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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Islam
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-3rd monotheistic religion after Judaism and christianity
-started in what is now saudi arabia at the end of the 6th century -means 'submission to higher valid authority' |
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Hijaz
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-Northwest part of Saudi Arabia
-contains two main cities: mecca and Yathrib (medina) |
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Mecca
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-Still holiest Muslim city
-contains Kaba -birthplace of Muhammad |
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Medina
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-first known as Yathrib
-means city in Arabic and state in Jewish -Muhammad came here in 622 |
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2 major powers at the time Islam started
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-Sasanian Empire
-Byzantine Empire |
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Sasanian Empire
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-center is Iran
-contains Iran, Iraq, east Turkey -not a monotheistic empire: believed int he interplay of earth/fire |
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Byzantine Empire
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-(Eastern Roman Empire)
-After roman empire split this half became centered at Constantinople (present day Istanbul) -Practise Greek Orthodox Chrisianity |
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Kaaba
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-Shrine made of black stone of 3 godesses
-main destination for mecca pilgrimage -Believed to be built by Abraham and Ishmael (to who Arabs trace their decent) -Allah is one of the godesses |
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Quraysh
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-tribe (not neccesarily a rural kinship) that was main population of Mecca
-the higher up in the tribe you are the closer you are to Kaaba (the center) |
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Young Muhammad
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-employee of caravans from Hijaz to Syria
-came into contact with many orthodox Jews |
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Hagar
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-concubine of Abraham
-mother of Ishmael -In islam she is believed to be Abraham's true wife |
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Allah
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-one of the godesses on the Kaaba
-Muhammad used this name as name for new God |
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Muhhamad
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-570-632
-Born in Mecca -clan of hashim of tribe Quraysh -married Khadija -vision of archangel Gabriel -began preaching what came to be known as Qur'an -Moved to Medina in 622 after death of uncle and wife -fought off mecca until he became strongest authority in Arabia -Final seal of Prophets |
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Hegira (hijra)
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Muhammad's emigration from Mecca and into Medina
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UMMA
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community of believers
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Arabic
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-language existed long before Islam
-Not all Arabs are Muslim -Not all Muslims are Arab -not the native language of majority of Muslims |
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Khalifat Rasul Allah
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-'Replacement of God's prophet'-full name of leader of Islam after Muhammad
-Linguistically corrupted to 'Caliph' -this person can't change/add to the religion |
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Determinants of Khalifat Legitimacy
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1.Proximity to the prophet
2.High standing of family in Quraysh |
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Al Khulafa AL Rashidun
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-632-661
-'The Rightly Guided Caliphs' -the first 4 caliphs |
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Turkish
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-start appearing in 830
-populate heavily in mid 900's -track their movement from northeast to southwest -young turks are taken in as soldiers for Private Caliph Units -they were trained in culture and converted to Islam -They were a 'One Generation Elite' - their children didn't inherit their military positions |
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Gazy
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Effort to extend the boundaries of Islam
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Gaza
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Person who carries out the Gazy effort
-leads violent raids -supossed to be orthodox muslims but are actually Sufis |
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Sufism
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-people were called Sufis (man of wool)
-they were a mystic group of muslims who claimed a connection to Allah -in late 10th century brought many converts to Islam |
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Dervish
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one of a class of sufi muslim devotees
-created many different brotherhoods like monks |
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Seljuk
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-state created by the people and not by the govt.
-created in 10th century -people are called 'seljuks' |
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Ogauz
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confederation of large tribes
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1055
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Seljuks take over Baghdad but not by force and take title of Saltan not Caliph.
-The turks have taken high power but still have not taken over ethnic and cutlural standards |
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Asia Minor
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Anatolia=Most of Turkey today
-became most dense area with turkish speakers |
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Battle of Mazikirt
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-Manzikirt is city's name
-Byzantines sent army to push turks east but seljuks backed the turkish army -occured in 1071 -Alp Arslan led battle |
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Alp Arslan
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'lion hero'
-sultan that led battle of Manzikirt Alp=courageous Arslan=lion |
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Ummayads
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661-750
-powerful meccan family -killed 4th caliph (Ali) -all caliphs come from this group from now on |
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Damascus
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Ummayads moved Islamic center to this city which starts the end of arab speaking dominance in the religion
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Persian and Greek
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When Islam beat groups militarily survivors would try to serve the rulers in any way and these languages were important to becoming a democrat in the govt.
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Abbasids
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Overthrow the Ummayads
-they are another strong meccan family -claim Caliphate by kinship (one of them was Muhammad's uncle) -recruited non arab speakers and claimed the ummayads were prejudiced -they spread islam to asia -increasingly de arabized the caliphate from administrators to governors to rulers (they became mutliethnic and non arab speaking) |
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Abbasid army and fight against ummayads
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-soldiers were from province Khorasan
-Defeated Ummayads by 750 to take caliphate -moved capital from damascus to baghdad (on bank of tigris) |
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Line of Abbasid Caliphates
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750-1250
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Effective rule of Abbasids
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750-950
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Shi'ah
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Shii-person of this sect
Shia-the sect itself |
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Shi'ah belief
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Only caliphs can be descendents of Ali and Fatima-the Faction of Ali-Only rightful leaders of Islam
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Ali
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Caliph from 656-661
-son in law of Muhammad -last of the rightly guided caliphs -killed by Ummayads |
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Battle of Karbala
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-year 680
-b/w Ali's group and Ummayads |
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Husayn
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-second son of Ali
-led Ali's group against Ummayads in battle of Karbala -was martyred and every year shi'ites commemorate the battle and recognize his martyrdom as the beginning of their sect |
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Imam
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leader of a prayer to several muslims. to shia group this meant basically the caliph. they believe there were 12 of them and the 12th is in occlusion til the day of judgement
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Sunna Muslims
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-believe all 4 original caliphs were legit whereas Shias only believe Ali was legit
-they are the majority of muslims that developed in opposition to shias |
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Fatimids
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Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi, head of a sect of Syrian Shia Muslims creates his caliphate in northwest africa. takes egypt in 969 (date of official establishment of Cairo as capital)
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Fustat
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-located at tip of nile delta
-first capital of muslim egypt, precursor to Cairo |
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Crusades
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-start 1096 after Pope excites people to regain Jerusalem
-take back Jerusalem in 1099 -first crusading king is annointed in Bethleham in 1100 |
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Nur al Din
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-not arabic but name is and means 'light of islam'
-starts the rebellion -appointed champion of Jihad in 1150 |
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Jihad
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any act to strive for the religion
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Salah al Din al Ayyubi
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-Known as 'Saladin'
-is the general's nephew under Nur al Din -in 1160 he takes palestine against Fatimids and removes them from egypt -creates new Ayyubi state in 1171 and remains Sultan -takes over Jerusalem in 1187 against crusaders |