hoarseness or cough
-aspiration
-aspiration pneumonia
*snoring (not normal for kids)
*NG tubes (contribute to GERD)

Front 792

Which is the smallest of the hearing aid styles?

Back 792

CIC

Front 793

What are examples of visual distractions for speechreading?

Back 793

-cigars, etc
-facial hair
-excessive jewelry
-chewing/eating

Front 794

Explain the following terms .....
Class 1 occlusion
Class 11 malocclusion
Class 111 malocclusion

Back 794

Class 1 occlusion - first molar of upper jaw is one-half-tooth advanced in relation to the lower jaw
Class 11 malocclusion - 1st madibular is retracted by at least one tooth (overbite)
Class 111 malocclusion - 1st molar is protruded by at least one tooth (overjet)

Front 795

What type of medical device are CIs considered by the FDA?

Back 795

Class III medical device (high risk)

Front 796

classification of clefts

Back 796

-cleft lip
- cleft of alveolar process
-cleft of prepalate
- cleft of palate
-cleft of prepalate and palate
-facial celfts
-microforms (submucous cleft)

Front 797

A syndrome is most often associated with what type of cleft?

Back 797

Cleft of the secondary palate only

Front 798

An effortful Swallow is an example of what type of technique?

Back 798

Client controlled technique

Front 799

A functional communication tx objective

Back 799

client will use the phone to request info or assistance in 80% of the appropriate situations presented

Front 800

What does ASHA do for professionals?

Back 800

-clincial support
-professional development
-legislative advocacy
-certification

Front 801

What can be used to diagnose dysphagia in peds?

Back 801

-clinical bedside eval
-VFSS/MBS study
-FEES

Front 802

What are some characteristics of the professional as the expert model (parent-infant intervention for HL)?

Back 802

-clinician makes most decisions
-demonstrates how to work with child
-assignments given

Front 803

palatal surgery

Back 803

-closes clefts of palates
-9-24 mos

Front 804

lip surgery

Back 804

-closes lip
-3 months or 10lbs

Front 805

adduct

Back 805

-closing or nearly closing of the vocal folds

Front 806

What is Cluterring?

Back 806

Cluttering is a disorder of speech and language marked by rapid rate, disfluencies, and disorganized

Front 807

Why are there convolutions on the brain?

Back 807

-CNS develops as a surface
-folding is a way of fitting more surface area in a given volume

Front 808

What is Coalescence?

Back 808

Coalescence is a phonological process described as two adjacent sounds replaced by a third sound which has characteristics of both e.g. swim becomes fim.

Front 809

Where are the oblique arytenoids (IAs) located?

Back 809

coarses from the muscular process of one arytenoid to the apex of the opposite arytenoid (creates an X pattern on posterior portion of cricoid cartilage)

Front 810

Give examples of stimulants.

Back 810

cocaine, caffeine, amphetamine

Front 811

What are the 3 companies that can sell CIs in the U.S.?

Back 811

-Cochlear Corporation
-Advanced Bionics
-Med-El

Front 812

What is this?: Biomedical prosthetic devices that convert sound into electrical current in order to directly stimulate auditory nerve fibers to produce hearing sensations.

Back 812

cochlear implants

Front 813

what are the cardinal documents?

Back 813

-code of ethics
-scope of practice

Front 814

Explain the term Code Switching

Back 814

Code Switching is the alternating or switching between two languages at the word ,phrase or sentence level.

Front 815

List skills to assess during an aphasia evaulation

Back 815

Cognition
Auditory Comprehension
Reading
Oral Mechanism
Spoken Expression
Writing
Pragmatics
Math Function

Front 816

What does the SLP initial eval include?

Back 816

-cognition
-swallow
-voice
-language

Front 817

What are the causal correlates related to speech sound disorders?

Back 817

-cognitive linguistic correlates
-psychosocial correlates

Front 818

What does the C in the CALMS focus on?

Back 818

COGNITIVE
-awareness
-knowledge (of how stuttering impacts their life)
-perceptions (external and internal)

Front 819

Describe the CALMS.

Back 819

-Cognitive, Affective, Linguistic, Motor, Social Assessment for School-Age Children Who Stutter
-for ages 7-14
-no normed
-a guide for tx
-after plotting scores on scales, focus tx on scores 3 and above

Front 820

What is the top down approach to speechreading?

Back 820

-cognitive-linguistic component. skills used to attach meaning to the message (facial expressions, gesture, use of contextual information)

Front 821

What is a cohesive tie?

Back 821

cohesive marker along with the supporting, extrasentential information completing its meaning

Front 822

Define tract.

Back 822

collection of axons inside CNS

Front 823

Define nerve.

Back 823

collection of axons outside CNS

Front 824

Define nucleus.

Back 824

collection of cell bodies inside CNS

Front 825

Define ganglion.

Back 825

collection of cell bodies outside CNS

Front 826

dysarthria (definition)

Back 826

collective name for a group of neurologic speech disorders resulting from abnormalities in the strength, speed, rang, steadiness, tone or accuracy of movements required for all aspects of speech production.

Front 827

What are some terminologies for people with persistent impaired consciousness?

Back 827

-coma
-vegetative state
-persistent vegetative state
-permanent vegetative state
-minimally conscious state

Front 828

What is hoarseness?

Back 828

combination of breathiness (incomplete adduction) and asymmetical vibration of VFs

Front 829

What accounts for the speech characteristics of spastic dysarthria?

Back 829

combined effects of spasticity and weakness

Front 830

mixed- localization

Back 830

combo (?)

Front 831

mixed- neuromuscular condition

Back 831

combo of symptoms

Front 832

What are the two hemispheres joined by?

Back 832

commisures

Front 833

What are the 2 main paired blood vessels that carry arterial blood supply from the heart to the brain?

Back 833

-common carotid arteries
-vertebral arteries

Front 834

Describe the orthographic stage and automatic sight word recognition stage.

Back 834

-Common orthographic patterns that readers detect are morphemes, word families
-The theory or process involves higher level language processes is automatic word recognition

Front 835

Describe the CAT.

Back 835

-Communication Attitude Test
-for children
-similar to Erickson S-24 Scale
-attitude scale for CWS
-higher score = worse perceptions/feelings about their speech

Front 836

How would you assess Communication effectiveness of an adult with acquired dysarthria

Back 836

Communication Effectiveness- Participation (rating scale)
Never--1 2 3 4 5--Always

1. Conversing with familiar listeners
2. Conversing with strangers
3. Conversing with familiar listeners over the phone
4. Conversing with strangers over the phone
5. Conversing in noise
6. Conversing while traveling in a car
7. Conversing at a distance
8. Speaking in front of a group
9. Speaking in special circumstances

Front 837

Describe the CADL.

Back 837

-Communicative Abilities in Daily Living
-battery (sometimes)
-45mins to admin.
-norm referenced
-functional tasks
-score by success of communication
-doesn't have different subtests that assess different modalities
-gives situations that person can respond to with any modalities
-more of a pragmatic and functional assessment (role playing situations)

Front 838

What are different ways we can interpret data?

Back 838

-compare to norms
-age of process suppression
-rule 51 intelligibility continuum
-rule 51 determination of adverse effect
-additional comparisons/interpretations
-profile of phonologically disordered speech
-Iowa-Nebraska Articulation Norms

Front 839

Define relational analysis.

Back 839

-comparing to the adult form
-more concise way to quantify language

Front 840

Explain compensatory techniques.

Back 840

compensate for lost function
-goal: eliminate symptoms without changing the physiology of swallow
-use during meals (posture, food placement, presentation, rate, size of bolus,....)

Front 841

mixed- speech characteristics

Back 841

compensatory behaviors make differential Dx difficult

Front 842

What is CVIC?

Back 842

-compensatory tx
-Lingraphica
-"language in a box"
-effective?
-still language (aphasics don't have language!)
-requires hours and hours of therapy

Front 843

What does Complete Counterbalancing mean?

Back 843

Complete Counterbalancing means that all subjects in the experimental group are matched in the control group

Front 844

What are CIs comprised of?

Back 844

components that are worn externally and those that are implanted internally. true for all devices

Front 845

How do we compute intelligibility?

Back 845

compute % of words or utterances understood

Front 846

Describe high-tech methods for visual spatial training for left neglect.

Back 846

computer software/displays requiring identification of lights/images

Front 847

Describe virtual reality for tx of left neglect.

Back 847

-computer stimulation of virtual reality using "DataGlove"
-task is to reach and grasp real and virtual objects placed in different visual fields
-person receives correct info about object's location on some trials and incorrect info on others. Intent is to force person to remap his/her visual space

Front 848

What are homophenes?

Back 848

-concept related to visemes
-words that look alike visually
-grouped into visemes
-about 50% of English words are homophenous
-egs. mat/bass, bill/pill, hit/hike/hide

Front 849

What is the chronic disability model?

Back 849

Conceptualization of the various levels of a chronic disability (impairment, activity, participation)

Front 850

What is conditioning? How do you avoid it?

Back 850

Conditioning is a learned process by which a behavior becomes dependent on an event occurring in it's environment. To avoid it, vary the setting, environment, audience, situation, and stimuli when teaching a behavior.

Front 851

Fluent
Good auditory comprehension
Poor repetition

Back 851

Conduction

Front 852

Fluent
Good auditory comprehension

Back 852

Conduction
Anomic

Front 853

What type of hearing loss if frequently seen in children with cleft palates?

Back 853

Conductive hearing loss

Front 854

What is the term used to describe a reduction in hearing sensitivity due to a disorder in the outer or middle ear?

Back 854

Conductive Hearing Loss

Front 855

What is Rancho Level V?

Back 855

Confused, Inappropriate, Non-Agitated
-follows simple commands
-nonpurposeful behaviors (needs highly structured environment)
-externally distracted and agitated
-inappropriate verbalizations w/ confabulation
-severe memory impairment
-*still in PTA
-new learning difficulty
-ADLs w/ help
-often wander

Front 856

What is Rancho Level IV?

Back 856

Confused-Agitated
-heightened activity state w/ poor info processing
-*still in PTA (can't recall day-to-day events)
-bizarre, nonpurposeful behavior (labile)
-cannot participate directly in tx
-incoherent/inappropriate verbalizations w/ confabulation
-limited attention
-if stuck in this stage -> psych facility

Front 857

What is Rancho Level VI?

Back 857

Confused-Appropriate
-goal-directed behavior
-appropriate responses to external stimuli
-consistently follow simple commands
-carryover for re-learned tasks
-*ending PTA?
-delayed responses?
-inconsistent orientation
-**increased awareness of self and injury
-usually dismissed to go home here (maybe at V)

Front 858

What are the 4 classifications of voice disorders?

Back 858

-congenital (at birth)
-hyperfunctional (behavioral)
-psychogenic (pschological)
-organic (neurological)

Front 859

What additional neurological involvement may accompany CAS?

Back 859

-congenital impairment
-MRI and neuro workups don't show lesions
-often see soft neurological signs
-may be accompanied by oral apraxia or fine/gross motor challenges

Front 860

What is subglottal stenosis? and how is it fixed?

Back 860

congenital voice disorder
-narrowing of space beneath glottis (due to cricoid or tracheal rings)
-will have inhalation stridor
-fixed: thru surgery or natural growth

Front 861

What is laryngeal web? and how is it managed?

Back 861

congenital voice disorder
-tissue across VFs connecting them
-typically due to laryngeal trauma (can occur in adults)
-managed: surgically

Front 862

What is laryngomalacia or chondromalacia? and how is it fixed?

Back 862

congenital voice disorder
-tube telasticity of cartliages of larynx (cartilages are not firm)
-will have inhalation stridor
-fixed: will take care of itself over time

Front 863

What are cerebellar peduncles?

Back 863

connect cerebellum to the rest of the CNS

Front 864

inferior horns of the thyroid

Back 864

-connect with the articular facets

Front 865

What informal assessment is used to assess speech production?

Back 865

connected speech sample

Front 866

What is the PCC based on? (what type of assessment)

Back 866

connected speech sample

Front 867

What is aqueduct of sylvius?

Back 867

connects posteriorly and inferiorly thru the mesencephalon to enter the 4th ventricle behind the pons and medulla

Front 868

What does the the massa intermedia connect? AND where does it cross?

Back 868

-connects right and left thalamus
-crosses the 3rd ventricle

Front 869

unilateral UMN- types of movement affected

Back 869

considered mild and possibly temporary; skilled mvmts

Front 870

For acquisition, what practice variability should you use?

Back 870

-consistent context
-consistent prosody
-consistent pitch
-consistent rate

Front 871

group designs-experimental

Back 871

-consists of 2 or more groups, one that recieves tx one that doesn't
-groups are formed using randomination or matching

Front 872

Compare African American to native English speakers speech.

Back 872

-Consonant inventories are basically the same except for interdental fricatives
-However, syllable structure and stress patterns will vary

Front 873

For social dialect differences in the U.S., what segment of speech is there the most difference?

Back 873

consonants

Front 874

Which system do consonants tend to follow? Vowels?

Back 874

Consonants: unitary system
Vowels: dual system

Front 875

Canonical babbling

Back 875

consonant-vowel combinations called canonical syllables begin to appear in a childs babbling(baaa, dadada, goo)

Front 876

Describe participation level of chronic disabilities model.

Back 876

constricted involvement in life
Level – societal situations
Example – Communication effectiveness in communicative situations

Front 877

What is the difference between construct validity and content validity?

Back 877

Construct validity is the ability of a test to accurately measure an observable trait.
Content validity is the ability of a test to measure all aspects of an observable trait.

Front 878

List visual motor deficits. (be able to describe them)

Back 878

-constructional apraxia
-eye opening apraxia
-dressing apraxia
-drawing apraxia
-written apraxia
-limb apraxia

Front 879

When 2 sound waves of the same frequency meet so that the compression of each wave combine, and the amplitude is increased, this is known as:

Back 879

constructive interference

Front 880

What are the steps for facing an ethical dilemma? (reporting ethical violations)

Back 880

-consult current code of ethics
-talk to the person
-go to their boss
-...their boss
-go to licensure board at state level

Front 881

Glottal fry is a symptom of

Back 881

contact ulcers

Front 882

What is contextual testing? What are key words? What is the test associated with this? Is it formal or informal assessment?

Back 882

Contextual testing is a special procedure that can help identify facilitative phonetic contexts for correct production of a particular phoneme.
--facilitative context is a surround sound/group of sounds that has a positive influence on the production of a misarticulated phoneme.

Key words are certain phonetic environments that facilitate correct production of a phoneme.

Associated with McDonald's Deep Test for Articulation (1964)

It is informal assessment.

Front 883

Where are the transverse arytenoids (IAs) located?

Back 883

continuous set of muscle fibers from one arytenoid to the other

Front 884

What are the two schedules of reinforcement & their characteristics?

Back 884

Continuous SoR: The reinforcer is presented every time a correct production is made. *initially generates high rate of response *good for establishing or transitioning to new level of complexity *susceptible to extinction

Intermittent SoR: reinforcers only follow some correct responses.
*good for stablizing a behavior
*resistant to extinction

Front 885

Is stuttering a continuum or a discrete behavior? why?

Back 885

continuum: have more and less fluent movements, varies

Front 886

What deficits are associated with MCA lesions? (7)

Back 886

-contralateral hemiplegia
-cortical hypothesia
-heminopsia
-aphasia
-visual agnosia
-apraxia
-upper moter dysarthria

Front 887

linguistic approach

Back 887

contrast alveoloar stops with velar stops in meaningful word pairs

Front 888

What type of clinical data can be collected to address: "is intervention responsible for the change?"?

Back 888

control data: to determine if the targeted speech skill is improving in the absence of improvement in an unrelated but developmentally equivalent skill yet to receive intervention

Front 889

What function do ACh neurons have in the medial septum?

Back 889

control hippocampus for memory functions

Front 890

cricothyroid

Back 890

control over the fundamental freq of the laryngeal tone

Front 891

Hypoglossus

Back 891

control over the fundamental frequency of laryngeal tone

Front 892

intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Back 892

-control vocalization
-thyroarytenoids, cricothyroids, posterior cricoarytenoids (only abductors), lateral crico arytenoids, transverse arytenoids, oblique arytenoids

Front 893

Describe the somatic nervous system.

Back 893

-controls muscle action, gland secretion
-some afferent (sensory) info back to CNS

Front 894

Describe the role(s) of the accessory nerve

Back 894

controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Front 895

hypoglossal 12

Back 895

controls tongue movements

Front 896

spinal accessory 11

Back 896

controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid/controlls swallowing movements

Front 897

What are ganglion cells?

Back 897

-converge at optic disc (near center of retina)
-at disc, axons turn posteriorly to exit eyeball as the optic nerve
-cause blind spot in each eye

Front 898

Describe the third level of the paired stimuli approach.

Back 898

CONVERSATION LEVEL:
Ask open ended questions, only stop for two things:

1. To give child a reinforcer for every 4 correct responses
2. To provide modeled correction production for all incorrect productions.

Front 899

What is connected speech sample also referred to as? (3)

Back 899

conversational, continuous, or spontaneous speech sample

Front 900

What are the 3 types of psychogenic voice disorders?

Back 900

-conversion aphonia or dysphonia
-mutational falsetto or puberphonia
-transgender voice problems

Front 901

Describe the role(s) of the cerebellum.

Back 901

coordination for speech and coordination for speech while doing other motor activities.

Front 902

Which cartilage reduces the laryngeal opening when swallowing?

Back 902

Corniculate cartilage

Front 903

What is the main portion of the hyoid called?

Back 903

corpus (body of hyoid)

Front 904

What are the 4 commisures that connect the hemispheres?

Back 904

-corpus callosum
-massa intermedia
-anterior commisure
-posterior commisure

Front 905

What is the alternate hemi theory of recovery?

Back 905

-corresponding structures in the non-dominant hemi take over language functions when the dominant hemi is damaged
-right hemi does not operate in same manner, so language functioning differs

Front 906

What do the motor nuclei receive impulses from?

Back 906

cortex through the corticobulbar tract

Front 907

Which fiber tract is controls all voluntary movements of speech muscles?

Back 907

Corticobulbar tract

Front 908

Which efferent tract innervates all the motor nuclei of the cranial nerve system of the brainstem?

Back 908

Coticubilbar tract

Front 909

What are measures of microlinguistics?

Back 909

-counting the number of words produced
-assessing syntactic and morphologic proficiency
-tallying the number of ideas or propositions included in single sentences

Front 910

end buttons (aka terminal knobs)

Back 910

cover the axon terminals

Front 911

Damage to what cranial nerve causes mask-like appearance

Back 911

Cranial nerve 7

Front 912

Which cranial nerves are key in the phonation process.

Back 912

Cranial nerves VII (facial) and X (Vagus)

Front 913

Which cartilage is shaped like a signet ring?

Back 913

Cricoid cartilage

Front 914

List the cartilages of the larynx?

Back 914

cricoid, thyroid, epiglottis, arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages.

Front 915

Name the parts of the conus elasticus.

Back 915

-cricothyroid ligament
-2 lateral cricothyroid membranes

Front 916

Which muscle is responsible for the change in vocal fundamental frequency?

Back 916

Cricothyroid muscle

Front 917

Which muscles are vocal fold tensors?

Back 917

Cricothyroid muscle and thyrovocalis muscle

Front 918

7 Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Back 918

Cricothyroid, Cricoarytenoid(lateral), Cricoarytenoid(posterior), Arytenoid, Thyroarytenoid,Aryepiglottis, Thyroepiglottis

Front 919

Reflexive vocalizations

Back 919

cries, coughs, hiccups, which are related to the babys physical state

Front 920

Why is it important to have early amplification for children who have HL?

Back 920

-critical stage for speech-language development
-central systems are more "plastic"
-bird study: those who did not hear species' song pattern during critical period never developed those patterns
-early implant: develop better speech recognition skills

Front 921

What is a Class I malocclusion? AND how does this affect articulation?

Back 921

-crooked teeth
-does not affect articulation (there is proper jaw alignment)

Front 922

What is stored in the lateral and third ventricles?

Back 922

CSF

Front 923

Define multimodal perception. and how does this relate to speech?

Back 923

-Cues for perception are available simultaneously from more than one sensory modality.
-For speech this is most often auditory and visual modalities.

Front 924

Which cartilage stiffens or tenses the arypeglottic (or vocal) folds?

Back 924

Cuneiform cartilages

Front 925

Leading cause of neuroligical speech and language disorders in adults

Back 925

CVA

Front 926

Why is it important to study the blood supply to the brain?

Back 926

-CVA are often localized to certain regions of the brain
-knowing the location of blood flow disruption is useful for predicting the type and extent of neurosensory impairments

Front 927

List some causes of langugae disoredrs in adults

Back 927

CVA
Tumor
Head Trauma
Degenerative Disease
Toxic Conditions
Infectious Disease

Front 928

What is perturbation?

Back 928

cycle to cycle changes in amplitude and frequency (normal aspect of phonation)

Front 929

shimmer

Back 929

-cycle to cycle variation of itensity
-measured w/sustaine dvowel
-people w/roughness may have large amount of shimmer

Front 930

What was a 3rd tx strategy suggested by authors?

Back 930

Cycles Approach
-combo of vertical and broad approach
-single target is addressed for a session or week, then move to another target

Front 931

What is focal damage for RHD?

Back 931

damage (often from strokes) occurs with equal frequency to right and left hemisphere

Front 932

What is contre coup?

Back 932

damage on opposite side of impact

Front 933

What is cytotoxic edema?

Back 933

damage to cell membranes that results in an increased drawing of water into cells

Front 934

Where is the damage located for ataxic dysarthria?

Back 934

damage to cerebellum

Front 935

What is diffuse damage for RHD?

Back 935

damage to entire brain (such as that from TBIs) including damage to the right hemisphere and, therefore, can result in RHD

Front 936

What is bitemporal hemianopsia? and what causes it?

Back 936

-damage to medial portion of optic chiasma results in loss of peripheral vision in each eye
-caused by tumors of pituitary gland

Front 937

What is mixed dysarthria?

Back 937

damage to more than one component of the speech motor system

Front 938

If there is a lesion after the lateral geniculate body, you have?

Back 938

damage to only part of left visual field

Front 939

What is ipsilateral anopsia? and what causes it?

Back 939

damage to optic tract anterior to optic chiasma results in monocular field deficit
-usually from damage to eye itself

Front 940

What is superior quadrantopsia? and what causes it?

Back 940

-damage to optic tract posterior to lateral geniculate body, in meyers loop, results in a loss of contralateral upper visual fields of both eyes
-caused by stroke in temporal lobe

Front 941

What is inferior quadrantopsia? and what causes it?

Back 941

-damage to optic tract posterior to lateral geniculate body, in parietal loop, results in a loss of contralateral lower visual fields of both eyes
-caused by strokes in parietal lobe

Front 942

What is homonymous hemianopsia? and what causes it?

Back 942

-damage to optic tract posterior to optic chiasm, in optic radiations, or in optic cortex results in a loss of contralateral visual fields of both eyes
-caused by strokes

Front 943

Where is damage located for hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 943

damage to the basal ganglia

Front 944

What causes hypokinetic dysarthria.

Back 944

Damage to the basal ganglia circuit. It’s the only dysarthria in which a prominent perceptual characteristic may be rapid speech rate.
The most common form of hypokinetic dysarthria is directly related to Parkinsonism symptoms

Front 945

What damage causes spastic dysarthria?

Back 945

damage to the UMNs bilaterally

Front 946

Describe sensorineural hearing loss from a TBI.

Back 946

damage to vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

Front 947

What is necrosis AND what is it caused by?

Back 947

-death of tissue cells
-caused by ischemia

Front 948

What are the speech characteristics of flaccid dysarthria?

Back 948

-decreased intelligibility
-breathy vocal quality
-reduced loudness and pitch range
-reduced lingual force for speech production
-hypernasality

Front 949

What are the speech characteristics associated with mixed dysarthria?

Back 949

-decreased intelligibility
-combination of characteristics of flaccid, spastic, ataxic, hyper- and/or hypokinetic dysarthrias

Front 950

What are the speech characteristics associated with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 950

-decreased intelligibility
-reduced loudness
-monotone voice
-short, rushed speech
-masked facial expressions
-tremors in jaw, lip, and tongue
-difficulty initiating speech

Front 951

What are the speech characteristics associated with hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 951

-decreased intelligibility
-tremor of jaw, lips, tongue, and palate during speech
-voice tremor, vocal spasms
-slow speech rate
-involuntary, jerky or shaky speech movements

Front 952

The distance at which people communicate _________ as the background noise increases.

Back 952

decreases

Front 953

basal ganglia

Back 953

-deep structures that cannot be observed in an undissected brain because they are surrounded by cerebral hemispheres
-referred to as subcortical structures
-primarily made of gray matter
-point of intercommunication for various neurological subsystems
-part of the extrapyramidal system

Front 954

How do you do aphasia therapy?

Back 954

-deficit reduction
-compensatory tx
-communication facilitation
-pharmacological tx

Front 955

A lesion to the temporal lobe may result what deficits?

Back 955

Deficits in receptive language and memory function

Front 956

What is the statement of purpose?

Back 956

defines the roles that an audiologist can play (it is not exhaustive)

Front 957

Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) are examples of what type of neurological impairment?

Back 957

degenerative

Front 958

What are the common diagnoses of spastic dysarthria?

Back 958

-degenerative (30%) (ALS, Progressive Supranuclear Palsy[PSP-damage to only UMN], MS)
-TBI (10%)
-tumor (14%)

Front 959

What are the common diseases associated with mixed dysarthria?

Back 959

-degenerative (63%!) (ALS)
-vascular (multiple strokes)
-demyelination (MS)

Front 960

What are the common diagnoses of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 960

-degenerative (75%!) (parkinson's, PSP)
-vascular (stroke)

Front 961

spastic- etiology

Back 961

degenerative disease (later ALS); vascular disease, tumors, etc

Front 962

ataxic- etiology

Back 962

degenerative disease (some hereditary; neoplasm; trauma "punch drunk dementia") heatstroke, hydrocephalus

Front 963

Describe language features of Fragile X.

Back 963

-delay is common for expressive language (syntax, sequencing, and organization)
-strengths in receptive language and verbal imitation
-pragmatic issues

Front 964

What cardiopulmonary problems are there related to swallowing?

Back 964

-delayed initiation of swallow due to incoordinated breathing
-fatigue
-use weaker suck to maintain breathing

Front 965

List pharyngeal disorders.

Back 965

-delayed onset of swallow
-inadequate VP closure
-reduced tongue base movement
-reduced laryngeal closure
-reduced laryngeal elevation (residue in pyriform sinus)
-cricopharyngeal dysfunction
-reduced pharyngeal contraction (residue in pharynx)
-generalized reduction in pharyngeal pressure (residue in pharynx)

Front 966

What are some oral transit disorders?

Back 966

-delayed oral onset (apraxia)
-reduced oral sensation (don't notice drooling or pocketing)
-residue in anterior (reduced labial tension/tone)/lateral (decreased buccal muscle tention) sulci
-tongue pumping
-residue on floor of mouth (reduced tongue shaping)
-residue on tongue (reduced tongue range/strength)
-disturbed lingual peristalsis (not smooth "wave")
-incomplete tongue to palate contact (decreased tongue elevation)

Front 967

Williams Syndrome

Back 967

delayed speech,developementally delayed,feeding problems,ADD,Learning disorders,Inward bend of little finger(clinlodactyly),mental retardation,very friendly,trusting strangers,fearing loud noises or physical contact and being interested in music, shorter than other members of the family,sunken chest,flat nasal bridge,long ridges on btwn nose and lip,prominent lips with open mouth,skin covering inner corner of the eye,missing teeth, enamel problems and widely spaced teeth

Front 968

5 yr old with mulitple speech path errors tx goal

Back 968

delineate phonological processes in operation and address them through minimal contrast pairs

Front 969

Define dementia.

Back 969

Dementia is a chronic, progressive, deterioration of intellect, personality, memory, and communicative function resulting from central nervous system dysfunction

Front 970

What is the corpus callosum made up of?

Back 970

densely packed axons that are crossing the longitudinal fissure

Front 971

do you have to be licensed to be a practicing slp?

Back 971

depends on state

Front 972

What is the dose-response (DR) curve?

Back 972

depicts the relation between drug dose and magnitude of drug effect

Front 973

What is the function of glutamate?

Back 973

-depolarizes neurons and increases cell excitability
-activates postsynaptic neurons by glutamate receptor-linked Na+/Ca++ channel

Front 974

Describe the Circle of Willis.

Back 974

-describes interconnections between arteries providing blood flow to the brain (i.e. between:--the vertebral arteries and the internal capsule; --the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral arteries)

-collateral circulation (redundant blood supply to the brain)

Front 975

The Source-Filter Theory

Back 975

describes speech production as a two stage process involving the generation of a sound source, with its own spectral shape and spectral fine structure,which is then shaped or filtered by the resonant properties of the vocal tract.

Front 976

vocal tract model

Back 976

describes the shaping of the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities

Front 977

What model provides the most information for planning and intervention for children with learning disability?

Back 977

Descriptive developmental model because it describes in detail the child's current level of functioning including form, content and use.

Front 978

A behavior is increased if a _____ consequence follows. A behavior is decreased if a _____ consequence follows.

Back 978

desired
undesired

Front 979

What are the auditory hierarchy steps proposed by Erber for CI rehab programs?

Back 979

-detection
-discrimination
-identification
-comprehension

Front 980

What are the purposes of a communication evaluation? (5)

Back 980

-determine need for remediation
-determine direction of treatment
-determine prognosis for change
-monitor progress
-identify factors causing or maintaining the disorder

Front 981

What is partner training for emerging communicators?

Back 981

-develop contextual routines
-create scrapbook/remnant photo book (some phrases--very simple)
-provide contingent feedback (referential, joint attention, affirmation, rejections)
-augmented input

Front 982

What are emerging communicator intervention goals?

Back 982

-develop turn-taking (non-verbals)
-develop choice-making ability (concrete, binary choice)
-develop referential skills
-develop clear signals for agreement and rejection
-teach partners to provide appropriate opportunities for above

Front 983

Tx of aphonia

Back 983

developement of phonation thru coughing or throat clearing

Front 984

What is CAS also referred to as?

Back 984

-Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS)
-Developmental Verbal Dyspraxia (DVD)

Front 985

What are key components of a case history?

Back 985

-developmental milestones
-birth/pregnancy
-family history of disorders
-hearing status
-medical history
-language at home
-family dynamics
-child's awareness

Front 986

What is the most frequent type of fluency disorder

Back 986

Developmental stuttering

Front 987

What are diadochokinetic tasks?

Back 987

Diadochokinetic tasks are tasks that involve repetitive movements or speech sounds to evaluate the functional adequacy of the oral mechanism.

Front 988

What are the goals of aphasia assessment?

Back 988

-diagnose communication impairment
-differentially diagnose type of impairment (eg., aphasia, dementia, dysarthria, apraxia)
-determine severity
*-determine prognosis for recovery
-identify strengths and deficits
-plan tx
-monitor improvements

Front 989

phrenic nerves

Back 989

-diaphragm is innervated by the cervical spinal nerves 3 to 5 which are collectively known as the phrenic nerves

Front 990

List muscles of inspiration.

Back 990

Diaphragm, external intercostal, sterncleidomastoid, scalenus, trapezius, major and minor pectoralis, levator scapulae, major and minor rhomboideus

Front 991

What drugs typically cause impaired cognition and attention?

Back 991

-Diazepam (Valium)
-Lorazepam (Ativan)

Front 992

Why are adults at a lesser disadvantage than children for loss of acoustic cues?

Back 992

-differences in cognitive-linguistic background
-affects of redundant cues
-better able to fill in missing parts

Front 993

Describe limb activation for tx of left neglect.

Back 993

Different procedures:
-use functional e-stim to induce contraction of muscles in affected limb
-use active movement of patient's left arm in left hemi
-Neglect Alert Device- emits a loud buzzing noise and a red light if the switch is not pressed with the left hand within a predetermined time interval

Front 994

Different drugs have different D-R curves. Why?

Back 994

-different sites of action
-different levels of affinity

Front 995

Describe auditory processing disorder from a TBI.

Back 995

difficult for people to process and interpret sounds despite normal hearing ability (from damage to pathways carrying auditory info to and from the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres)

Front 996

unilateral UMN- hallmark characteristic

Back 996

difficult to say; shows signs of ataxic and spastic; need to confirm unilateral face and tongue weakness

Front 997

Apraxia of Speech

Back 997

difficulty in the appropriate coordination of the motor movements required to produce well formed speech sounds.

Front 998

Be able to give examples of the effects of SSD on academic performance.

Back 998

-difficulty making oral presentation
-errors limit potential career paths
ETC....

Front 999

Be able to give examples of the effects of SSD on communication.

Back 999

-difficulty on phone
-difficulty with classroom discussions/groups/presentations
ETC....

Front 1000

What is prosopagnosia?

Back 1000

-difficulty recognizing familiar faces
-in severe cases, may not distinguish objects from faces
-developmental form exists (more common in autism)

Front 1001

What are the speech characteristics of CAS? (there are TONS....but I have that this is important for the exam)

Back 1001

-difficulty sequencing articulation movements
-difficulty formulating and executing motor plans for speech
-inability to carry out purposeful voluntary speech movements
-groping/silent posturing
-difficulty wth connected speech
-variability in production
-inconsistency in production
-deletions most common
-substitutions might involve 2-3 processes
-vowel and diphthong errors are common
-unusual errors: metathesis, additions
-prosodic impairment
-severe unintelligibility
(all of these result in CAS)

Front 1002

What is DAI?

Back 1002

Diffuse Axonal Injury (from rotational acceleration: damage to axons due to shearing)

Front 1003

What damage to the brain does rotation acceleration result in?

Back 1003

diffuse shearing strain

Front 1004

Name the suprahyoid muscles of the larynx.

Back 1004

-digastric
-mylohyoid
-geniohyoid
-stylohyoid

Front 1005

7 Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Back 1005

Digastric, Stylohyoid,Mylohyoid,Geniohyoid,Hypoglossus, Genioglossus, Throphryngeus

Front 1006

Define the phonological process of diminutization.

Back 1006

Diminutization is the addition of /i/ to the target form, e,g. doggie for dog

Front 1007

What is diplophonia?

Back 1007

Diplophonia is a term that refers to double voice.

Front 1008

Name common visual problems associated with a TBI.

Back 1008

-diplopia (double vision)
-anopsia (blindness or partial blindness in visual fields)
-problems with depth perception and spatial processing
-eye motor control difficulties
-photophobia (sensitivity to light)
-visual neglect

Front 1009

Describe primary mechanisms of drugs: Affecting reception of NT (postsynaptic).

Back 1009

-direct agonists
-a drug that binds and activates

Front 1010

Describe primary mechanisms of drugs: Affecting synapse (synaptic).

Back 1010

-direct antagonists (receptor blocker)
-blocking reuptake
-inactivation NT

Front 1011

What are the most influential factors for the phono/ortho stage shift? (for the self-teaching hypothesis)

Back 1011

-direct instruction
-exposure
-contextual clues

Front 1012

What types of speech and language groups are there for aphasia?

Back 1012

-direct
-indirect
-sociolinguistic
-transition
-maintenance

Front 1013

spastic- types of movement affected

Back 1013

direct/pryamidal path= skilled mvmt; indirect/extrapyramidal path= reflex, posture, tone

Front 1014

Describe orienting attention.

Back 1014

direction of attention toward a specific stimulus or location

Front 1015

What is this describing?:
have two inlets for sound; one on the front and one on the back. They are differentially sensitive to sound location. They act to reduce sounds from behind the listener; thus improving SNR.

Back 1015

Directional Microphones.

Front 1016

Define Mental Retardation.

Back 1016

disability characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behaviors (conceptual, social, and pragmatic skills). starts before age 18

Front 1017

When are discrete trial treatment procedure used best?

Back 1017

Discrete Trial Procedures are best used in the initial stage of treatment when skills have to be shaped or established.

Front 1018

Describe conductive hearing loss from a TBI.

Back 1018

dislocation of bones within middle ear (surgical tx or hearing aid needed)

Front 1019

What is hyperkeratosis?

Back 1019

disorder where there is too many keratinized cells in larynx (beginning stages of cancer

Front 1020

What is DOCS?

Back 1020

Disorders of Consciousness Scale
-government funded (free access to anyone)

Front 1021

Define Distinctive Features approach.

Back 1021

Distinctive Features approach is a procedure in which through language sampling, an omitted distinctive feature is identified and that feature is trained with the expectation that it will be generalized among the phonemes.

Front 1022

For retention, what practice distribution should you use?

Back 1022

distributed practice

Front 1023

Which is better for generalization of learning massed or distributed practice?

Back 1023

distributed practice

Front 1024

longitudinal fissure

Back 1024

-divides the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 1025

What are some consequences of mild TBI?

Back 1025

-dizziness
-headaches
-light sensitivity
-balance problems
-distractibility
-memory problems
-seizures
-anxiety
-fatigue

Front 1026

What do we do for the Determination of Adverse Effect: Rule 51?

Back 1026

-document the effect that the articulation deficit has on developmental and educational performance
-determine need for service in: communication, social-emotional development, AND/OR academic/educational performance

Front 1027

What happens when drugs occupy receptor's binding cites?

Back 1027

-does not open ion channels (just blocks receptor)
-prevents NT from opening the ion channel

Front 1028

What function does the PE segment serve for laryngectomees?

Back 1028

does the vibrating for esophageal speech and TE prosthesis

Front 1029

What domain and possible disorders are associated with the function of an idea?

Back 1029

-domain: cognition
-possible disorders: dementia, confusion, ADD

Front 1030

What domain and possible disorders are associated with the function of sounds, words, and grammar?

Back 1030

-domain: language
-possible disorders: aphasia, language delay

Front 1031

What domain and possible disorders are associated with the function of motor plan?

Back 1031

-domain: motor planning
-possible disorders: acquired apraxia, developmental apraxia

Front 1032

What domain and possible disorders are associated with the function of speech movements?

Back 1032

-domain: speech execution
-possible disorders: dysarthria

Front 1033

Acquired apraxia of speech is nearly always due to damage in what cerebral hemisphere?

Back 1033

dominant (left) cerebral hemisphere

Front 1034

Name the primary monamines?

Back 1034

-Dopamine (DA)
-Norepinephrine (NE)
-Serotonine (5-HT)

Front 1035

Describe the location and make-up of the thalamus.

Back 1035

-dorsal part of diencephalon
-located in middle of the cerebral hemispheres
-has 2 lobes connected that are connected by the massa intermedia which pierces thru the 3rd ventricle
-each lobe is divided into several nuclei

Front 1036

Is the dorsal root of the spinal cord afferent or efferent? ventral root?

Back 1036

-dorsal root = afferent
-ventral root = efferent

Front 1037

Describe auditory comprehension drills.

Back 1037

-drill and practice tx
-answering yes/no questions
-following one-step commands
-receptive naming
-functional naming
-conversations
-tv/radio programs

Front 1038

Describe word retrieval drills.

Back 1038

-drill and practice tx
-confrontation naming of core pics
-naming family members

Front 1039

Describe syntactic structures tx.

Back 1039

-drill and practice tx
-directly teach "who did what whom" in selected syntactic structure
-teach complex structures and generalization will take care of easier structures
-if you work on the hardest structures, the easier ones will come automatically

Front 1040

Describe social interaction drills.

Back 1040

-drill and practice tx
-greetings/closings
-social politeness forms
-scripts

Front 1041

Describe constraint-induced language therapy.

Back 1041

-drill and practice tx
-not effective
-ethical?
-constrain person from communicating in alternative means

Front 1042

Describe producing words, phrases, and sentences tx.

Back 1042

-drill and practice tx
-sentence completion tasks
-phrase- and sentence-length responses to questions

Front 1043

Describe yes/no reliability.

Back 1043

-drill and practice tx
-using head nods/shakes
-pointing to written words
-verbalizing yes/no

Front 1044

What signs are there for oral apraxia associated with CAS?

Back 1044

-drooling
-trouble with volitional movements
-feeding issues

Front 1045

What is the bernoulli effect?

Back 1045

-drop of pressure at the point of constriction
-increase in airflow as it passes thru constriction

Front 1046

What is tolerance?

Back 1046

drug effects diminish with repeated administration

Front 1047

What is sensitization?

Back 1047

drug effects increase with repeated administration

Front 1048

Which system does current research support more strongly?

Back 1048

Dual Systems Model

Front 1049

What are contact ulcers due to?

Back 1049

due to purposeful, aggressive, consistent, lower-pitch phonation (more common in men)
-usually occurs with GERD

Front 1050

Dysarthric speech

Back 1050

due to some disorder in the nervous system, which in turn hinders control over, for example, the tongue, throat, lips or lungs. Swallowing problems (dysphagia) are often present.

Front 1051

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 1051

-dura mater
-arachnoid
-pia mater

Front 1052

Test-Teach-Retest is characteristic of what type of assessment method?

Back 1052

Dynamic Assessment

Front 1053

What is the Dynamic Range?

Back 1053

Dynamic Range is the range between the threshold of sensitivity and the threshold of discomfort.

Front 1054

dys

Back 1054

dys=disorder

Front 1055

Apraxia or dysarthria?--respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation, and prosody affected

Back 1055

dysarthria

Front 1056

Apraxia or dysarthria?--errors are consistent

Back 1056

dysarthria

Front 1057

Apraxia or dysarthria?--errors are often distortions of simplifications of speech movements (consonant clusters)

Back 1057

dysarthria

Front 1058

Apraxia or dysarthria?--infrequently combined with aphasia

Back 1058

dysarthria

Front 1059

What is the difference between dysfluency and disfluency?

Back 1059

dysfluency- disorder; synonomous with stuttering
disfluency- general disruption in the flow of speech

Front 1060

What causes hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 1060

dysfunction in the basal ganglia or extrapyramidal system

Front 1061

Chronic use of levodopa in parkinsonism results in what?

Back 1061

Dyskinesias

Front 1062

What are the 4 poor reader subgroups? AND describe.

Back 1062

-dyslexia (poor word recognition, good listening comp)
-mixed reading disability (both poor)
-poor comprehender (good word rec, poor listening comp)
-nonspecified (both good)

Front 1063

What are deficits associated with the PCA and Vertibrobasilar lesions? (6)

Back 1063

-dyslexia
-memory impairments
-hemianopsia
-visual agnosia
-cortical blindness
-ataxic dysarthria (cerebellar blood supply)

Front 1064

What is the laryngeal performance of a person with spastic dysarthria?

Back 1064

Dysophonia, harsh, strained, strangled, low pitch (occasional pitch breaks), hypernasality, occasionally bursts of loudness

Front 1065

hypokinetic- hallmark characteristic

Back 1065

dysphonia (strained, strangled, and whispered) and monotone

Front 1066

arytenoid

Back 1066

-each contains a vocal process and a lateral or muscular process

Front 1067

What does ECSE stand for?

Back 1067

Early Childhood Special Education

Front 1068

What 3 separate areas could pediatric rehab be viewed as?

Back 1068

-early intervention
-preschool
-school age

Front 1069

Describe semantics for MR.

Back 1069

-easier to learn that syntax
-adjectives and adverbs are used less frequently than concrete meanings

Front 1070

What does upright/semi-reclined feeding position do?

Back 1070

-easiest access for medical equipment
-focus and bonding w/ caregiver
-pressure may lead to lower esophageal sphincter to fail and increase reflux symptoms

Front 1071

What are the roles of the SLP in early intervention?

Back 1071

-educate about early indicators of reading disabilities
-implement school-wide screening program
-help find appropriate screens
-administer language assessment if indicated

Front 1072

How is VF thickening managed?

Back 1072

educate pt on rest, environment, health...

Front 1073

Describe phase I of children tx.

Back 1073

Education
-4 to 8 weeks
-teach voice terms
-use pics, models, etc. to teach how voice works
-discuss vocal abuse and discriminate between good/bad

Front 1074

What is the general modulating role of amino acid NTs?

Back 1074

-effect is to raise and lower the threshold of excitation (bias), thus affecting the rate at which APs can occur

Front 1075

repeated episodes of otitis media with intermittent hearing loss

Back 1075

effects overall language development

Front 1076

What effects do narcotics have? AND give some examples.

Back 1076

-effects ranging from mild dulling of the senses, pain relief, and sleep, to stupor coma, and convulsions
-egs: morphine, codeine, heroin, opium, OxyContin

Front 1077

What are the motor pathways of CN VII?

Back 1077

-efferent fibers from the cortex project via the corticobulbar tract to the ipsilateral and contralateral motor nuclei in the pons

Front 1078

What approach would you use to improve swallow of pharyngeal disorders?

Back 1078

effortful swallow

Front 1079

What does the first neuron cause?

Back 1079

either presynaptic inhibition or facilitation of the second one

Front 1080

What level of severity do people with neglect typically have?

Back 1080

either very mild or very severe (not a lot in the middle)

Front 1081

The microphone picks up incoming signal in dBSPL and changes it into an _________ form.

Back 1081

Electrical

Front 1082

The receiver turns the signal from _________ to ________ energy.

Back 1082

Electrical to acoustic energy.

Front 1083

Which instrument uses surface electrodes placed on the thyroid cartilage and high frequency electric current while the patient phonates?

Back 1083

Electroglottography

Front 1084

What is the role of the levator veli palatini muscle in VP closure?

Back 1084

elevate palate bilaterally (A-G)

Front 1085

A patient with a hyperfunctional voice disorder typically phonates with the laryngeal structures held in which state?

Back 1085

Elevated and rigid because excess tension during hyperfunctional dysphonia results in a larynx that is held too high and is too tense.

Front 1086

Stuttering runs in families and is at least partially governed by genetic factors. This is based on: (3 other factors)

Back 1086

-elevated rate of stuttering in first-degree relatives
-existence of stuttering across generations
-more monozygotic twins stutter than dizygotic twins; 75% of the time if one mono twin stutters, the other will too

Front 1087

A drug molecule with the "best fit" to the receptor will:

Back 1087

elicit the greatest response from the cell

Front 1088

Define Ellipsis

Back 1088

Ellipsis is the omission of redundant information that was previously stated because the speaker can assume the listener already knows the information.

Front 1089

What types of communicators are there for partner-dependents?

Back 1089

-emerging
-contextual choice
-transitional

Front 1090

What are the 5 areas protected under ADA?

Back 1090

-employment
-public services
-public accommodations
-telecommunications
-miscellaneous

Front 1091

What are examples of artificial airways?

Back 1091

-endotracheal tubes
-nasotracheal tube
-tracheotomy tubes

Front 1092

What techniques can be used for cardiac problems in swallowing?

Back 1092

-energy conservation techniques (positioning)
-use chin support to decrease respiratory strain from suck
-faster flow rate
-if no reflux (rare) increase formula's caloric density
-max 30 min feeding

Front 1093

What do the vertebrobasilar arteries supply?

Back 1093

-entire brainstem
-cerebellum

Front 1094

What is a phonatory diary?

Back 1094

-entries when reflexive phonation (stimulus, body position, assistance provided, and associated activity)
-e.g., response to pain or discomfort

Front 1095

What is the difference between Epenthesis and Metathesis?

Back 1095

Epenthesis involves the insertion of a sound, usually a schwa. e.g. big becomes biga, while Metathesis involves switching two sounds or syllables within a word e.g. ask becomes aks.

Front 1096

What is the least dangerous type of hematoma?

Back 1096

epidural or extradural hematoma

Front 1097

What are the different types of hematomas caused from a TBI?

Back 1097

-epidural or extradural
-subdural
-intracranial

Front 1098

What is the potential space between dura and skull called?

Back 1098

epidural space

Front 1099

What layer of the vocal fold helps maintain it's shape?

Back 1099

Epiithelium layer

Front 1100

What should a typical CAS tx schedule look like?

Back 1100

-error reduced learning
-frequent sessions (long or short, depends on child)
-multiple repetitions (50-100)

Front 1101

What are non-developmental errors?

Back 1101

-Errors that do not relate to normal speech sound acquisition
-A sound that they should have but do
E.g., Lateral /s/ or don’t have /k/ at age 6

Front 1102

What are developmental errors?

Back 1102

-Errors that relate to normal speech sound acquisition
-A sound that a child is NOT expected to have
-Not having /s/ at the age of 4

Front 1103

food backing up in throat = what predicted swallowing dysfunction?

Back 1103

esophageal or gastro reflux
(esophageal disorder)

Front 1104

Difficulty passing bolus through the cricopharyngeus muscle and past the 7th cervical vertebra occurs in what phase of swallowing?

Back 1104

Esophageal phase

Front 1105

Formation of diverticulum (a pouch that collects food) development of tracheosophageal fistula (hole) or esophageal obstruction (e.g. by tumor)

Back 1105

Esophageal phase

Front 1106

What are some esophageal disorders?

Back 1106

-esophageal to pharyngeal backflow
-tracheoesophageal fistula (hole in wall between trachea and esophagus)
-stricture (narrowing of esophagus)
-diverticulum (pockets)
-zenker diverticulum (right below level of cricopharyngeus-- caused by weakness in lining of esophagus)

Front 1107

What is the term is most often used to describe a condition that usually occurs in adulthood and may at first be observed only during periods of distress, when it is initially described as “transient nervousness,”

Back 1107

Essential Tremor. This condition is known most commonly as “essential tremor”. It may cause a hyperkinetic dysarthria characterized by a tremulous, quavering voice quality. It is frequently confused with parkinsonism. Three characteristics defined by Wiederholt (1995) as differentiating are: The tremor associated with essential tremor is faster than the parkinsonism tremor; the tremor associated with essential tremor is an action tremor that will disappear at rest, while the tremor associated with parkinsonism is a rest tremor that disappears or decreases during movement; and individuals with essential tremor do not have the co-occurring neurologic features associated with parkinsonism (e.g., bradykinesia, akinesia, dementia).

Front 1108

single subject design

Back 1108

-establish caue-effect relationships based on individual performance
-allow extensive and intensive study of individual subjects
-do NOT involve comparisons based on group performance
-may have more than 1 participant, but results are not averaged they are resocred individually

Front 1109

Describe the stages of the multiple phoneme approach.

Back 1109

ESTABLISHMENT:
Level A#1: Visual cueing only
(if client cannot produce target, move to level C)
Level C: auditory + visual +
Level B: auditory + visual
Level A #2: Visual cueing only.
TRANSFER:
sound from syllable-->words--> phrase/sentence--> reading/story -->conversation
*picture books for preliterate children w/ make up stories

MAINTENANCE:
90% WWA
Client skills monitored for 3 months

Front 1110

What objective measures might be used to assess the respiratory ability of a person with motor speech disorder?

Back 1110

-Estimation of subglottal air pressure (cmH2O) respiratory drive for speech
- Air flow measured by air volume entering and exiting the respiratory system
- Lung volume level (percent of vital capacity)
- Respiratory shape (rib cage and abdominal size)
-Alveolar air pressure
-# of syllables during a breath group
-Respritrace
-Straw-glass

Front 1111

Hearing loss in infants born with a cleft palate is usually related to what?

Back 1111

Eustachian tube dysfunction

Front 1112

Naturalistic Contexts

Back 1112

everyday situations provide opportunities for the use of fuctional and meaningful linguistic forms

Front 1113

What does EBP stand for and what is it?

Back 1113

-Evidence Based Practice
-"conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of indivual patients."

Front 1114

suprahyoid laryngeal muscles

Back 1114

-ex laryngeal muscles
- above hyoid
-elevate larynx
- digastrics, geniohyoids, mylohyoids, stylohyoids, genioglossus, hyoglossus

Front 1115

infrahyoids

Back 1115

-ex laryngeal muscles
- below hyoid, depress the larynx
-effect pitch
-TOSS, thyrohyoids, omohyoids, sternothyroids, sternohyoids

Front 1116

What is lability?

Back 1116

exaggerated emotional responses that are more extreme than the situation warrants

Front 1117

What phonatory impairments does one expect with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Back 1117

excessive loudness, variable speech rate, rapid breath groups, harsh and breathy voice quality, strained-strangled vocal quality, voice stoppages

Front 1118

Insufficient palatal closure

Back 1118

excessive nasality-speak while alternating opening and closing the nostrils

Front 1119

What effect does the amino acid NT Glutamate have?

Back 1119

excitatory (EPSP - depolarizing effects)

Front 1120

Describe the role(s) of the primary motor cortex

Back 1120

executing motor movements

Front 1121

List the governance of ASHA

Back 1121

Executive board (EB) & Legislative Council (LC) share governance elected by general membership
Legislative council - one councilor elected for every 150 members in the state
Establish various groups (task forces, committees) to assist with responsibilities

Front 1122

What refers to the use of multiple aspects of cognition to solve everyday problems?

Back 1122

executive functioning

Front 1123

a SOAP, subjective objective assessment plan

Back 1123

explains a desired goal and specific outcomes in the overall effects of intervention

Front 1124

Facilitation Process

Back 1124

exploit the available repertoire and incorporate new material in to the existing language system

Front 1125

vocal process

Back 1125

-extend anteriorly and have the vocal folds attached to them

Front 1126

Dendrites

Back 1126

-Extend from the cytoplasmic material
-receptive (afferent) processes that help transmit neural impulses generated from other nerve cells to the cell body

Front 1127

What aspects of the speaker/sender/talker affect speechreading? (6)

Back 1127

-extent of image (viewing angle)
-lip movement
-facial expressions/gestures
-speaking rate
-familiarity of speaker
-visual distractions

Front 1128

intRAobserver-intRAjudge relaibility

Back 1128

-extent that the smae observer repeatedly measures the same event

Front 1129

What role does the right hemi play in visuospatial construction?

Back 1129

-external details
-general orientation

Front 1130

What is extinction?
What is schedule of reinforcement?

Back 1130

Extinction is the decrease and disappearance of a target behavior behavior due the lack of consequence.
Schedule of reinforcement is the frequency upon which a reinforcer is presented upon correct response.

Front 1131

down syndrome

Back 1131

-extra chromosome 21
-hypotonia, flat face, small ears nose and chin
- midface dysplasia, large tongue
-conductive or sensorineural loss, hypernaslaity, nasal emission, breathy voice, artic dis

Front 1132

What is EERD?

Back 1132

Extraesophageal Reflux Disease
-chronic condition
-acid/stomach contents emerge from upper esophageal sphincter into pharynx, larynx, mouth, and nasal cavities

Front 1133

hypokinetic- localization

Back 1133

extrapyramidal (basal ganglia control circuit)

Front 1134

hyperkinetic- localization

Back 1134

extrapyramidal (BG control circuit)

Front 1135

Where is orthography function located in the brain?

Back 1135

extrasylvian region (PCA supplies)

Front 1136

What is the earliest developing form of joint reference

Back 1136

Eye contact

Front 1137

What are the 3 components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Back 1137

-eye opening response
-best motor response
-best verbal response

Front 1138

oculomotor 3

Back 1138

eyelid and eyeball movement

Front 1139

Describe a patient who is in a coma.

Back 1139

-eyes closed all the time
-respond to painful stimuli? (via subcortical reflexes)
-no signs of awareness
-only generalized responses (respiratory, postural, facial grimaces)
-no sleep/wake cycles

Front 1140

Where does cranial nerve V provide sensation (touch and pressure) to?

Back 1140

-face and scalp
-mucous membrane in oral cavity
-anterior 2/3 of tongue, and teeth

Front 1141

facial 7

Back 1141

facial expressions secretion of tears and saliva and taste

Front 1142

hyperkinetic- oral mechanical

Back 1142

facial grimacing; vocal tics (Tourettes), voice tremor, spasmodic dysphonia

Front 1143

What CNs provide taste to the nucleus solitarius?

Back 1143

-facial
-vagus
-glossopharyngeal

Front 1144

Describe phase II of children tx.

Back 1144

Facilitating Improved Vocal Quality
-4 to 8 weeks
-teach techniques
-provide models
-use child-friendly descriptions

Front 1145

What is neglect?

Back 1145

failure to respond to info presented on the side opposite the brain lesion
-can happen with either left or right hemi (right is more common and severe)

Front 1146

What is extinction?

Back 1146

failure to respond to stimulation on one side of the body when both sides are stimulated simultaneously

Front 1147

T or F: Most vocational and educational activities require divided attention.

Back 1147

FALSE

Front 1148

True or false: CVAs cannot cause subdermal hematomas.

Back 1148

FALSE

Front 1149

True or false: The cranial nerves are part of the CNS.

Back 1149

FALSE

Front 1150

True or false: The orginal cochlea is removed when having surgery for CIs.

Back 1150

FALSE

Front 1151

True or false: Length of deafness is not a crude predictor of potential loss of central auditory function.

Back 1151

FALSE

Front 1152

True or false: ADA regulations only affect private business.

Back 1152

FALSE

Front 1153

T or f: ADA requires employers to buy their employees HAs or glasses if they need them.

Back 1153

FALSE

Front 1154

T or f: ADA only protects adults.

Back 1154

FALSE

Front 1155

True or false: AOS cannot co-exist with dysarthria and/or aphasia.

Back 1155

FALSE

Front 1156

True or false: A phonological difference is a disorder and needs to be treated.

Back 1156

FALSE

Front 1157

True or false: Age equivalency's on formal assessments are very accurate.

Back 1157

FALSE

Front 1158

Consonants produced in the back of the mouth are easier to speechread than those produced in the front of the mouth. True or False?

Back 1158

FALSE

Front 1159

True or False. A neurophychological assessment of a person with traumatic brain injury is often given by a speech-language pathologist to determine overall cognitive function

Back 1159

FALSE

Front 1160

True of False. children adopted before age 12 cannot be expected for the most part to develop English language at the same rate as a baby born in the United States.

Back 1160

FALSE

Front 1161

Treatment of Apraxia of Speech should be focused on non-speech movements as opposed to speech movements.

Back 1161

FALSE

Front 1162

True or False. When gathering information from parents for case history, use professional terms and jargons so you appear to be very knowledgeable.

Back 1162

FALSE

Front 1163

True or False. The case history does not need to contain the interviewer's name and job title.

Back 1163

FALSE

Front 1164

True or False. A speech-language pathologist can guarantee a client's recovery or skill acquisition.

Back 1164

FALSE

Front 1165

True or False. The Porch Index of Communicative Ability tests all aspects of language modalities in patients with aphasia

Back 1165

FALSE

Front 1166

True or False. Contraction of the muscles of expiration increases the volume of the thorax.

Back 1166

FALSE

Front 1167

True or False. State licensure is voluntary in order to practice.

Back 1167

FALSE

Front 1168

True or False, the ventricular or false vocal folds lie below the true vocal folds.

Back 1168

FALSE

Front 1169

True or False. Hypernasality is when nasal resonance is absent on nasal sounds.

Back 1169

FALSE

Front 1170

True or False. Metaphon Therapy approach is based on enhancing the child's pragmatic skills.

Back 1170

FALSE

Front 1171

True or False. In child and caregiver interaction, eye contact and joint reference is of little or no importance.

Back 1171

FALSE

Front 1172

True or False. There is a "cure" for stuttering.

Back 1172

FALSE

Front 1173

True or False. Swallowing phase is under voluntary control.

Back 1173

FALSE

Front 1174

True or False.Screening for dysphagia is a hand-on process.

Back 1174

FALSE

Front 1175

True or False. The velopharyngeal port is open during non-speech and non-pneumatic vegetative acts such as swallowing, sucking and vomiting.

Back 1175

FALSE

Front 1176

True or False. vowel production require high velar elevation and tighter velopharyngeal port closure.

Back 1176

FALSE

Front 1177

True or False. A child with an incomplete cleft lip experiences feeding, hearing, resonance and speech difficulties

Back 1177

FALSE

Front 1178

True or False. The middle ear is fluid filled and the inner ear is air filled.

Back 1178

FALSE

Front 1179

True or False. AAC intervention does not facillitate development of the AAC user's natural speech.

Back 1179

FALSE

Front 1180

True or False. Word prediction is a strategy that not only saves key strokes but also enhances the overall rate of interaction.

Back 1180

FALSE

Front 1181

True or False. Whole Language approach is evidence based

Back 1181

FALSE

Front 1182

True or false: All cranial nerves receive bilateral innervation.

Back 1182

False - Hypoglossal?

Front 1183

True or false: Locked-in Syndrome is a disorder of consciousness or awareness.

Back 1183

False (complete denervation of entire body but are cognitively with it)

Front 1184

True or false: Reverberation is always bad.

Back 1184

false (good for listening to music and adds liveliness to the sound)

Front 1185

True or False: When shouting, the speech signal becomes clearer.

Back 1185

false (more distorted)

Front 1186

True or false: Contact ulcers are typically unilateral.

Back 1186

False (usually bilateral)

Front 1187

True or False: the terms speechreading and lipreading are synonymous.

Back 1187

False!

Front 1188

True or false: The PCC is compared to the correct form of English, not the adult form.

Back 1188

False, compared to adult form

Front 1189

True or false: The dura mater in infants is inelastic to protect from head injury.

Back 1189

False, it is loose to allow for growth

Front 1190

True or false: The productive phonological knowledge (PPK) analysis is standardized.

Back 1190

false, not standardized

Front 1191

True or false: Phonological/phonemic awareness is the same as phonological production.

Back 1191

False, not the same

Front 1192

T or F: the telecoil is included in all modern hearing aids.

Back 1192

False.

Front 1193

True of false. On an audiogram, a square is used to notate air conduction results.

Back 1193

False.

Front 1194

T or F: remote controls are included with all hearing aids.

Back 1194

False. Just some of the newer more sophisticated ones.

Front 1195

True or False. Only children 5 years and older are suitable candidates for cochlear implants.

Back 1195

False. Children as young as 12 months can be fitted with cochlear implants.

Front 1196

True or false: Word retrieval deficits are not common for TBI survivors.

Back 1196

False: among the most common

Front 1197

True or false: Apraxia is much more common than dysarthria for people with a primary diagnosis of neurogenic motor speech disorders.

Back 1197

False: Apraxia - 9%, different types of dysarthria - at least 55%

Front 1198

True or false: Amino acid NTs are found in only complex nervous systems and were likely late to evolve.

Back 1198

False: found in very primitive nervous systems, perhaps first to evolve

Front 1199

True or false: You must administer aphasia tests to protocol.

Back 1199

False: get to break the rules when giving standardized tests to aphasics

Front 1200

True or false: Mixed dysarthria occurs less frequently than any single dysarthria.

Back 1200

False: more frequently

Front 1201

True or false: Cranial nerves are inside the CNS.

Back 1201

False: outside

Front 1202

True or false: Children who stutter do not typically show delays in speech and language development.

Back 1202

False: tend to show delays in these areas

Front 1203

True or false: Marked sounds are acquired earlier than marked sounds.

Back 1203

False: unmarked sounds are acquired earlier

Front 1204

True or false: Brain is part of UMN system.

Back 1204

False: brain is part of LMN system; cranial nerves are part of UMN system

Front 1205

True or false: It is not necessary to document and record each voice session.

Back 1205

false: improvement in voice can occur quickly

Front 1206

True or false: Semantics widely distributed throughout the right hemisphere.

Back 1206

False: left hemi (ACA, PCA, MCA supplies)

Front 1207

True or false: Focal damage anywhere in the brain can interfere with attention; however, the LH appears to play a specific role in attention operations.

Back 1207

False: RH plays specific role

Front 1208

True or false: Brain tissue can withstand long periods of negative pressure without damage.

Back 1208

False; brain tissue is very sensitive to negative pressure

Front 1209

True or false: Causal correlates of speech sound disorders cause the SSD.

Back 1209

False; co-exist with it

Front 1210

True or false: With CAS, expression is better than comprehension.

Back 1210

False; comprehension is better

Front 1211

Trure or false: There are many tx studies for most cognitive and communication challenges associated with RHD.

Back 1211

False; few studies, therefore, little guidance for tx

Front 1212

True or False: CAS involves the language domain.

Back 1212

False; it's a motor disorder, not a language disorder

Front 1213

True or False: There is a lot research done on CAS.

Back 1213

False; limited research. hard to define (how do you select participants?). research stuck on diagnosis, not a lot on treatment

Front 1214

True or false: It is not necessary to use both sign language and spoken language for children in the early stages of CI rehab.

Back 1214

False; may be necessary

Front 1215

True or false epidural hematomas are less serious than epidural hematomas.

Back 1215

False; more serious because of proximity to brain tissue

Front 1216

True or false: Those who stutter are typically more depressed, nervous, and/or anxious than the average population.

Back 1216

false; no different, but some have poor self-concepts and low self-esteem (emotionally different)

Front 1217

True or false: Lateralized productions are considered to be a developmental process.

Back 1217

False; non-developmental, should not occur

Front 1218

True or false: CI microphones operate differently than HA microphones.

Back 1218

False; operate the same

Front 1219

True or false: Diadochokinesis testing can be done with very young children.

Back 1219

False; their articulation is not proficient enough for this test

Front 1220

True or false: phonological differences are not systematic or highly regular, and they do not cross all liguistic parameters.

Back 1220

False; they are systematic, highly regular, and they cross all linguistic parameters

Front 1221

True or false: For the purpose of a phonological assessment, a child may not be able to produce error phonemes.

Back 1221

False; they just don't use them in the right place.

Front 1222

True or false: Left neglect will compensate for deficit.

Back 1222

false; won't; hemionopsia will

Front 1223

What are the 3 folds of the dura mater AND where are they located?

Back 1223

-falx cerebri (descends vertically between hemispheres)
-tentorium cerebelli (covers cerebellum, "tent-like" roof of posterior fossa--supports occipital and temporal lobes)
-falx cerebelli (separates lateral lobes of the cerebellum)

Front 1224

What is typical of the family history for those with CAS?

Back 1224

-family history of S-L disorders
-family members share same prosodic markers

Front 1225

What are some case history red flags for CAS?

Back 1225

-family history
-trouble feeding
-excessive drooling
-late talkers
-little babbling
-"good" babies

Front 1226

cricothyroid muscles

Back 1226

-fan shaped muscle
-originates at cricoid cartilage and inserts into thyroid cartilage
-consists of pars oblique and pars recta
-another muscle that tenses and elongates the vocal folds leading ot pitch variation

Front 1227

True or Fasle. Repeated sensory stimulation is not essential for organization, storage, and retrieval of patterns in the brain

Back 1227

Fasle

Front 1228

True or False. An example of a cognitively demanding tasks is greetings and rehearsed utterances.

Back 1228

Fasle

Front 1229

True or False. A speech-language pathologist is responsible for fitting patients for a hearing aid.

Back 1229

Fasle

Front 1230

List common features associated with Right temporal parietal lobe damage

Back 1230

Features associated with Right Temporal Parietal Lobe damage include: inappropriate speech, disorientation, and lack of vocal and facial expression

Front 1231

What is knowledge of performance?

Back 1231

Feedback about how a movement was performed (tongue, lips, jaw) i.e. “you put your tongue between your teeth instead of on the top of your mouth” or “ great, you put your tongue to the top of your mouth”

Front 1232

what is knowledge of results?

Back 1232

Feedback whether the motor sequence was performed correctly (word produced correctly) i.e. “that was correct” or “opps, that was wrong”

Front 1233

What things will your assessment include?

Back 1233

-feeding tube type (NG, PEG, J-tube)
-oxygen saturation
-suction frequency/secretion management
-sleep-wake cycle
-presence of trach tube (reason, length of time)
-type, size
-tolerating cuff deflation?
-tolerating PMV?
-lung sounds
-how frequently suctioned
-location, amount, type of secretions
-cough strength
-any material around trach site?
-ventilator settings, weaning?

Front 1234

How do you evaluate MTD?

Back 1234

-feel thyroid notch for elevation
-feel neck for tension
-anterior/posterior press on thyroid cartilage to see if voice changes
-push down on hyoid to create a better voice
-ask about tension/stress in life

Front 1235

What are protective factors for speech-language problems?

Back 1235

-Female
-No issues at birth
-Older siblings support receptive language
-Early identified hearing impairments
-Breastfeeding for more than 9 months
-Persistent temperament
-Supportive home-learning environment
-Multiple births - older siblings provide a good model for receptive language

Front 1236

Do males or females develop phonologically first?

Back 1236

females

Front 1237

Are vocal nodules more common in males or females? Why?

Back 1237

females because often due to yelling and screaming at high pitch levels

Front 1238

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?

Back 1238

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a pattern of mental, physical and behavioral defects that develop in infants born to some women who drink heavily

Front 1239

association fibers

Back 1239

-fibers that interconnect various areas of the cortex within each hemisphere
-some are short and others are long
-the short fibers connect gyri that are in the same lobe and the long fibers connect between lobes

Front 1240

Explain the bilateral and contralateral features of CN VII.

Back 1240

fibers that project to:
-forehead are bilateral
-lower facial muscles are contralateral

Front 1241

commisural fibers

Back 1241

-fibers that run horizontally in the brain
-help to interconnect the two hemispheres
-the major bundle of these is the corpus callosum

Front 1242

projection fibers

Back 1242

-fibers that run in vertical direction
-establish connections between the cortex and subcortical structures such as basal ganglia, the cerebellum, the brain stem, and the spinal cord
-Some of these fibers carry sensory info and others carry motor info

Front 1243

What is the subarachnoid space?

Back 1243

-filled with CSF that surround brain and cushions fluid that prevents
-transversed by supporting fibers called trabecula
-contains the cerebral arteries and veins

Front 1244

Which phonological process typically disappears early in children?

Back 1244

Final consonant deletion

Front 1245

By ages 3-0 to 3-3, what proceses should be suppressed?

Back 1245

-final consonant deletion
-velar fronting
-prevocalic voicing
-reduplication
-syllable deletion
-consonant assimilation

Front 1246

patient with traumatic brain damage to both the cerebellum and various cranial nerves may exhibit a mixed dysarthria that has characteristics of both

Back 1246

Flaccid dysarthria and ataxic dysarthria

Front 1247

Explain Flaccid dysarthria.

Back 1247

Flaccid dysarthria is caused by injury of the motor neuron of the medulla and posterior pons. The injury causes paralysis of the mouth, palate and vocal cords and leads to speech that is slurred, has high nasal quality and is raspy.

Front 1248

Name the types of dysarthria.

Back 1248

-flaccid
-spastic
-ataxic
-hyperkinetic
-hypokinetic
-mixed
-unilateral UMN

Front 1249

What are the 6 classifications of dysarthria?

Back 1249

-flaccid
-spastic
-ataxic
-hypokinetic
-hyperkinetic
-mixed

Front 1250

What are the 2 scenarios of facial expressions that survivors produce?

Back 1250

-flat affect
-lability (pathological laughing/crying)

Front 1251

endoscopy

Back 1251

-flexible(nose) or rigid (oral)
- can be attached to video camera (videoendoscopy)
-used to study laryngeal anatomy and physioloogy in detail including mucosal wave

Front 1252

What is cluttering?

Back 1252

fluency disorder characterized by a rapid and/or irregular speech rate, excessive disfluencies (tend to be repetitions), and often other symptoms such as language problems or phonological errors and attention deficits

Front 1253

What are the common diagnoses of unilateral UMN dysarthria?

Back 1253

-focal lesion of the brain: infarct, trauma (i.e., shotgun wound), tumor

Front 1254

What are types of attention problems?

Back 1254

-focused or sustained attention
-selective attention
-alternating attention
-divided attention (most vocational situations require this)

Front 1255

Cognitive therapy for stuttering

Back 1255

focuses on changing faulty beliefs about self-control and the perceived benefits of stuttering

Front 1256

Naturalistic Teaching

Back 1256

focuses on the successful production of utterances that are communicatively useful in context-establishing successful and useful communication

Front 1257

What auditory is present for minimal consciousness?

Back 1257

-follows commands inconsistently
-localized

Front 1258

Describe the Willoughby Questionnaire.

Back 1258

-for adults (high school and up)
-high score = high anxiety/sensitivity to how people perceive their speech
-indirectly tells us about social anxiety
-informal
-social anxiety/sensitivity scale/index

Front 1259

polysnaptic

Back 1259

-For example, the extrapyramidal tract makes many synaptic connections before impulses reach the lower motor neuron to affect regulated and coordinated muscular movement

Front 1260

Describe emerging communicators.

Back 1260

-for global aphasia
-require maximal assistance
-contextual awareness
-no initiation or repetition of verbalizations
-messages carry no meaning

Front 1261

What connects the lateral ventricles to the anterolateral part of the 3rd venticle?

Back 1261

foramen of munro (hole)

Front 1262

What effects might you see on the respiratory system for a person with dysarthria?

Back 1262

forced inhalation/exhalation for speech production

Front 1263

What are the 3 major parts of the brain?

Back 1263

-forebrain
-midbrain
-hindbrain

Front 1264

What component of language encompasses morphology, syntax and phonology?

Back 1264

Form

Front 1265

Why do SLPs complete informal assessments?

Back 1265

-formal tests don't tell everything
-in naturalistic contexts/settings
-gain understanding of client's use of pragmatics and semantics

Front 1266

What are sinuses formed from?

Back 1266

formed from "tubes" in the dura mater

Front 1267

What are projection fibers?

Back 1267

forming ascending (afferent) and descending (efferent) pathways that connect the cerebral cortex to the lower central nervous system, brainstem, and spinal cord

Front 1268

What does FAPE stand for?

Back 1268

Free and Appropriate Education

Front 1269

Standardized test of dysarthria

Back 1269

Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment; Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech; Dysarthria Rating Scale;

Front 1270

What is ankyloglossia? AND What function problem does this cause? AND What types of sounds does this affect?

Back 1270

-frenum is too short
-tongue can't protrude far enough
-alveolar and interdental sounds affected

Front 1271

What score range is there for the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Back 1271

from 3 to 15 points

Front 1272

What is the dual systems model?

Back 1272

-from birth, bilingual children develop two different linguistic systems
-Bilingual learners separated their lexical items without much mixing
-bilingual learners used different word orders in each language once they produced two-word utterances

Front 1273

Where do we get the data from for phonetic inventory (PI)?

Back 1273

from standardized test and/or connected speech sample

Front 1274

The secondary palate boundaries are from ....

Back 1274

from the incisive foramen to the uvula

Front 1275

Where is the larynx located?

Back 1275

from the superior end of the trachea to the hyoid bone

Front 1276

What is an open bite? AND describe articulation errors with this issue.

Back 1276

-front teeth (upper and lower) don't meet together (there is jaw alignment)
-tongue and air come thru front too much
-open bites show the most articulation problems

Front 1277

What are the 5 cerebral lobes?

Back 1277

-frontal
-parietal
-occipital
-temporal
-insular cortex

Front 1278

What is the FIM score?

Back 1278

-Functional Independent Measure score
-has to be reported within 72 hrs of admission
-score ranges from 1 (dependent) to 7 (dependent)

Front 1279

substantia nigra

Back 1279

-functionally related to the basal ganglia but not anatomically apart of it
-important part of the extrapyramidal system

Front 1280

What is phonemic awareness (PA) the best predictor of?

Back 1280

future reading

Front 1281

What two receptors have been identified for GABA?

Back 1281

GABAa and GABAb

Front 1282

What is the primary inhibitory transmitter substance for GABA? AND what does it do?

Back 1282

GABAb receptors: open K+ channels, producing hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potentials

Front 1283

Which pharyngeal/ laryngeal exam would you use to assess strength of pharyngeal wall contraction?

Back 1283

Gag Reflex. When assessing a gag reflex you place a laryngeal mirror or tongue depressor against the base of the tongue or on the pharyngeal wall to observe pharyngeal wall contraction.

Front 1284

What is the most important concept when it comes to the amplifier in a hearing aid?

Back 1284

Gain.

Front 1285

What are some family sign resources?

Back 1285

-Gallaudet Unviversity Press
-Deaf Mentor Concept (Utah)
-ASL University
-Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center
-Hands and Voices

Front 1286

What is the GOAT?

Back 1286

Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test
-10 ?s about orientation to time, person, and place; retrograde and anterograde
-very easy to administer (anyone can)

Front 1287

What does GABA stand for?

Back 1287

Gamma-aminobutyric-acid

Front 1288

Describe GERD.

Back 1288

Gastroesophageal reflux disease
-backflow from lower esophageal sphincter to UES
-relux of gastic contents from stomach to esophagus (to pharynx)

Front 1289

What is GERD?

Back 1289

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
-chronic condition
-lower esophageal sphincter allows gastric acids to reflux into esophagus
-causes heartburn, acid ingestion, and injury to esophageal lining

Front 1290

What is GERD? AND what drugs often cause this?

Back 1290

-gastroesophageal reflux
-Nifedipine (Procardia) and Albuteral

Front 1291

Name long-term or chronic need non-oral alternatives.

Back 1291

-gastrostomy tube (G tube)
-percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG tube--directly into stomach)
-jejunostomy (J tube--if patient is at-risk for reflux)

Front 1292

Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve sensory branch of CN X.

Back 1292

general sensation (pain, touch, temp): laryngeal region at vocal folds and below

Front 1293

Describe the internal superior laryngeal sensory branch of CN X.

Back 1293

-general sensation (pain, touch, temp): mucosa in pharynx; laryngeal region above vocal fold
-sensory fibers project to the nucleus solitarius innervating taste buds overlying epiglottis

Front 1294

What type of clinical data can be collected to address: "is clinically significant and important change occurring?"?

Back 1294

generalization data: to determine if child is showing generalized acquisition of the targeted speech skill

Front 1295

What type of clinical data can be collected to address: "how long should a therapy target be treated?"?

Back 1295

generalization probe data: to determine when therapy on targeted speech skill can be discontinued

Front 1296

What is Rancho Level II?

Back 1296

Generalized Response
-inconsistent, nonpurposeful, and nonspecific responses to stimuli
-often 1st response is to pain
-may be delayed
-not localized

Front 1297

What effect does the NE transmitter have on the postsynaptic neuron?

Back 1297

generally excitatory

Front 1298

Stroboscopy

Back 1298

generally is the most efficient and effective instrumentation for viewing the vocal folds during phonation

Front 1299

Discuss the food placement guideline

Back 1299

Generally place food on stronger side to increase sensation and stimulability to food and reduce pocketing. Use spoon to press down on tongue as you place food; stimulates oral stage. Anterior placement for patients experiencing premature spillage into pharynx and who have good lip closure. Posterior placement for patients who have delayed oral transit time or who have poor lip closure. Lateral placement (best side) in patients with unilateral tongue weakness. Midline placement with patients with good tongue control and lip closure.

Front 1300

Cleft palate can be caused by

Back 1300

genetic factors interacting with environmental factors

Front 1301

The four extrinsic muscles that help move the tongue into various positions within the oral cavity

Back 1301

genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, and styloglossus

Front 1302

cleft palate causes

Back 1302

-gentic anamolies (syndromes, inheritance, chromosome abnormalities)
-enviornemntal (drugs, FAS, perscriptions, rubella)
- mechanical (intrauterine crowding, twinning, uterine tumor, amniotic ruptures)
-

Front 1303

What are the 4 different areas of the corpus callosum?

Back 1303

-genu
-trunk
-splenium
-rostrum

Front 1304

What are some GI disorders?

Back 1304

-GER
-Motility
-constipation
-short bowel (short gut)
-pyloric stenosis
-dumping syndrome

Front 1305

How is paradoxical vocal cord movement (VF Dysfunction) treated?

Back 1305

-GERD management, post-nasal drip management, asthma/allergy symptom control
-breathing training and recovery (relaxed breathing, stomach breathing)

Front 1306

What GI issues may cause dysphagia?

Back 1306

-GERD/EERD
-motility issues
-stricture
-pyloric stenosis
-post surgical repair
-constipation (big problem for CP kids)
-esophagitis (like reflux but no response to meds)
-food allergies
-drug side effects
-low muscle tone

Front 1307

What are assessments you could use for CAS?

Back 1307

-GFTA (administer twice in same sesssion)
-VMPAC
-PPVT
-TACL
-Khan-Lewis (process analysis)
-IASCC

Front 1308

What is GER?

Back 1308

GI disorder
-negative association w/ feeding
-painful
-positioning and meds most effective txs

Front 1309

What do the vertebrobasilar arteries give rise to?

Back 1309

give rise to the posterior cerebral artery

Front 1310

For maximizing classroom performance, how do you present new material in small chunks and in highly organized manners?

Back 1310

-give step-by-step procedures
-draw semantic maps
-be overt in your organization
-provide outlines of main points
-repeat information as needed
-review and check mastery often

Front 1311

What does the parasympathetic nuclei of the facial nerve supply?

Back 1311

glands

Front 1312

Non fluent
Poor auditory comprehension
Poor repetition

Back 1312

Global

Front 1313

Nonfluent
Poor repetition

Back 1313

Global
Broca's

Front 1314

Non-fluent

Back 1314

Global
Broca's
Transcortical motor
Mixed transcortical

Front 1315

Non-fluent
Poor auditory comprehension

Back 1315

Global
Mixed transcortical

Front 1316

What is the most compensatory articulatory pattern observed in children with cleft palate?

Back 1316

Glottal stop

Front 1317

what is the space between the vocal folds called?

Back 1317

Glottis

Front 1318

What is the space between the VFs? and how many parts does it have?

Back 1318

-glottis
-3 parts (anterior, middle, posterior)

Front 1319

What is the principle excitatory transmitter substance in the brain and spinal cord?

Back 1319

glutamate (almost all neurons in the brain are influenced by glutamate)

Front 1320

Name the primary amino acids.

Back 1320

-Glutamate
-GABA
-Glycine

Front 1321

What is fading?

Back 1321

Gradually reducing a stimulus or consequence while maintaining the target response.

Front 1322

Arachnoid __________ allow CSF to pass into the ________ __________ ______.

Back 1322

-granulations
-superior sagittal sinus

Front 1323

What is a localized inflammation that is composed of granular tissue in a firm rounded sac is called what?

Back 1323

Granuloma.

Front 1324

What areas of the brain are damaged from primary blast injuries?

Back 1324

-gray matter of frontal/temporal lobes
-diffuse axonal injury (internal capsule, upper brainstem structures, corpus callosum)
-air emboli (air pocket) in vessels supplying blood to brain (causes stroke-like effect)

Front 1325

types of experimental designs in SLP

Back 1325

-group & single-subject

Front 1326

What are bulges in the cortex called?

Back 1326

gyri

Front 1327

What are the types of tongue thrusting? AND describe each.

Back 1327

-habitual: continue to swallow as they did as an infant
-obligatory: tongue is obligated to come out (tongue is too big, too large of tonsils, etc.)

Front 1328

hair cells

Back 1328

hairlike structures (cilia) found on the organ of Corti
-They respond to sound vibrations

Front 1329

cilia

Back 1329

hairlike structures
-aka hair cells

Front 1330

What drugs often cause impaired motor function?

Back 1330

-Haldol
-Thorazine
-Risperidone

Front 1331

Age of phoneme acquisition for females/males?

Back 1331

HANDOUT

Front 1332

Examples of African American speech compared to native English speakers.

Back 1332

HANDOUT on Blackboard

Front 1333

spastic- speech characteristics

Back 1333

harsh voice, imprecise articulatory contact; slow; "excessive tone with weakness"

Front 1334

For ADA, individuals must meet 1 of what 3 criteria?

Back 1334

-has a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity
-has a record of such impairment
-is regarded as having such an impairment

Front 1335

S/Z ratio

Back 1335

Have client say "s" and "z". S/Z duration should be around 1, and not more than 1.4

Front 1336

Children with brain injuries

Back 1336

have greated problem managing their deficits

Front 1337

Describe phonology for MR.

Back 1337

-have more articulation errors and errors stay longer

Front 1338

lateral or muscular processes

Back 1338

-have several muscles attached to them that help the vocal folds open or close

Front 1339

Hyperadduction of the vocal fold tx

Back 1339

have the client use light and gentle vocal fold contacts will help reduce tension and be effective

Front 1340

What is stuttering?

Back 1340

having difficulty moving smoothly from one word to another to communicate a message

Front 1341

What does the loss of CSF produce?

Back 1341

headaches (e.g. spinal cord puntures, dehydration)

Front 1342

What type of pain is often associated with TBIs?

Back 1342

headaches and neck/back pain

Front 1343

List 2 facts about HIPPA

Back 1343

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Enacted to streamline & standardize administration of health care insurance.
HIPAA rules apply only to providers who submit electronic claims

Front 1344

What is typically the audiologist's main concern for children with hearing aids?

Back 1344

hearing aid electronic functions

Front 1345

auditory 8

Back 1345

hearing equillibrium sensation

Front 1346

comm disorders associated with clefts

Back 1346

-hearing loss
~prone to ear infections, eustachian tube dysfuntion
-artic disorders
~more significant if palatal cleft not repaired early or inadaquately
-difficulty with voiced, pressure consonants, audible nasal emission, vowel distortion
-Language disorders
~delayed lang dev't, but may return to normal
-children w/ syndromes may have more severe or lasting language probvlems
-Laryngeal/phonatory disorders
~nodules, edema of vocal folds, hoarse, reduced intensity and pitch, hyper or hyponaslaity or combo

Front 1347

What are examples of "stop criteria"?

Back 1347

-heart rate: >20 BPM
-respiratory rate: >35 breaths/min
-SpO2: <90%

Front 1348

Name compensatory approaches for oral prep/transit.

Back 1348

-heighten sensory awareness
-food placement (midline, stronger side)
-external buccal pressures/labial and chin support (compensates for decreased muscle tone)

Front 1349

During sustained phonation, the vocal folds are .......

Back 1349

held in the air stream of the exhaled air, where their properties allow them to interact with the airflow to cause vibration

Front 1350

superior peduncles

Back 1350

-help connect the brain stem to cerebellum
-contained in the midbrain

Front 1351

videostroboscopy

Back 1351

-helpful indifferentiating between functional and organic disorders
-strobe light, opticcal illusion of slow motion movementof vf's

Front 1352

What is the purpose of Specialty recognition?

Back 1352

Helps consumers locate practitioners who provide specialized services
Allows clinicians to be recognized for advanced knowledge.
Currently only fluency and child language

Front 1353

Thermal Stimulation

Back 1353

helps trigger the swallow reflex

Front 1354

There is a delayed period of spontaneous recovery for people who have what type of stroke?

Back 1354

hemorrhagic stroke

Front 1355

what are hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes?

Back 1355

Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a blood vessel ruptures and blood either rushes through the brain tissue destroying it (intra-cerebral hemorrhage) or collects outside the brain (extra-cerebral) in one of the spaces between the meninges causing compression of the brain within the skull. Ischemic stokes occur when cells are deprived of oxygen because of a obstruction of blood supply.

Front 1356

What is collection of blood in the brain known as?

Back 1356

hemotoma (usually from a stroke)

Front 1357

A drug with low affinity must be administered in _____ doses.

Back 1357

high

Front 1358

What are the major advantages of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Back 1358

-high inter-rater reliability (don't need a lot of medical training to administer)
-avoids vague and subjective terminology such as "comatose", "semi-alert", or "stuporous"

Front 1359

cri du chat syndrome

Back 1359

-high pitched cry
-low set ears, narrow oral cavity, laryngeal hypoplasia, microcephaly, micrognathia, oral clefts
-artic and lang disorders associated w/intelectual disability

Front 1360

What does high reliability coefficient and low standard error measurement mean?

Back 1360

High reliability coefficient means the test yields replicable results and low standard error measurement means the test yields precise or accurate results.

Front 1361

There is a ________ (lower or higher) correlation between IQ and articulation in the mentally handicap population.

Back 1361

higher

Front 1362

Sounds that are highly sonorous are produced with ________ intensity and _________ intraoral air pressure.

Back 1362

HIGHER intensity and LOWER intraoral air pressure

Front 1363

What are paralinguistic components?

Back 1363

highlight, emphasize, and modify meaning through vocal tone, rhythm, prosody, and intonation

Front 1364

What alarms are on ventilators?

Back 1364

-high-pressure: too much pressure to take air in, coughing, water in tube
-low-pressure: disconnections, leaks, cuff not inflated properly

Front 1365

What area of the brain is directly involved in forming new memories and it`s impairment leads to deficits in short-term memories?

Back 1365

Hippocampi

Front 1366

Name the parts of the limbic system AND say what each part is responsible for.

Back 1366

-hippocampus (learning and memory)
-amygdala (emotion)
-septum (rage after lesions)
-fornix
-mammillary bodies (memory)

Front 1367

The neuropathological process of Alhzeimers is identified by the progressive loss of what part of the brain?

Back 1367

Hippocampus and entorhinal cortex

Front 1368

examples of poor voice quality

Back 1368

-hoarse (breathy & harsh, low)
-harsh (rough, unpleasant, vf's close too tightly)
-strain-strangled (effotful phonation, squeezing out sound)
-breathy (vf's open)
-Glottal Fry ( vf's vibrate slowly, low pitch, crackly)
-diplophonia (double voice)
-stridency (shrill, unpleasant, high pitched)

Front 1369

voice quality

Back 1369

-hoarse (breathy & harsh, low)
-harsh (rough, unpleasant, vf's close too tightly)
-strain-strangled (effotful phonation, squeezing out sound)
-breathy (vf's open)
-Glottal Fry ( vf's vibrate slowly, low pitch, crackly)
-diplophonia (double voice)
-stridency (shrill, unpleasant, high pitched)

Front 1370

What is the most common perceptual feature for voice?

Back 1370

hoarseness

Front 1371

Describe Hodson and Paden Cycles approach.

Back 1371

Hodson and Paden Cycles approach is a phonological pattern approach designed to treat children with multiple misarticulation and highly unintelligible speech. Error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability, intelligibility and percentage of occurence (40% or greater) The cycle runs 5 to 16 weeks. Each treatment session consists of 1) review of previous session target words 2) auditory bombardment, listening to target words that are amplified 3) activities involving new target words 4) play break 5) even more activities involving target words 6) repeating auditory bombardment and dismissal

Front 1372

What is measured when looking at early reading?

Back 1372

home literacy, letter knowledge, phonological awareness, rapid naming, vocab and grammar, and reading itself

Front 1373

What are the visual-perceptual deficits of RHD?

Back 1373

-homonymous hemianopsia
-left neglect
-anosognosia
-achromatopsia
-visual hallucinations
-prosopagnosia
-environmental agnosia

Front 1374

What are Homophenes?

Back 1374

Homophenes are words that look identical on the mouth

Front 1375

What is mode of communication?

Back 1375

how the message is being delivered or received

Front 1376

Give an example of activity related to quality of communication life.

Back 1376

how well you are getting by talking to someone on the phone.

Front 1377

pons

Back 1377

-huge bulging appearance on anterior surface
-located just below the midbrain
-serves as a connection point between various cerebral structures and the cerebellum throught the middle and inferior peduncles
-contains many descending motor fibers and houses various cranial nerve nuclei imp for speech production
-the trigeminal and facial nerves have their nuclei located within the pons

Front 1378

What are the 2 biggest recommendations for vocal hygiene?

Back 1378

-hydration
-reduce coughing/clearing throat

Front 1379

Describe VF thickening.

Back 1379

Hyperfunctional voice disorder
-aka reinke's edema and polypoid degeneration
-VFs appear swollen due to periodic, chronic abuse
-jelly-like appearance
-caused by chronic respiratory infections, being in polluted air, and heavy drinking/smoking
-initial stage before nodules

Front 1380

What is diplophonia?

Back 1380

hyperfunctional voice disorder
-false VFs are vibrating with true VFs
-very rare
-hear 2 pitches of voice while person is phonating

Front 1381

What is ventricular dysphonia?

Back 1381

hyperfunctional voice disorder
-just false VFs are vibrating
-very harsh voice

Front 1382

what type/s of dysarthria is associated with long-term exposure to antispychotics

Back 1382

hyperkinetic

Front 1383

Huntington's disease

Back 1383

-Hyperkinetic chorea is a symptom of this

Front 1384

Explain hyperkinetic dysarthria.

Back 1384

Hyperkinetic dysarthria is caused by damage to the frontal lobes and basal ganglia. Speech is characterized by prolonged syllables, and sentences often interrupted by silence or occasional bursts of speech.

Front 1385

In the nasopharynx, if the adenoids are too large, what will the outcome be?

Back 1385

hypernasality

Front 1386

What is an early symptom of ALS?

Back 1386

Hypernasality

Front 1387

Common resonance disorders

Back 1387

hypernasality, hyponasality and nasal emission

Front 1388

resonance disorders

Back 1388

-hypo/hypernasality
-assimilative nasiality
-cul-de-sac resonance

Front 1389

What type of dysarthria is parkinson's typically associated with?

Back 1389

hypokinetic dysarthria

Front 1390

What type of dysarthria is charcterized by the possibility of a rush of rapid speech?

Back 1390

Hypokinetic dysarthria

Front 1391

Explain hypokinetic dysarthria.

Back 1391

Hypokinetic dysarthria is caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Speech is slurred, rapid, and monotonous. The volume of speech decreases progressively at the end of sentences.

Front 1392

Which dysarthria is characterized by increased speech rate?

Back 1392

Hypokinetic dysarthria is the only type of dysarthria in which this phenomenon may be observed

Front 1393

In the nasopharynx, if the adenoids are removed (too much tissue is taken away), what will the outcome be?

Back 1393

hyponasality

Front 1394

Where does the super salivatory nucleus receive input from?

Back 1394

hypothalamus

Front 1395

ataxic- neuromuscular condition

Back 1395

hypotonia; incoordination; slow

Front 1396

Define Hypoxia.

Back 1396

Hypoxia is an abnormally low oxygen levels in the brain

Front 1397

What would you tell someone if they said you should be using standardized tests over non-standardized tests?

Back 1397

I would tell them non-standardized tests give a more dynamic view, but it would be smart to do both types of testing.

Front 1398

Which 2 cranial nerves do not originate in the brainstem?

Back 1398

I. Olfactory
II. Optic

Front 1399

Name the cranial nerves.

Back 1399

I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal

Front 1400

Which muscles create medial VF compression?

Back 1400

IAs (transverse and oblique arytenoids)

Front 1401

Describe vestibular stimulation for tx of left neglect.

Back 1401

-idea is to enhance the automatic orientation toward the left space without the requirement of language-mediated attentive learning
-first sensory stimulation to be used
-insert cold water in ear canal

Front 1402

Describe phonological process analysis.

Back 1402

-identifies process use
-looking at segments (vowels and consonants) and classes of sounds (velars, etc.) and syllable structure (look at developmental and nondevelopmental processes)

Front 1403

What is the protective function of the Circle of Willis?

Back 1403

if one side is affected, it can still function from the other side

Front 1404

What is the critical age hypothesis?

Back 1404

If SSD exists after age 6, there is a higher risk of a reading disorder (because they have imprecise representations of sounds)

Front 1405

homunculus

Back 1405

-illustrates the connections of the primary motor cortex through a point for point representation of muscles in the body in the motor cortex

Front 1406

Describe the productive phonological knowledge (PPK) analysis.

Back 1406

-imitated, monosyllabic words in child's lexicon
-multiple opportunities for analysis of all consonants
-look for consistency of errors
-use with children that have multiple errors

Front 1407

What are the three crucial aspects of behavior modification?

Back 1407

immediacy of consequences
consistency
relevant and appropriate feedback

Front 1408

Immobile articulators include ...

Back 1408

Immobile articulators include the alveolar ridge of the upper jaw and the hard palate

Front 1409

Cerebellum

Back 1409

-imp structure of CNS
-sits below occipital lobe of cerebrum and behind the brain stem
-serves as coordinator of fine motor movements, body posture and balance
-included are running, talking, typing, writing, dancing and playing the piano

Front 1410

hesitancy initiating swallow = what impairment?

Back 1410

impaired cognitive/neural function or oral sensation
(oral issue)

Front 1411

What are the possible neuro and physical issues associated with TBI?

Back 1411

-impaired motor strength, control, and coordination
-sensory deficits
-speech/swallowing problems
-pain
-fatigue and sleep disorders

Front 1412

What is a critical diagnosis of right hemisphere?

Back 1412

Impaired narrative skills

Front 1413

What sensory-based feeding problems are there?

Back 1413

-impaired sensory systems that don't support info for eating/drinking
-cranial nerve damage?
-poor muscle tone and coordination

Front 1414

List oral transit disorders.

Back 1414

-impaired tongue movement patterns
-reduced oral coordination
-reduced oral sensation

Front 1415

slow oral transit time = what impairment?

Back 1415

impaired tongue movement
(oral issue)

Front 1416

What is acquired apraxia of speech?

Back 1416

impairment of the capacity to program commands for volitional speech movements

Front 1417

Which type of memory is most likely preserved?

Back 1417

Implicit memory, which is the unconscious learning which is based on procedures and consequences and often includes motor skills. Explicit memory and episodic memories are least preserved.

Front 1418

What effects might you see on the articulatory system for a person with dysarthria?

Back 1418

-imprecise consonant production
-irregular articulation breakdowns
-prolonged phonemes (especially vowels)
-vowel distortions

Front 1419

The hallmark feature of dysarthria in general is ...

Back 1419

Imprecise consonants is the hallmark feature of dysarthria in general. While not present in all patients with dysarthria, studies by Darley, Aronson, and Brown revealed imprecise consonants to be the most common speech production error in many of the types of dysarthria

Front 1420

What are the speech characteristics associated with unilateral UMN dysarthria?

Back 1420

-imprecise consonants
-slow and imprecise fast repetitive movements (puh, tuh, kuh)
-in general only mild to moderate dysarthria ratings
-good prognosis of recovery

Front 1421

unilateral UMN- oral mechanical

Back 1421

imprecise consonants; dysphagia; poss VPI/C; ataxic-like incoordination; slow AMRs

Front 1422

Explain facilitation/therapeutic techniques.

Back 1422

improve function
-goal: change the swallowing physiology
-used during tx (oral-motor exercises, laryngeal elevation exercises, pharyngeal strengthening,....)

Front 1423

What changes in cough and secretion management are there with the PMV?

Back 1423

-improved sensitivity to cough
-with more forceful, effective cough, less suctioning may be required
-sensing/clearing secretions in upper airway
-able to blow nose
-increased sub-glottal air pressure
-expedites vent and trach weaning

Front 1424

How effective is neck muscle vibration and trunk rotation for tx of left neglect?

Back 1424

-improvements noted in most patients; however, changes were short-lived
-increased visual direction within the left hemi, straight ahead judgment, and neglect hemianesthesia
-with the assistance of a shoulder strap or a corset, improvements of visual detection and exploration toward left hemispace occurred

Front 1425

Describe the Cancellation fluency modification tecniques.

Back 1425

In Cancellation fluency modification tecnique, after a dyfluency occurs, stop; analyze the dysfluency; plan to produce the word in a controlled manner; say it again more fluently.

Front 1426

What are the following postural strategies designed to do?
1. Chin Tuck
2. Effortful Swallow
3. Supraglottic swallow
4. Mendelsohn Maneuver
5. Effortful swallow

Back 1426

In chin tuck, the forward movement of the chin will widen and increase the vallecular space, and facilitate movement of the bolus from that space.
An effortful swallow would reduce pharyngeal residue
Improved closure of the airway would benefit from a supraglottic swallow
Increased laryngeal excursion would benefit from the Mendelsohn Maneuver
A neck extension would aid bolus transfer off the tongue.

Front 1427

Explain the Cognitive-Linguistic approach.

Back 1427

In Cognitive-Linguistic approach is a procedure that focuses on the pattern of sounds rather than the treatment of individual sounds

Front 1428

What are visemes?

Back 1428

-In English, this refers to groups of sounds that share common visual (place of articulation) characteristics. That is, they look alike visually.
-experts have used anywhere from 4 to 12 groups to classify them
-some people have their own way of producing phonemes
-place of articulation changes when we put sounds together

Front 1429

List some symptoms of hyperkinetic dysarthria.

Back 1429

In hyperkinetic dysarthria, muscle tone can range from hypotonic to hypertonic, and even fluctuate between the two.
Speech gives the impression that normal speech is being executed but then is interfered with by regular or unpredictable involuntary movements that distort, slow, or interrupt it

Front 1430

Morphology

Back 1430

in linguistics, morphology is the branch of grammar devoted to the study of the structure or forms of words(the study of word structure)

Front 1431

Where do contact ulcers appear?

Back 1431

in posterior 1/3 of VF (near vocal process of arytenoid-- cartilagenous membrane)

Front 1432

Describe the Preparatory Set fluency modification tecniques.

Back 1432

In Preparatory Set fluecncy modification technique, when about to stutter, implement one or more fluency control techniques to maintain fluency or to stutter in an easy, controlled manner

Front 1433

Describe the Pull-Out fluency modification tecniques.

Back 1433

In Pull-Out fluency modification tecnique, as the dysfluency occurs, stay with it until tension and struggle are let go; and complete the word fluently.

Front 1434

Define recasting

Back 1434

In recasting, the clincian does not explicitly correct the child's erroneous productions, instead repeats it with the errors corrected.

Front 1435

Where does swelling (edema) vocal folds occur? How is this cured?

Back 1435

in Rienke's Space (rienke's edema)
-cured using phonosurgery

Front 1436

articulation

Back 1436

-in speech, movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sound of speech
-One of the 4 basic processes involved in speech production

Front 1437

Where are motor nuclei located?

Back 1437

in the brainstem

Front 1438

Where do most of the cranial nerves originate?

Back 1438

in the brainstem (10 of the 12 do)

Front 1439

monosynaptic connections

Back 1439

In the corticobulbar tract, the synapse is with the cranial nerves via the cranial nerve nuclei at different levels of the brain stem. This is one example.

Front 1440

Where does the 4th ventricle lie?

Back 1440

in the lower brain stem posterior to the pons and medulla anterior to the cerebellum

Front 1441

corpora quadrigemina

Back 1441

-in the midbrain
-made up of the paired inferior and superior coliculi

Front 1442

Where are 5-HT neurons found?

Back 1442

in the pons and medulla

Front 1443

If CNs VII and VIII are not functioning, where is the lesion?

Back 1443

in the region of internal acoustic meatus

Front 1444

What is visual agnosia?

Back 1444

inability to assign meaning to what you see

Front 1445

What is disinhibition?

Back 1445

inability to inhibit one's behavior volitionally

Front 1446

What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?

Back 1446

Incidence is the rate of occurrence in a specified group of people,while prevalence is determined by counting the number of people who currently have the disorder

Front 1447

Wernickes Aphasia

Back 1447

include deficits related to the ability to recognize the adequacy of ones verbal production

Front 1448

food sticks = what predicted swallowing dysfunction?

Back 1448

incomplete bolus clearance
(esophageal disorder)

Front 1449

hypernasal voice = what predicted swallowing dysfunction?

Back 1449

-incomplete VP closure
-nasal reflux
(pharyngeal disorder)

Front 1450

What are red flags for CAS? (know 10)

Back 1450

-inconsistencies
-vowel distortions
-unusual prosody
-non-developemental sounds
-voicing errors
-intonation errors
-groping
-sequencing errors
-suprasegmental differences
-intermittent nasal resonance
-unsuccessful self-correction attempts

Front 1451

For retention, what feedback frequency should you use?

Back 1451

inconsistent, delayed

Front 1452

Describe ataxic dysarthria.

Back 1452

incoordination and reduced muscle tone may account for slowness and inaccuracy of speech movements

Front 1453

What are the salient effects of cerebellar dysfunction (ataxia)?

Back 1453

-incoordination of movements
-reduced muscle tone
-inaccuracy of force, range, timing, and direction of movement (overshooting and undershooting targets)
-"drunken" quality of movements

Front 1454

What are extralinguistic components?

Back 1454

incorporate nonverbal aspects of comm in the form of gestures, facial expressions, and body posture and positioning

Front 1455

How does the degree of difficulty of the target response progress?

Back 1455

increase in length and complexity.
isolation-->syllables-->word-->
phrases-->sentence-->
conversation

decrease of latency between stimulus and response.

Front 1456

What does contraction of the diaphragm during inhalation will result in?

Back 1456

Increase in the size of the thoracic cavity and lungs

Front 1457

What intervention would you use to reduce breathiness with someone who has flaccid dysarthria ?

Back 1457

-Increase medial compression (adduction force) of VFs
-Effortful closure techniques: pushing, pulling, lifting, grunting and controlled coughs
-can also benefit from respiratory support and control to increase subglottal air pressure and overall effortful speech.
-also surgical options; laryngoplasty (implant) and rinnervation of muscles and nerves to the laryngeal mechanism.

Front 1458

What is acute cerebral swelling?

Back 1458

-increased blood flow to the brain because of elevated blood pressure and vasodilation
-causes increased volume within cranium
-more commonly a problem in children than adults

Front 1459

What is cerebral edema?

Back 1459

increased water content in brain

Front 1460

What does the amplifier on a hearing aid do?

Back 1460

Increases the electrical voltage from the microphone-- it makes it larger. Thus, you have an amplified signal. Important here is the concept of GAIN.

Front 1461

What type of analysis is good for use with apraxic patients?

Back 1461

increasing word length analysis

Front 1462

What is independent analysis and what is relational analysis? What does a thorough examination include?

Back 1462

Independent analysis describes the child's speech productions without reference to the adult model. (The child's repertoire and syllable structures)

Relational analysis describes the child's speech with reference to the adult model. (phonological patterns; omissions, substitutions, additions, distortions)

A thorough exam includes both independent and relational analysis.

Front 1463

What is the IASCC?

Back 1463

Index of Augmented Speech Comprehensibility in Children
-assesses intelligibility and comprehensibility
-hierarchy of cuing
-non-standardized

Front 1464

Overshooting or undershooting of an action

Back 1464

indicative of cerebellar involvement

Front 1465

What does IEP stand for?

Back 1465

Individual Education Plan

Front 1466

What is local coherence?

Back 1466

individual utterances relate to immediately preceding utterances

Front 1467

What does IFSP stand for?

Back 1467

Individualized Family Service Plan

Front 1468

Ear Malformation

Back 1468

individuals diagnosed with having hemifacial microsomia are also most likely to have this

Front 1469

What does IDEA stand for?

Back 1469

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act

Front 1470

What are potential problems associated with tracheostomy tubes?

Back 1470

-ineffective cough
-impaired reflex cough (bypass glottis)
-obstructed cervical esophagus (cuff over-inflation)
-tracheomalacia (persistent cuff pressure--can develop into a hole between trachea and esophagus)
-increased aspiration risk (decreased laryngeal elevation, anchoring)

Front 1471

What are alternative names for tongue thrusting?

Back 1471

infantile swallow, reverse swallow, deviant swallow

Front 1472

What structures do the posterior cerebral arteries feed into? (4)

Back 1472

-inferior and medial occipital lobes (visual cortex)
-posterior corpus callosum
-thalamus
-parts of midbrain (red nucleus)

Front 1473

Describe Broca's area.

Back 1473

-inferior frontal gyrus
-only in one hemisphere, usually left

Front 1474

Describe the temporal lobe.

Back 1474

-inferior to lateral sulcus
-hearing center: located in upper half of anterior two thirds of temporal lobe
-primary auditory area
-secondary auditory area

Front 1475

granuloma

Back 1475

-inflamed vascular lesion
-develop on vocal processes of arytenoids
-uni or bi
-caused by vocal abuse, intubation, injury, reflux
-breathy and hoarse, throat clearing,
-tx w/ surgery, voice therapy, or both

Front 1476

Describe the role(s) of the Cortico-bulbar tract-

Back 1476

info carried from the motor cortex to brainstem for speech (i.e., soft palate)

Front 1477

Describe the role(s) of the Cortico-spinal tract

Back 1477

info carried from the motor cortex to spinal cord if for respiration or limbs

Front 1478

What are bipolar cells?

Back 1478

-info from rods and cones is transmitted to front part of retina thru bipolar cells
-transmit info to ganglion cells in anterior layers of retina

Front 1479

What are the goals of voice therapy?

Back 1479

-inform client about voice problem
-provide ways to change way voice sounds
-get best sounding AND feeling voice

Front 1480

What are two ways to assess speech production?

Back 1480

-informal assessments
-formal assessments

Front 1481

What elements should you look for in the language sample?

Back 1481

-informal convo
-problem solving (simi/differ., inferences, what would you do...)
-sequencing (story retell, common activities)

Front 1482

What is the assessment of structure and function of oral motor mechanisms AND what is the process?

Back 1482

-informal oral peripheral examination
-keep client's head upright
-start observation at front of mouth and move to the posterior region

Front 1483

What are infrahyoid muscles?

Back 1483

Infrahyoid muscles are extrinsic laryngeal muscles that serve as laryngeal depressors.

Front 1484

What is the first grammatical morpheme to be used expressively by a child?

Back 1484

–ing

Front 1485

What effect does the amino acid NT GABA have?

Back 1485

inhibitory (IPSP - hyperpolarizing effects--makes cell more negative--cell less likely to fire)

Front 1486

What swallowing symptoms are present from hemispheric strokes?

Back 1486

-initiation
-incoordination of oral movements
-delayed triggering of pharyngeal swallow
-increased pharyngeal transit time
-reduced pharyngeal contraction
-aspiration
-UES dysfunction

Front 1487

What are secondary mechanisms of TBIs?

Back 1487

injuries resulting from the primary mechanisms but not occurring at the time of the injury (chain reaction of events that follow the primary injuries)

Front 1488

Describe the pia mater.

Back 1488

-inner layer of the meninges
-gives shape of gyri, sulci
-innermost, meshlike, vascular layer
-difficult to separate from gray matter
-very finely attached

Front 1489

What does the recurrent branch innervate? AND what happens if this damaged?

Back 1489

innervates all muscles (PCA, LCA, IA, TA) of the larynx except the cricothyroid
-damage = hoarseness

Front 1490

What does the external branch of the superior laryngeal branch innervate? AND what happens if this is damaged?

Back 1490

-innervates the cricothyroid muscle
-damage = monotone pitch

Front 1491

Describe the pharyngeal branch of the nucleus ambiguus of the vagus CN.

Back 1491

innervates:
-all muscles of the pharynx except stylopharyngeus (CN IX)
-all muscles of the palate except tensor veli palatini (CN V3)

Front 1492

Where are nuclei?

Back 1492

inside the CNS

Front 1493

What is ischemia?

Back 1493

insufficiency of blood supply to tissue:
--irreversible damage of nervous tissue as early as 1-2 mins
--tissue dies after 4 mins without O2 at room temp

Front 1494

Why is CAS the preferred label?

Back 1494

-insurance (doesn't like to cover for things labeled developmental)
-geography (preferred in U.S.)

Front 1495

Define intellectual disability.

Back 1495

Intellectual disability is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

Front 1496

What are the 8 different neuropsych assessment categories?

Back 1496

-intellectual
-academic
-language
-motor/visual-motor
-memory
-executive functioning
-processing speed
-brief screeners or batteries

Front 1497

What is the difference among speech intelligibility, supplemented speech
intelligibility, and comprehension

Back 1497

-Intelligibility is how understandable the speech signal is at the SOUND or WORD level
-Supplemented speech intelligibility is using information independent from the speech signal to increase intelligibility. This is considered to be compensatory information (e.g. alphabet boards, semantic topic boards, word/phrase dictionary)
-Comprehension refers to how understandable the message is as a whole. By using supplemented speech it increases the intelligibility of the words and sounds, which in turn increases the listeners comprehension.

Front 1498

What type of articulation error is produced from tongue thrusting?

Back 1498

interdentilization

Front 1499

SLN

Back 1499

-internal branch gives sensory info to larynx
-external gives motor infor to cricothyroid muscle

Front 1500

What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve branch of the nucleus ambiguus of the vagus CN? AND tell whether they are sensory or motor.

Back 1500

-internal branch: sensory
-external branch: motor (innervates one muscle--cricothyroid-->pitch)

Front 1501

What is the major supplier of blood to the brain?

Back 1501

Internal caroid artery

Front 1502

What role does the left hemi play in visuospatial construction?

Back 1502

-internal details (specifics)

Front 1503

List muscles of expiration

Back 1503

Internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, subcoastal, posterior inferior serratus, latissimus dorsi, internal, transverse and external oblique abdominis, quadratus lumborum

Front 1504

What are the 2 sensory pathways of CN X?

Back 1504

-internal superior laryngeal
-recurrent laryngeal nerve

Front 1505

What does ICD-9 stand for?

Back 1505

International Classification of Disabilities - 9th Edition

Front 1506

What does ICF stand for?

Back 1506

International Classification of Function (used to figure out which disabilities SLPs and AuDs work with)

Front 1507

What is markedness?

Back 1507

interplay between marked and unmarked sounds

Front 1508

Describe the parietal lobe.

Back 1508

-interpretation and discrimination of sensory input
-located posterior to the central sulcus
-primary somatosensory cortex
-secondary somatosensory cortex
-sensory inputs

Front 1509

Describe the occipital lobe.

Back 1509

-interpretation and discrimination of visual input
-located posteriorly in cerebral hemispheres
-primary visual cortex
-secondary visual cortex

Front 1510

Auditory training

Back 1510

interpretation of auditory input and would thus teach a client to discriminate speech sounds

Front 1511

what is the difference between intonation and stress?

Back 1511

Intonation refers to the changes in pitch in speech, whereas stress to syllable or word emphasis relative to an entire utterance.

Front 1512

What is the difference between intra-auditory discrimination and inter-auditory discrimination?

Back 1512

intra-auditory discrimination-discriminating errors in one's own speech

inter-auditory discrimination- discriminating errors in someone else's speech

Front 1513

Which type of hematoma is the most serious and most difficult to treat?

Back 1513

intracranial hematoma

Front 1514

Which type of hematoma may have a delayed onset of up to 3 weeks post-injury? AND describe.

Back 1514

intracranial hematoma
-swelling within brain initially controls bleeding; as swelling reduces, bleeding may reoccur and result in formation of hematoma
-must perform repeat CT scans to detect

Front 1515

What are the different routes of drug administration into the body? (5)

Back 1515

-intravenous (IV)
-intraperitoneal (IP- into the gut--lab animals)
-subcutaneous (under the skin)
-intramuscular (IM- into the muscle)
-oral

Front 1516

Several ______ and ______ make up the bulk of the tongue

Back 1516

intrinsic and extrinsic

Front 1517

electromyography (EMG)

Back 1517

-invasive
-measures laryngeal function, needle elctodes are inserted into laryngeal muscles
- useful when trying to dtermine vf pathology

Front 1518

Describe the alphabetic stage.

Back 1518

-Invented spellings are a good indicator of phonological awareness
-The key aspect to the alphabetic stage is using phoneme to grapheme correspondences to decode novel words

Front 1519

What is phonetic inventory (PI) analysis?

Back 1519

-inventory consonants and vowels in the child's repertoire
-can reflect place, manner, voicing abilities

Front 1520

What is a salient characteristic of hyperkinetic dysarthria.

Back 1520

Involuntary movement

Front 1521

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 1521

involuntary movements (can be rhythmic or irregular, rapid or slow)

Front 1522

hyperkinetic- types of movement affected

Back 1522

involuntary mvmts; possibly ONLY during speech; pt may appear watchful in case of mvmt

Front 1523

The cerebellum works ___________, unlike the cerebrum, which works on a __________ basis.

Back 1523

-ipsilaterally
-contralateral

Front 1524

ataxic- speech characteristics

Back 1524

irregular speech AMRs; bad w/ multisyllabic words; impaired prosody; prosodic excess; telescoping; biting lip while speaking or eating

Front 1525

Bilingual english spanish speech error

Back 1525

irregular verbs

Front 1526

Speech Reception Threshold

Back 1526

is a basic component of an evaluation of hearing function. It is measured in decibles and corresponds to the intensity level at which spondaic words can be recognized approx 50% of the time

Front 1527

Myasthenia Gravis

Back 1527

is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal voluntary muscles of the body. The name of myasthenia gravis which is Latin and Greek in origin, literally means "grave muscle weakness". Muscle weakness that increases during periods of activity and improves after periods of rest. Certain muscles such as those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often, but not always involved in this disorder. muscles that control breathing and neck and limb movements may also be affected

Front 1528

Perturbation

Back 1528

is a disturbance in the quality of the laryngeal tone, or fundamental frequency. Fundamental frequency=Fo

Front 1529

Dysarthria

Back 1529

is a motor speech disorder resulting from neurological injury, characterized by poor articulation

Front 1530

Hyperadduction

Back 1530

is a spcific form of muscle tension dysphonia characterised by excessive adduction or coming together of the vocal folds. Habitual use of a hyperadductive phonatory pattern can lead to the developement of vocal fold pathologies such as nodules or polyps

Front 1531

Hyperabduction

Back 1531

is a specific form of muscle tension, dysphonia, characterised by excessive abduction of the vocal cords. This means that the vocal folds are not able to come together or adduct sufficiently in order to produce voice.

Front 1532

Ataxia

Back 1532

is a symptom of coordination problems-clumsy or awkward movements and unsteadiness and occurs in many different diseases and condtions.

Front 1533

Morpheme

Back 1533

is a unit of meaning. Unhappiest-equals 3 morphemes

Front 1534

Using coughing or throat clearing

Back 1534

is an effective treatment to produce phonation in Aphonia

Front 1535

Waveform

Back 1535

is an image tat represents an audio signal or recording.It shows the changes in amplitude over a certain amount of time. The amplitude of the signal is measured on the y-axis(vertically) while time is measured on the x-axis(horizontally)

Front 1536

Glottal Fry

Back 1536

is an indicator of possible contact ulcers

Front 1537

Friedreichs ataxia

Back 1537

is an inherited disease that causes progressive damage to the nervous system resulting in symptoms ranging from gait disturbance and speech problems to heart disease

Front 1538

Acoustic Reflex

Back 1538

is an involuntary muscle contraction that occurs in the middle ear of mannamls in response to high-intensity sound stimuli

Front 1539

Facilitation process

Back 1539

is best described by exploitation of available repertoire and metalinguisteic activities-incorporating new materal into the total existing language system

Front 1540

Syntactic Complexity

Back 1540

is determined by the number of transformational rules that are applied to a given sentence

Front 1541

Flaccid Dysarthria

Back 1541

is most frequently associated with significant dysphagia

Front 1542

Eustachian Tube Dysfunction

Back 1542

is nearly universal in cleft palate patients

Front 1543

Interjudge reliability

Back 1543

is one whose results are replicable even if different people admininster the test

Front 1544

Stroboscopy

Back 1544

is the best measure of viewing the vocal folds during phonation

Front 1545

What are the 4 questions proposed in tx by Olswang and Bain?

Back 1545

-Is the child responding to the intervention program?
-Is clinically significant and important change occurring?
-Is intervention responsible for the change?
-How long should a therapy target be treated?

Front 1546

emotional prosody

Back 1546

is the expression of feelings using prosodic elements of speech. Charles Darwin

Front 1547

Consonant cluster reduction

Back 1547

is the most persistent of the normal developmental processes

Front 1548

phoneme

Back 1548

is the smallest structural unit that distinguishes meaning in a language. are not the physical segments themselves but are cognitive abstractions or categorizations of them

Front 1549

What is a key question to ask for candidacy for a CI?

Back 1549

Is the use of a cochlear implant likely to improve the patient's auditory perceptual skills?

Front 1550

Chewing Technique

Back 1550

is used to reduce muscular tension in the laryngeal area

Front 1551

Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)

Back 1551

is when there is thick or sticky fluid behind the eardrum in the middle ear, with no infection

Front 1552

Interconnections between blood vessels prevent _________ when part of vascular supply is blocked.

Back 1552

ischemia

Front 1553

What are the recovery times for ischemic and hemorhagic strokes

Back 1553

Ischemic stroke = 4 to 6 weeks
Hemohagic strokes = 3 to 6 months

Front 1554

What are the components of a communication evaluation applicable to?

Back 1554

Issues involving:
-speech sounds
-language
-voice
-fluency
-mode of communication

Front 1555

Whispered speech

Back 1555

it is composed largely of aperiodic sounds

Front 1556

What happens to CSF when it is reabsorbed into the venous sinuses thru the arachnoid villa?

Back 1556

it is mixed with other blood and carried down the jugular vein

Front 1557

external auditory meatus/ear canal

Back 1557

-It is the muscular tube that resonates the sound that enters it

Front 1558

The most serious limitiation of employing imitation as an intervention strategy for children with a language impairment

Back 1558

it lacks communicative intention

Front 1559

What style of hearing aid accounts for 1/2 of all sales?

Back 1559

ITE

Front 1560

What are the credentials needed for the future to be an audiologist?

Back 1560

-Jan. 1, 2012 things will change
-all CCC applicants must have doctoral degree
-continuing education required for renewal of credentials
-licensure required for states where it is the law

Front 1561

Define frequency perturbation (jitter) and amplitude perturbation (shimmer)

Back 1561

Jitter is the variation in vocal frequency, while shimmer is the cycle to cycle variation of vocal intensity

Front 1562

What is the difference between jitter and shimmer?

Back 1562

Jitter or frequency perturbation refers to the variation of vocal frequency, while shimmer or amplitude perturbation refers to the cycle to cycle variation of vocal intensity.

Front 1563

Who does Medicaid cover?

Back 1563

Joint federal/state reimbursement program providing health care to low-income families

Front 1564

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

Back 1564

-judgement
-reasoning
-intellectual functioning
-personality
-abstract thinking and long term memory

Front 1565

Why is therapy not a long-term process?

Back 1565

-just need to teach behavioral strategies
-it is up to client to use them

Front 1566

What type of activties may lead to habitual tongue thrusting?

Back 1566

-keep pacifier after 6 months
-sucking on thumb

Front 1567

What are the 2 types of stratified squamous epithelium?

Back 1567

-keratinized (cells that have died off)
-non-keratinized (not dead cells, not inside body, type inside larynx)

Front 1568

What do insecticides do to insects and to humans? AND tell how they affect ACh.

Back 1568

-kill insects by deactivating AChE; may have little effect on humans as our blood contains enzymes that destroys them
-ACh agonist

Front 1569

kinesis

Back 1569

kinesis=movement

Front 1570

What is phonogical/phonemic awareness?

Back 1570

knowledge about the sound system of language

Front 1571

What does KASA stand for? and what is it?

Back 1571

-Knowledge and Skills Acquisition
-effective oral/written communication
-background in life and physical sciences, behavioral sciences, and math
-prevention and identification
-evaluation
-tx

Front 1572

What is phonemic awareness?

Back 1572

-knowledge of individual phonemes
-being able to manipulate phonemes to change words

Front 1573

For acquisition, what feedback type should you use?

Back 1573

knowledge of performance

Front 1574

For retention, what feedback type should you use?

Back 1574

knowledge of results

Front 1575

what is more effective for motor learning: knowledge of results OR performance?

Back 1575

knowledge of results

Front 1576

What is phonological awareness?

Back 1576

knowledge of sentences, words, syllables (larger segments)

Front 1577

hyponasality

Back 1577

-lack of nasal resonance on nasal sounds
substitute b/m, d/n, g/ng
-temporary (colds), enlarged adenoids, mouth breathers

Front 1578

What are the disadvantages of standardized appraisals (formal assessments)? (8)

Back 1578

-lack of speech in context
-may not assess all segments
-minimal variability in production
-no coarticulation
-excessive demands on speaker
-unable to observe other language domains
-bias may occur
-expensive

Front 1579

What areas will you test for communication assessment?

Back 1579

-language deficits (aphasia)
-speech deficits (dysarthria, apraxia, fluency)
-communication deficits (cognitive-communication impairment)

Front 1580

Describe language features of Down Syndrome.

Back 1580

-language development is in normal sequence but takes longer
-strength in gestures
-vocab is better
-syntax hard
-pragmatics

Front 1581

What is the most important informal measure?

Back 1581

Language sample (pragmatics, semantic use, syntax, morphology)

Front 1582

What is the most important diagnostic tool in assessment of TBI survivors who do not have aphasia?

Back 1582

language sampling

Front 1583

What communication skills do you assess?

Back 1583

-language
-cognition
-speech
-swallowing
-hearing
-communication interaction

Front 1584

What is association cortex?

Back 1584

-large areas of the cortex between sensory and motor areas
-cortical areas that are neither motor or sensory (are thought to be involved in higher processing of info)

Front 1585

What are fissures?

Back 1585

large grooves in the cortex

Front 1586

What are polyps? How are they caused? How are they managed?

Back 1586

-larger fluid-filled region
-caused by momentary vocal trauma (can appear with 1 or 2 traumatic events, unlike nodules)
-managed: surgically

Front 1587

Frontal lobe

Back 1587

-largest of all lobes
-major portion of this lobe sits in front of the central sulcus
-a smaller inferior section of this lobe lies above the lateral fissure
-Occupies 1/3 of the cerebral hemisphere
-houses primary motor cortex, the premotor cortex and Brocas area

Front 1588

What are the types of congential voice disorders?

Back 1588

-laryngeal web
-subglottal stenosis
-laryngomalacia or chondromalacia

Front 1589

What are te types of hyperfunctional voice disorders (9)?

Back 1589

-laryngitis
-vocal fold thickening
-vocal nodules
-vocal polyps and cysts
-hemorrhage
-contact ulcers
-muscle tension dysphonia (MTD)
-diplophonia
-ventricular dysphonia

Front 1590

hyoid bone

Back 1590

-larynx is suspended from it
-many extrinsic laryngeal muscles attached to it

Front 1591

What areas does CN X provide sensory to?

Back 1591

-larynx
-pharynx
-thorax
-abdomen

Front 1592

What are the risks for reading disorder?

Back 1592

late talker, family history, and receptive problems

Front 1593

Adduction or approximation of the vocal folds is accomplished through the interaction of the ______ _______ _______, the ________ ________ ________, and the ________ _____________ ___________.

Back 1593

lateral cricoarytenoid muscles, transverse arytenoid muscles, and the oblique arytenoid muscles

Front 1594

Which muscle is responsible for lengthening the vocal folds (medial compression and adduction)?

Back 1594

Lateral Cricoarytenoids Muscle
(LCM)

Front 1595

What is the best pre-operation criteria for speech outcome after pharyngeal flap surgery?

Back 1595

Lateral pharyngeal wall movement

Front 1596

vocal folds

Back 1596

-layered structure
-epithelium
-thyroarytenoid
-lamina propria

Front 1597

List the abductor laryngeal muscles.

Back 1597

LCA, TA and OA
Lateral cricoarytenoids, Transverse arytenoids and oblique arytenoids

Front 1598

TBI or LD: no orientation problems

Back 1598

LD

Front 1599

TBI or LD: have always struggled with learning

Back 1599

LD

Front 1600

TBI or LD: emotional/self-esteem issues due to long-term struggle with academic success

Back 1600

LD

Front 1601

TBI or LD: steady progress

Back 1601

LD

Front 1602

What are mild TBI students often misdiagnosed as?

Back 1602

-LD
-bipolar
-depression
-BD
-ADHD

Front 1603

Name AND describe the drug that alleviates some symptoms associated with Parkinson's.

Back 1603

L-DOPA
-a precursor of DA that, unlike DA, can pass the blood-brain barrier
-causes more DA to be synthesized and released by surviving dopaminergic neurons

Front 1604

What oral stage symptoms are present for ALS?

Back 1604

-leakage
-mastication
-bolus formation
-bolus transport
-residual pooling

Front 1605

What does LRE stand for?

Back 1605

Least Restrictive Environment

Front 1606

What is an ellipsis?

Back 1606

leaving things out (these are okay as long as there is a tie)

Front 1607

What intervention procedures would you use to increase the medial compression of the vocal folds in a person who had bowed vocal folds due to Parkinson’s Disease?

Back 1607

Lee Silverman voice treatment
-designed for parkinsons patients
-first intervention strategy of the program is to increase vocal fold closure time (recallibrates the level of effort the patient uses when speaking causing them to clamp vocal folds together more forcefully)

Front 1608

What is the best EBP for dysarthria?

Back 1608

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)

Front 1609

What are the 2 theories about the brain's management of attention?

Back 1609

-left hemi dominance theory
-right hemi dominance theory

Front 1610

Describe left hemi dominance theory.

Back 1610

-left hemi is dominant for all aspects of attention
-in the normal brain, right hemi attentuates (calms) left hemi's dominance; therefore, person attends to entire personal space
-with right hemi damage, left hemi becomes disinhibited and prompts strong contralateral bias (i.e., attention to right space only)
-over-attend to right space

Front 1611

If you have a lesion after the optic chiasm but before the lateral geniculate body, you have?

Back 1611

left homonymous hemianopsia

Front 1612

What does the side-lying feeding position help with?

Back 1612

-left: decreases GER
-right: promotes gastric emptying
-promotes hand to mouth
-increases timing and coordination (creates neutral oral cavity)
-decreases breathing work
-increases organization and self-calming

Front 1613

What is one symptom that would be associated with disruption of blood flow to the anterior cerebral arteries?

Back 1613

legs

Front 1614

What are the major disadvantages of the Glasgow Coma Scale?

Back 1614

-length of time post-injury will not be consistent from patient to patient (limits severity comparisons- based on arrival to ER)
-drugs to control brain swelling or to relax muscles will adversely affect performance
-high BAC will affect score
-paralysis or hemipareis will affect score

Front 1615

hypokinetic movement

Back 1615

lesion in basal ganglia circuit. Characterized by limited range of movement, bradykinesia, fatigue, difficulty initiating movement, and disordered rates of movements

Front 1616

rigidity

Back 1616

Lesion of the basal ganglia
*Equal contraction of the tensor and flexor muscles so that the body part will not move

Front 1617

What is the difference between the narratives of children with specific language impairment and children without specific language impairment?

Back 1617

Less conjunctions and elaborate noun phrases

Front 1618

What is one of the best predictors of early word reading?

Back 1618

letter knowledge

Front 1619

The muscles that elevate the soft palate are called ...

Back 1619

Levator palatini muscles

Front 1620

Which muscle is the primary elevator of the velum?

Back 1620

Levator veli palatini

Front 1621

What muscles are involved in VP closure?

Back 1621

levator veli palatini
tensor palatini

Front 1622

velum contains several muscles including the ______ ______ ______, _______ _______ ______, __________, __________, and ________

Back 1622

levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, palatopharyngeus, and uvulae

Front 1623

List national dysphagia diet levels.

Back 1623

-level 1: dysphagia pureed (cohesive food w/ little mastication)
-level 2: mechanically altered (semi-solid moist foods--oatmeal, soft veggies, wet-chopped meat)
-level 3: dysphagia advanced (bite-sized, require more mastication--well-moistened, not dry)
-level 4: regular diet

Front 1624

What perceptual measures might be used to assess the respiratory ability of a person with motor speech disorder?

Back 1624

-Level of speech loudness
-Consistency of loudness
-Uncontrolled alternations
-Increased loudness
-Quiet phonation
-Breathing pattern (Inspiratory: expiratory ratio for speakers in 1:6)
-Loci of inhalations (sentences, phrases, middle of word)

Front 1625

What is the primary muscle for soft palate movement and velopharyngeal closure?

Back 1625

Levetor veli palatini

Front 1626

premotor cortex (aka supplementary motor cortex)

Back 1626

-lies anterior to precentral sulcus
-a fissure situated in front of the primary motor cortex
-may help complex and skilled motor movements such as playing the piano and producing prepositional speech

Front 1627

Where is the 3rd ventricle located?

Back 1627

-lies between the 2 lateral halves of the thalamus
-extends anteriorly and inferiorly into the midline plane between the 2 halves of the hypothalamus

Front 1628

What is a cyst?

Back 1628

like a polyp (removed via surgery, due to trauma)

Front 1629

What is the rationale for training broad?

Back 1629

Limited practice with a range of sound contrasts.
GOAL: The goal is to expose the child to a wide range of target sound productions so that this broad-based training facilitates the simultaneous acquisition of several treatment targets.

Front 1630

What pulmonary sensory deficits are there?

Back 1630

-limited saliva, breath, and secretions in mouth
-prolonged oral intubation
-negative experiences (pain) w/out positive oral experiences early due to medically fragile
-limited exposure to smell/taste
-no messy play due to medically fragile

Front 1631

Name 2 motor/visual-motor assessments.

Back 1631

-Line Bisection Test
-Finger Tapping Test

Front 1632

What tests are available for tests of visual neglect?

Back 1632

-line bisection
-cancellation
-picture description
-drawing
-reading
-writing
-ADL tasks (baking tray task)

Front 1633

Describe low-tech methods for visual spatial training for left neglect.

Back 1633

-line cut-outs to isolate a single line of text
-visual cue to indicate left side of page (e.g., highlight)
-tactile cue to indicate left side of page (scan with hands til they hit other hand on left side)
-auditory cues to scan to left

Front 1634

What oral symptoms are present with parkinsons?

Back 1634

-lingual tremor
*-repetitive tongue pumping (spillage)
-prolonged ramplike posture
-piecemeal (don't put all in 1 bolus)
-velar tremor
-buccal retention

Front 1635

What components of communication need assessment?

Back 1635

-linguistic
-extralinguistic
-paralinguistic

Front 1636

What does the L in the CALMS focus on?

Back 1636

LINGUISTIC
-language skills
-communication skills
-phonological and language (concomitant disorders)

Front 1637

What are the structures of the speech mechanism?

Back 1637

-lip
-teeth
-tongue
-hard and soft palate
-nasopharynx

Front 1638

By age 5, what processes should be suppressed?

Back 1638

-liquid simplification
-interdentalization

Front 1639

words that describe code of ethics include:

Back 1639

-living documents (changing)
-flexible
-user-friendly
-jargon free

Front 1640

flaccid- location

Back 1640

LMN (FCP); PNS (muscle weakness)

Front 1641

What type of damage causes flaccid dysarthria?

Back 1641

-LMN damage
-damage to the motor units of cranial, cranial nerves, or spinal nerves that serve the speech muscles
-can be isolated to lesions of single cranial or spinal nerves

Front 1642

Describe Bells Palsy.

Back 1642

-LMN paralysis of muscle of one side of face
-no known etiology (thought to be viral or immune deficiency)
-usually resolves spontaneously in 3-4 weeks)

Front 1643

What are the 2 types of coherence?

Back 1643

local coherence and global coherence

Front 1644

What does LEA stand for?

Back 1644

Local Education Agency (public schools)

Front 1645

What is Rancho Level III?

Back 1645

Localized Response
-localized but inconsistent
-may inconsistently follow simple commands
-often delayed

Front 1646

What type of motor is present for minimal consciousness?

Back 1646

-localized
-reaches
-automatic movements

Front 1647

Describe vocal nodules.

Back 1647

-localized, benign lesions at middle/anterior glottis junction
-commonly bilateral
-get firmer over time (more fibrous tissue)
-caused from deliberate vocal abuse

Front 1648

sternum

Back 1648

located anterior surface of ribs

Front 1649

UMN are located where AND carry info where?

Back 1649

-located in CNS (never leave it)
-carry info into brain (stop at brainstem)

Front 1650

What is the secondary auditory area?

Back 1650

-located in temporal lobe
-interprets the meaning of the spoken word and music

Front 1651

What is the primary auditory area?

Back 1651

-located in temporal lobe
-specific tone discrimination
-loudness
-quality of sound

Front 1652

primary motor cortex

Back 1652

-located on precentral gyrus
-controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body
-All muscles of the body (including speech production ones) are connected to this through descending motor nerve cells

Front 1653

Occipital lobe

Back 1653

-located posterior to the parietal lobe and superior to cerebellum
-makes up most posterior portion of the cerebrum
-primarily concerned with vision
-little relation to speech, language and hearing

Front 1654

middle and inferior peduncles

Back 1654

located within the pons
-connection point between various cerebral strutures and the cerebllum

Front 1655

What is tetanus?

Back 1655

-lockjaw
-bacteria releases chemical that prevents the release of glycine

Front 1656

List the stages of literacy development.

Back 1656

-Logographic Stage
-Alphabetic Stage
-Orthographic Stage and Automatic Sight Word Recognition Stage

Front 1657

fragile x

Back 1657

-long large poorly formed pinna, big jaw, high forehead, enlarged testes
- intellectual disability progressively gets worse
-jargon, perseveration, echolalia, lack of gestures, voice and artic problems
- hyperactive, autistic like social skills, socially withdraw
-EI crucial

Front 1658

Rooms with more reflective surfaces have _______ (longer or shorter) reverberation times.

Back 1658

longer

Front 1659

What is the largest fissure in the brain?

Back 1659

longitudinal fissure

Front 1660

What are 4 major sulci in the brain?

Back 1660

-longitudinal fissure
-central sulcus (divides frontal and parietal lobes)
-lateral sulcus (Sylvian)
-parieto-occipital

Front 1661

hyperkinetic- etiology

Back 1661

long-term exposure to Rx (antipsychotics); Huntington's, infectious disease (AIDS, diphtheria)

Front 1662

Describe canonical form analysis.

Back 1662

-look at sequences of syllables in words
-determine if syllables are being repeated to simplify words
-good for use with CSS

Front 1663

If child is not making progress, what should you do?

Back 1663

-look at tx
-look at underlying disorder/cause
-go back to cumulative folder/original reports
-change frequency of sessions
-change type of delivery (traditional, phonological, motor speech)

Front 1664

Advocacy...

Back 1664

look over Wacker/Rowland slides

Front 1665

Why would you choose a standardized test over non-standardized?

Back 1665

-looks at all sounds
-standard score for progress
-compare to peers
-shows areas of strengths and weaknesses

Front 1666

Describe the Erickson S-24 Scale.

Back 1666

-looks at attitudes
-similar to CAT
-for adults
-communications anxiety scale

Front 1667

What is the ansa hypoglossal?

Back 1667

loop that connects the cervical nerve to the branch of the hypoglossal nerve

Front 1668

What could go wrong if there was a lesion in the semantic region (perisylvian and/or extrasylvian region)?

Back 1668

-lose meaning info, but may access some semantic info so they come up with a related word
-anomia: say wrong word when shown pic
-agraphia: may or may not write regular, irregular, and nonwords to dictation depending on extent of other damage; cannot write words when shown pic
-alexia: may or may not read regular, irregular, and nonwords depending on extent of other and nonwords depending on extent of other damage; cannot associate read words with meaning - reading without comprehension

Front 1669

What is ataxic dysarthria?

Back 1669

loss of coordination in speech (slurred, slow, variable pitch, variable movement, alternating tones)

Front 1670

What is ataxic dysarthria?

Back 1670

-loss of coordination
-reduced tone
-inaccuracy in force, range, timing, and direction of speech movements

Front 1671

spasticity

Back 1671

Loss of motor/reflex inhibition; excessive motor contraction
*Lesion in motor cortex (upper motor neuron bilateral) corticobulbar tracts
*Speech characteristics: rough phonation, strained-strangled, short breath groups, hyperynasality, imprecise articulation

Front 1672

What is hemianopsia?

Back 1672

loss of one half of visual field in each eye (e.g.; would affect left field of both eyes)

Front 1673

What is the most common sensory deficit associated with TBIs?

Back 1673

loss of smell

Front 1674

What is anosmia?

Back 1674

loss of smell (often coincides with decreased taste)

Front 1675

aphonia

Back 1675

loss of voice, inability to speak

Front 1676

What does an UMN lesion of CN VII cause?

Back 1676

loss of voluntary control of only lower muscles of facial expression contralateral innervation

Front 1677

What is diaschisis?

Back 1677

loss or decrease of function that is observable in early periods of recovery and that involves structurally unaffected brain regions connected directly to damaged areas

Front 1678

Look at Profile of Phonologically-Disordered Speech slide on last page of notes.

Back 1678

lots of information on that slide!

Front 1679

Receivers operate just like ___________.

Back 1679

Loudspeakers.

Front 1680

A drug with high affinity will produce effects at _____ concentrations.

Back 1680

low

Front 1681

There is a ________ (low or high) correlation between normal IQ and articulation.

Back 1681

low

Front 1682

What are the 4 segments of the PE segment?

Back 1682

-lower edge of inferior constrictor
-cricopharyngeus
-inner circular fibers
-outer longitudinal fibers

Front 1683

What forms connections between muscles and CNS (motor cortex)?

Back 1683

lower motor neurons

Front 1684

Hypoglossus

Back 1684

lowers the tongue

Front 1685

Give examples of hallucinogens.

Back 1685

LSD, Mescaline, Psilocybin, Peyote, marijuana

Front 1686

thoracic cavity

Back 1686

-lungs are housed in thoracic cavity
-contains a bony structure, a muscular portion, and the respiratory passages

Front 1687

What are the 2 parts to the linguistic components of communication?

Back 1687

macrolinguistics and microlinguistics

Front 1688

soma (aka cell body) of the nerve cell

Back 1688

-made up of the nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm of the nerve cell

Front 1689

How are the transmitter and receiver of CIs coupled?

Back 1689

magnetically. the transmitter can be placed on or taken off by the patient

Front 1690

What is the main concern for selection in the CA? What are the 2 main steps in selection of target patterns?

Back 1690

Main concern for selection is intelligibility.
1. Create a hierarchy pf phonological patterns present at least 40% of the time during assessment
2. consider the most stimulable patterns as most optimal and first so the child can achieve immediate success.

Front 1691

Name/describe the fifth phase.

Back 1691

Maintenance across time-ultimate goal* maintenance of new learned skill in various natural environments across time.

Front 1692

Describe sustained attention.

Back 1692

maintenance of attention over time

Front 1693

What are the 2 extensions of the hyoid?

Back 1693

-major cornu (extend posterior)
-minor cornu

Front 1694

primary sensory cortex (PSC)

Back 1694

-major portion of this located on postcentral gyrus
-receives sensory somatic information from all the muscles of the body (inc those of face, neck and head)

Front 1695

What is environmental manipulation?

Back 1695

make changes in the environment to compensate for persistent deficits (change environment rather than the person)

Front 1696

What will the lack of AMPA receptors do?

Back 1696

make it difficult to learn/re-learn new information

Front 1697

Describe barbiturates.

Back 1697

-make many of inhibitory synapses stick "open"
-thus, barbiturates produce "super-inhibition"

Front 1698

Describe male and female VFs.

Back 1698

-Male: 3/4 to 1" long. more massive. less tension.
-Female: 1/2-3/4" long

Front 1699

Are TBIs more common in males or females?

Back 1699

males (2 times)

Front 1700

What are risk factors for speech-language problems?

Back 1700

-Males
-Perinatal Factors (extreme stress, maternal infections, medications that damage the fetus, late/no prenatal care, assisted/induced delivery, pre-term birth, post-partum resuscitation)
-Multiple Births (twin birth, older siblings delay expressive lang dev.)
-Otitis Media
-Asthma
-Hearing Impairment - identified after 6 months
-Excessive sucking
-Breastfeeding less than 9 months
-Temperament (negative affect, reactive temperament)
-Maternal age at birth
-Paternal family history is significant

Front 1701

What is malingering?

Back 1701

Malingering stuttering is when the speaker is pretends to stutter for secondary gains

Front 1702

Lateralization of fricatives and affricates are common in children with repaired cleft palates, and are mostly attributed to what?

Back 1702

Malocclusion between top and bottom teeth

Front 1703

How are granulomas treated?

Back 1703

-manage GERD
-meds and diet regulations

Front 1704

What would happen if there were an LMN lesion of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 1704

-mandible will deviate toward the affected side due to unopposed pull of lateral pterygoid
-ipsilateral flaccidity or paralysis and atrophy

Front 1705

Independent Variable

Back 1705

manipulated or selected by the researcher to determine its effect on the dependent variable(ex. manipulating vocal loudness to see its effect on prosodic Fo and durational variables)

Front 1706

What instrument is used to measure differences in air pressures?

Back 1706

Manometer

Front 1707

List examples of non-electronic communication aids.

Back 1707

Manual boards, books, and wallets/communication books are examples of non-electronic communicton aids.

Front 1708

What does the term "the walking wounded" mean?

Back 1708

many consequences of TBI are not visible

Front 1709

What approach would you use for decreased pharyngeal contraction?

Back 1709

masako maneuver (tongue between teeth)

Front 1710

For acquisition, what practice distribution should you use?

Back 1710

mass practice

Front 1711

What is training deep (vertical)?

Back 1711

-Mass practice on a limited range of treatment targets.
-One or two goals are trained to a performance criterion (whatever is determined) and the child has to reach it before moving on to another target.
-So, if a child has three pattern errors, the clinician might target one process, work on it until a child reaches a certain criterion, and then moves to the next target.

Front 1712

What is the rationale for training deep?

Back 1712

Mass practice on a restricted set of targets facilitates generalization to other nontrained items AND some clients do best when focusing on only a few targets, rather than many.
(GOAL: The goal of deep training is based primarily on stabilizing the accuracy of sound production rather than on rule learning.)

Front 1713

What 3 factors are essential to the traveling wave on the basilar membrane

Back 1713

Mass, elasticity and fluid movement.

Front 1714

What are the muscles of mastication that cranial nerve V has motor pathways to?

Back 1714

-masseter (elevates jaw)
-temporalis (elevates jaw)
-anterior belly of the digastric (lowers jaw)
-medial and lateral pterygoid (protrusion of jaw)
-mylohyoid (lowers jaw and elevates tongue and floor of oral cavity)
-tensor veli palatini (tenses soft palate)
-tensor tympani (tenses tympanic membrane)

Front 1715

What are the credentials currently needed to be an audiologist?

Back 1715

-master's or doctoral degree from CAA accredited program of ASHA
-75 hrs of graduate credit
-complete supervised postgraduate experience

Front 1716

Why did the studies done in the 70's show that children with hearing aids performed worse than the HOH children who did not?

Back 1716

-materials presented as one-word, single-syllable words
-crappy technology
-only had 1 hearing aid

Front 1717

What role does the left hemi play in calculation?

Back 1717

math symbolization (order matters)

Front 1718

What is maxillary hypoplasia?

Back 1718

Maxillary Hypoplasia is when maxilla does not grow as fast as the mandible.

Front 1719

What are the disadvantages to using a connected speech sample? (5)

Back 1719

-may have challenges with elicitation
-unintelligibility may be an issue
-time consuming analysis
-transcription may be difficult
-much more subjective; more room for error; more bias


-BUT...it really should be part of the diagnositc process!

Front 1720

For the purpose of a phonetic assessment, is a child able to produce error phonemes?

Back 1720

may not be able to

Front 1721

For the purpose of a phonological assessment, is the child likely to maintain contrastiveness (can contrast between correct and error words)?

Back 1721

may not be able to

Front 1722

What is mixed dysarthria?

Back 1722

may not be clear cut, overlaps of different types of dysarthria

Front 1723

What is the McDonald's Sensory Motor Approach?

Back 1723

McDonald's Sensory Motor Approach is based on the assumption that the syllable and not the isolated phoneme is the basic unit of speech production. This approach is helpful for children with oro-motor articulation disfficulties.

Front 1724

What is the mean age of stuttering? median age?

Back 1724

mean = 5
median = 4

Front 1725

What does MLU stand for?

Back 1725

Mean Length of Utterance

Front 1726

What is synaptic plasticity?

Back 1726

means that the brain's pathways are capable of changing

Front 1727

What is Percentage of Consonants Correct a measure of?

Back 1727

-measure of severity

Front 1728

What does Glasgow Coma Scale measure?

Back 1728

-measures a person's level of consciousness
-state of arousal and awareness of external environment

Front 1729

pretest-posttest control group design

Back 1729

-measures effects of 1 tx

Front 1730

multigroup pretest-posttest design

Back 1730

-measures the effects of 2 or more tx's

ex: which tx is more effective

Front 1731

electroglottography (EGG)

Back 1731

-measures vf closure patterns
-noninvasive
-surface electrodes placed on both sides of thyroid carilidge

Front 1732

electorglottography (EGG)

Back 1732

-measures vf closure patterns
-noninvasive
-surface electrodes placed on both sides of thyroid carilidge

Front 1733

What type of problems are voice problems?

Back 1733

mechanical and respiratory

Front 1734

What are the special sensory nuclei?

Back 1734

-medial geniculate
-lateral geniculate

Front 1735

What structures do the anterior cerebral arteries feed into? (6)

Back 1735

-medial surface of frontal and parietal lobes
-cortex and white matter of inferior frontal lobe
-anterior corpus callosum
-limbic structures
-head of caudate
-anterior limb of internal capsule

Front 1736

Describe the nucleus solitarius branch of CN X.

Back 1736

mediates larynx, pharynx, thorax, and abdomen

Front 1737

What type of diagnosis is needed for a neurological impairment?

Back 1737

medical (not SLP)

Front 1738

What things should you ask about in the history?

Back 1738

-medical history
-developmental history
-family history
-communication skills
-psychosocial skills
-motor skills
-current medical status

Front 1739

Who does Medicare cover?

Back 1739

Medicare covers health care services for people age 65 and over, those receiving Social Security disability payment for more than 2 years, and all who have end stage renal disease

Front 1740

Where does the substantia nigra get its black color from?

Back 1740

-melanin which is a natural by-product that is produced by the breakdown of DA
-dissection of this region in individuals with Parkinson's reveals only a pale color

Front 1741

What is MIT?

Back 1741

-Melodic Intonation Therapy
-compensatory tx
-pair spoken phrase/sentence with a melodic tune (usually 2 pitches)
-hum then add words
-best for those with good comp., mild aphasia and apraxia
-generalization?

Front 1742

___________ form the cisterns of the subarachnoid space.

Back 1742

membranes

Front 1743

What are meninges and what is their function?

Back 1743

-membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
-function: --provide protection against the rough surface of the skull
--cushions brain against external forces

Front 1744

What do the anterior and middle 1/3's of the glottis make up?

Back 1744

-membranous glottis (most contact occurs here; vocal nodules occur here)

Front 1745

What are common cognitive challenges associated with TBIs?

Back 1745

-memory impairments
-slowed processing speed
-attention deficits
-language and comm deficits
-impaired executive functioning
-decreased IQ
-initiation problems

Front 1746

How does pitch change for men and women as they age?

Back 1746

-men: rises (old)
-women: falls

Front 1747

What condition is characterized by vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss and pressure in the affected ear?

Back 1747

Menieres disease

Front 1748

Sensory neurons have cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion and project centrally to the....

Back 1748

-mesencephalic nucleus
-principle sensory nucleus (pontine trigeminal nucleus)
-spinal nucleus (nucleus of spinal tract)

Front 1749

What is signal to noise ratio somtimes referred to as (not SNR or S/N)?

Back 1749

-Message to Competition Ration (MCR)
-Signal to Babble Ratio (S/B)

Front 1750

Define the phonological process of of metathesis.

Back 1750

Metathesis is the production of sounds in a word in reversed order e.g. pik for kip

Front 1751

What is the hindbrain composed of?

Back 1751

metencephalon

Front 1752

What are the external components of CIs?

Back 1752

-microphone
-speech processor
-transmitter

Front 1753

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

Back 1753

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla

Front 1754

Damage to which arteries affect Broca's area, Wernicke's area, and the primary motor strip?

Back 1754

middle cerebral arteries affect these

Front 1755

Blockage of which artery would be most commonly associated with speech/language problems?

Back 1755

middle cerebral artery

Front 1756

What is the artery that is the major supplier of blood for language, speech and hearing functions?

Back 1756

Middle cerebral artery, damage causes stroke and aphasia and impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch and position

Front 1757

What is the outcome rating for a person who has been unconscious for 5 to 60 minutes?

Back 1757

mild

Front 1758

Right hemisphere damaged patient have language impairments characterized by:

Back 1758

Mild language impairments with ability to meet daily needs with potentially significant non-linguistic and extra linguistic communication impairments

Front 1759

Name symptoms of Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21).

Back 1759

-mild to moderate MR
-hypotonia
-facial features
-hyperflexible joints
-heart and respiratory problems
-ear anomalies
-oral-motor difficulties
-deficits in speech, language, and hearing

Front 1760

What are the most common causes of mild TBIs? Severe TBIs?

Back 1760

-Mild: falls and fights
-Severe: traffic accidents

Front 1761

What are characteristics of post-traumatic epilepsy (seizures)?

Back 1761

-Mild: tingling, numbness, hallucinations, repetitive/involuntary muscle movements, inattention
-Severe: loss of consciousness, thrashing
-over 40 types of seizures

Front 1762

ITC hearing aids are primarily for those that have _______-_______hearing loss.

Back 1762

Mild-moderate

Front 1763

What is Milieu Teaching?

Back 1763

Milieu Teaching refers to a group of techniques that teaches functional communication skills trough the use of typical, everyday verbal interactions that arise naturally.

Front 1764

What is MSPI?

Back 1764

Milk Soy Protein Intolerance
-develops around 2-3 weeks and usually outgrows by 12 mts
-no meds, just eliminate substances from diet
-symptoms: inconsolable crying, insatiable hunger or food refusal, reflux and vomiting, rash, blood/mucus in stool

Front 1765

Name a brief battery or screening for TBI.

Back 1765

Mini Mental Status Examination (assesses orientation)

Front 1766

Define Minimal-pair-contrast approach

Back 1766

Minimal pair is a pair is a set of words that differs by a single phoneme, and that single phoneme conveys a totally different meaning.

Front 1767

In sound production treatment of apraxia of speech, the type of stimulus used is ...

Back 1767

Minimal pairs

Front 1768

Define minimal pairs.

Back 1768

Minimal pairs are pairs of words that differ by one feature, e.g. shine and pine.

Front 1769

What are the 3 ways contrasting features are taught? Describe.

Back 1769

MINIMAL PAIRS: most common approach. Only 1 phoneme contrast; productions must be semantically meaningful.

MAXIMAL CONTRAST: multiple or all features contrasted. It's different from MP in that we must pair an already mastered sound with an incorrect sound.

MULTIPLE CONTRASTS:
*used for children who substitute different sounds for one sound.
-several multiple pairs used to contrast all errors
-multiple sets may be used.

Front 1770

List impaired tongue movement patterns (oral prep disorder).

Back 1770

-minimal-diminished
-disorganized
-anterior tongue thrust (CP)
-lingual-rocking (parkinsons)
-piecemeal deglutition (small bits back, not full bolus)
-decreased back of tongue control

Front 1771

What is the code of ethics?

Back 1771

-minimally acceptable professional conduct
-affirmative obligations under all conditions of professional activity

Front 1772

What are individuals in a minimally conscious state called?

Back 1772

minimally responsive or slow to recover

Front 1773

What do you focus your tx on for the compensation model?

Back 1773

-minor hemi (combo of restoration and compensation model)
-functional communication

Front 1774

pectoralis major

Back 1774

-minor muscles (pectoralis major and minor) help to elevate the ribs
-originates at the head of the humerus bone and inserts to the anterior end of the clavicle, sternum and costal cartilages 2 to 6

Front 1775

Indirect laryngoscopy

Back 1775

-mirror used to view laryngeal structures during phonation

Front 1776

List compensatory tx's.

Back 1776

-MIT
-communication boards and notebooks
-CVIC
-MossTalk
-writing words or letters
-drawing pictures

Front 1777

Is the facial nerve motor, sensory, or mixed?

Back 1777

mixed

Front 1778

What type of nerve is cranial nerve V?

Back 1778

mixed (anterior- motor, posterior- sensory)

Front 1779

What is the term used to describe a reduction in hearing sensitivity due to a combination of outer or middle and inner ear?

Back 1779

Mixed Hearing Loss

Front 1780

T or F: TBI survivors have poor attending behavior.

Back 1780

Mixed research (may be hypervigilant due to ability to focus on one task without getting bored, but complex tasks may suffer)

Front 1781

Nonfluent
Good repetition

Back 1781

Mixed transcortical
Transcortical motor

Front 1782

Is CN IX sensory, motor, or mixed? AND what type of innervation does it supply?

Back 1782

-mixed
-bilateral

Front 1783

Is Vagus CN ("The Wanderer") sensory, motor, or mixed? AND what type of innervation does it provide?

Back 1783

-mixed
-bilateral innervation

Front 1784

What is the formula for calculating the mean length utterance (MLU)?

Back 1784

MLU = total number of morphemes divided by the total number of utterances.

Front 1785

What are the different ways you can analyze a spontaneous speech sample?

Back 1785

MLU, intelligibility, types of words, Brown's stages, stuttering, voice, expressive and receptive language, articulation

Front 1786

What are some strategies to teach?

Back 1786

-mnemonics
-visual organization
-break procedures into small steps
-learn concepts rather than individual facts
-organizing, sequencing, and pragmatics for presentations

Front 1787

Mobile articulators include...

Back 1787

Mobile articulators include the tongue, lower jaw, velum (soft palate), lips and cheeks

Front 1788

What is the outcome rating for a person who has been unconscious for 1 to 24 hours?

Back 1788

moderate

Front 1789

List characteristics of Fragile X.

Back 1789

-moderate mental retardation
-dysmorphic features (elogated face, high arched palate, large head and ears, flat feet, hypotonia, large hands with hyperextensible finger joints)

Front 1790

What is the MEBD?

Back 1790

-Modified Evans Blue Dye Test
-assessment tool used w/ trachs
-presented food/liquids dyed blue
-varying bolus sizes
-immediate and delayed suctioning

Front 1791

What phonatory impairments does one expect with hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 1791

monoloudness, reduced loudness, monopitch, breathy/rough phonation, excessive rate, rushes of speech, difficulty initiating speech

Front 1792

hypokinetic - speech characteristics

Back 1792

monopitch and monoloudness; rushes of speech; imprecise; reduced prosody

Front 1793

What does serotonin (5-HT) play a role in the regulation of?

Back 1793

-mood
-eating
-sleep
-arousal
-pain
-dreaming

Front 1794

The longer the reverberation time, the _______ (more or less) detrimental to speech recognition.

Back 1794

more

Front 1795

Describe Rett's Syndrome.

Back 1795

-more boys than girls
-appear normal up to 5 to 18 months of age
-then: head growth decelerates, loss of social engagement, loss of purposeful hand and developmental movements, poorly coordinated gait and trunk, severely impaired language and cognitive development

Front 1796

Are blast waves more damaging in air or water? Why?

Back 1796

-more damaging in water
-because water has higher density

Front 1797

By the time a child graduates from high school, how much money can be saved in special education services if a child is identified and placed in intervention early?

Back 1797

more than $400K

Front 1798

What SSI-3 score do CWS have?

Back 1798

more than 18

Front 1799

Do TBI survivors have more trouble with cohesion or coherence?

Back 1799

more trouble with coherence

Front 1800

Do TBI survivors have more trouble with global or local coherence?

Back 1800

more trouble with global coherence

Front 1801

Define Morphology?

Back 1801

Morphology is concerned with the internal organization of words.

Front 1802

What are some of the key features of the adaptation effect?

Back 1802

-most adaptation occurs between the 1st and 2nd repetition/reading
-children and adults show the effect
-adaptation occurs with word lists, reading passages, to some extent, spontaneous speech (if they say same thing each time)
-5 repetitions/readings is usually enough to see the effect
-decreased stuttering is also associated with decreases in muscle tension and improvements in physiological activity
-during repeated readings, you may see the consistency effect

Front 1803

Describe the creation of NTs.

Back 1803

most are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the terminal buttons and stored into newly formed synaptic vesicles

Front 1804

mixed- types of movement affected

Back 1804

most common combos are flaccid-spastic and ataxic-spastic

Front 1805

hypernasility

Back 1805

-most common resonance problem
-too much nasal sound
-caused by functional (Deaf) or organic (cleft palate) , velopharyngeal insufficiency

Front 1806

medulla

Back 1806

-most inferior portion of brain stem
-sometimes called medulla oblongata

Front 1807

What structures do the middle cerebral arteries feed into?

Back 1807

-most of cortex and white matter (including frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insular)
-smaller pentrating branches supply:
--basal ganglia
--posterior limb of the internal capsule (many descending tracts can be affected)

Front 1808

What is quasi periodic vibratory manner?

Back 1808

most of the cycles are the same but some are different (i.e., vocal jitter and shimmer)

Front 1809

What is filtered by the blood-brain barrier?

Back 1809

-most substances including proteins and antibiotics
-in some special regions that BBB is weak

Front 1810

What type of cavities are most impacted by blast injuries? Second?

Back 1810

-Most: air-filled cavities (lungs, middle ear, sinuses)
-Second: fluid-filled cavities (i.e., brain)

Front 1811

Why are individual client needs important for EBP?

Back 1811

motivation, functionality, meets individualized needs/differences in goals

Front 1812

What type of input does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide?

Back 1812

motor (cricothyroid)

Front 1813

Axons

Back 1813

-motor (efferent) processes that transmit information away from the cell body to other nerve cells
-The neural messages conveyed from one nerve cell to another through these specialized extensions can be inhibitory or excitatory
-Can communicate with various targets including a muscle, a gland, or other nerve cells

Front 1814

What 3 nuclei of the facial nerve originate from the lower pons? AND what do they innervate?

Back 1814

-motor (face)
-nucleus of the tractus solitarius
-parasympathetic (superior salvitory nucleus)

Front 1815

What type of input does the recurrent branch provide?

Back 1815

motor and sensory (all but cricothyroid)

Front 1816

accessory nerve (XI)

Back 1816

-motor nerve
-is a cranial and spinal nerve
-some fibers originate in the brain stem and others originate in the spinal cord

Front 1817

hypoglossal nerve

Back 1817

-motor nerve
-primarily innervates muscles of the tongue

Front 1818

Apraxia is a motor planning or neuromuscualar control issue?

Back 1818

motor planning issue

Front 1819

What is apraxia?

Back 1819

motor planning problem

Front 1820

Describe the recurrent laryngeal nerve branch of the nucleus ambiguus of the vagus CN.

Back 1820

-motor to intrinsic muscles of larynx
-sensory to regions below vocal folds

Front 1821

Describe the dorsal nucleus branch of CN X.

Back 1821

-motor
-parasympathetic: involuntary muscles of bronchi, esophagus, heart, stomach, small intestine and most of large intestine

Front 1822

What does the M in the CALMS focus on?

Back 1822

MOTOR
-types of disfluencies
-forms of disfluencies
-frequency in oral reading and speech
-duration of stuttering event
-secondary behaviors

Front 1823

Why would a person stutter about the same in reading or conversation?

Back 1823

-motor-based issue
-context doesn't matter
-consisten pattern of stuttering

Front 1824

abduct

Back 1824

-move away
-open

Front 1825

adduct

Back 1825

-move toward middle
-close

Front 1826

Describe the role(s) of facial nerve

Back 1826

movement of the face (e.g., cheeks, lips) and production of saliva

Front 1827

What is Dopamine (DA) important for?

Back 1827

-movement
-attention
-learning
-reinforcing effects of drugs that people abuse

Front 1828

What is the multiple phoneme approach? Who is it best for? How is it similar to the traditional approach?

Back 1828

MPA teaches multiple phonemes simultaneously & analyzes sound production in conversation. Best for children with 6+ articulation disorders. Similar to TA in regards to establishment, transfer, and maintenance phases, progression of complexity, and criteria for mastery at each level.

Front 1829

phonation assessment

Back 1829

-MPT, sustain phonation
-s/z ratio

Front 1830

The medio-lateral excursion of the vocal fold cover during vibration is called what?

Back 1830

Mucosal wave

Front 1831

What is the name of the movement of the VFs? AND when does this occur?

Back 1831

mucosal wave
-when VFs are in their most relaxed phonatory state (normal speech)

Front 1832

What is training broad (horizontal)?

Back 1832

-Multiple goals in each session.
-Working on several sounds or patterns in the same session.
-Hope is that child will learn the relationships or commonalities among sound productions, making treatment more efficient.

Front 1833

What is brain plasticity?

Back 1833

-multiple parts of the brain can perform a specific function (tho one region tends to dominate when no damage exists)

Front 1834

mixed- etiology

Back 1834

multiple strokes; stroke plus other neuron disease; degenerative disease; MS; Wilson's

Front 1835

What are multiple oppositions?

Back 1835

multiple words that differ by only one phoneme
-e.g., chore, tore, sore, shore

Front 1836

What are the 3 classes of neurons AND where are they located?

Back 1836

-multipolar (motor and interneurons)
-bipolar (only found in ear and eye)
-unipolar (all sensory neurons are unipolar)

Front 1837

Describe MTD.

Back 1837

Muscle Tension Dysphonia
hyperfunctional voice disorder
-degree of hoarseness due to muscle tension
-typically mild to moderate dysphonia
-extrinsic and intrinsic muscle hypertonicity
-may complain of soreness/achiness in neck
-elevation of laryngeal mechanism
*-vocal fatigue (increased talking effort)
-tension creates wide aperture in posterior 1/3 of VFs

Front 1838

Cricothyroid

Back 1838

Muscle that has the greatest control over teh fundamental frequency of the laryngeal tone by lengthening or tensing the vocal folds

Front 1839

What is pyloric syndrome?

Back 1839

-muscles of pylorus are thickened
-prevents stomach from emptying into small intestine
-projectile vomiting
-wavelike motion of abdomen after eating (before vomiting)
-starts at 3 weeks old and usually diagnosed by 6 mts
-tx requires surgery

Front 1840

What does the hypoglossal innervate?

Back 1840

muscles of the tongue and infrahyoid muscles (geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, posterior belly of omohyoid)

Front 1841

What does normal phonation require?

Back 1841

muscular elasticity and aerodynamics

Front 1842

when can tx begin for voice disorders

Back 1842

-must have a medical evaluation of voice mechanism
- may need to refer to a neurologist

Front 1843

when can tx begin

Back 1843

-must have a medical evaluation of voice mechanism
- may need to refer to a neurologist

Front 1844

What is an immunologic disorder resulting in inflammation or complete destruction of the myelin covering the axons

Back 1844

Mutiple Sclerosis. The condition can result in spastic dysarthria as well as other types (ataxic, mixed) depending where demyelination occurs

Front 1845

What are common speech impairments from a TBI?

Back 1845

-mutism
-dysarthria
-apraxia

Front 1846

Overhearing slide for early intervention????

Back 1846

my notes are cut off :)

Front 1847

What is a tracheotomy?

Back 1847

name of surgical procedure for trach input

Front 1848

What are narratives?

Back 1848

Narratives are speakers' description of events and experiences

Front 1849

What are different types of stimuli used in connected speech sampling?

Back 1849

-narratives
-problem-solving situations

Front 1850

What type of transcription is used for phonological assessment?

Back 1850

narrow transcription

Front 1851

What is stenosis?

Back 1851

narrowing of artery

Front 1852

What is the impact of severe velopharyngeal incompetence on articulatory performance for stop consonants, fricatives, nasals, and vowels?

Back 1852

Nasal emission for sounds that require complete velopharyngeal closure: stop consonants and fricatives
Some nasal emission for sounds with partial VP closure: /r/, /l/, /j/
No effect on sounds with substantial VP opening: nasals and vowels

Front 1853

What are some pharyngeal transit disorders?

Back 1853

-nasal reflux/penetration
-bony spurs/outgrowth on posterior pharyngeal wall (calcifications)
-reduced pharyngeal contraction (will see residue)
-vallecular residue (decreased base of tongue retraction)
-residue at top of airway (decreased laryngeal elevation)
-laryngeal penetration and aspiration (reduced closure of airway entrance/laryngeal closure)
-residue in pyriform sinus
-residue throughout pharynx
-pharyngeal transit (over 1 sec)

Front 1854

hyponasality vs hypernasiality

Back 1854

-nasal resonance absent on nasal sounds

-too much nasal resonance on non-nasal sounds

Front 1855

A presurgical technique for complete clefts of the lip that helps to align the maxillary arches / alveolar ridges is called ....

Back 1855

Nasoalveolar Molding (NAM). The primary palate develops embryologically before, and separate to, the secondary palate. Development is complete before 9 weeks and occurs from the incisive foramen forwards (postero-anteriorly). The primary palate comprises of the anterior alveolar ridge which houses the medial and lateral incisors, and extends to a point (like a “V”) to the incisive foramen posteriorly in the bony hard palate.

Front 1856

What instrument is used to for visual observation of velopharyngeal function during speech?

Back 1856

Nasoendoscopy

Front 1857

Name short-term, non-surgical non-oral alternatives.

Back 1857

-nasogastric tube (NG tube)
-dobhoff (nasojejunal tube--larger, short-term nasal tube)

Front 1858

What pharyngeal symptoms are present for ALS?

Back 1858

-nasopharyngeal regurgitation
-vallecular pooling
-piriform sinus pooling
-airway spillage
-ineffective airway clearance (ventilators)
-shortness of breath

Front 1859

velopharyngeal assessment

Back 1859

-nasopharyngoscopy
-videofloursocopy
-manometer
-nasometer
-orofacial exam

Front 1860

What is the Parent-Infant Curriculum model? (in Utah)

Back 1860

-national dissemination effort
-training of trainers model
-deaf mentor project
-supports family choices

Front 1861

Where are reading and writing controlled in the brain?

Back 1861

near occipital lobe (visual)

Front 1862

What percent of babies going home from newborn nurseries are being screened for HL?

Back 1862

nearly 95%

Front 1863

following medialization throplasty

Back 1863

need to produce hard glottal attack

Front 1864

The hearing aid style that a patient gets depends on their _____ and ________.

Back 1864

Needs and preferences.

Front 1865

What is Negative Reinforcement and it's types?

Back 1865

Negative reinforcement is the removal of an undesired condition upon presentation of a desired behavior.
Escape: performing a desired behavior to terminate an unwanted condition.
Avoidance: performing a desired behavior to prevent an unwanted condition from occurring.

Front 1866

What does neuromuscular execution mean? AND what is a disruption of this process result in?

Back 1866

-neural transmission of movement sequences cause muscle contraction and movements of articulators to produce speech sounds
-results in dysarthria

Front 1867

What are the etiologies of CAS?

Back 1867

-neurological etiologies (intra-uteran stroke, intra-uteran infection, intra-uteran trama)
-complex neurobehavioral disorders
-some evidence of genetic transmission
-idiopathic (unknown cause)

Front 1868

What are the 4 causal factors related to speech sound disorders?

Back 1868

-neurological impairment
-structure of speech mechanism
-function of speech mechanism
-hearing mechanism

Front 1869

What are the 3 deficit categories for TBI?

Back 1869

-neurological-physical
-cognitive-intellectual
-emotional-behavioral

Front 1870

Dysarthria is a motor planning or neuromuscular control issue?

Back 1870

neuromuscular control issue

Front 1871

What happens with glutamate after a brain injury?

Back 1871

-neurons release glutamate onto nearby neurons which become excited, overloaded with calcium and die
-destruction of the cell is caused by excessive CA++ activating enzymes within the postsynaptic cell
-damage may be stopped by drugs that block these receptors

Front 1872

Is there presence of arousal for a coma?

Back 1872

no

Front 1873

Is there presence of awareness for a coma?

Back 1873

no

Front 1874

Is there presence of awareness for vegetative state?

Back 1874

no