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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does a persistent or repetitive low flow stat cause in the heart
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myocardial hibernation - can be revered by reperfusion
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what is ischemic preconditioning
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development of resistance to infarction by cardiac myocytes previously exposed to ischemia
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what initiates atherosclerosis
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repetitive endothelial injury - this causes the chronic inflammatory state
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hypothyoidism is a common cause of an elevated CK
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**
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what does elevated FSH signify is patients with Klinefelter's syndrome
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gonadal failure
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what is used to distinguish between ectopic ACTH tumor vs. pituitary adenoma
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high-dose dexamethasone test
*pituitary adenoma is suppressed while ectopic is not |
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what can atrial fibrillation precipitate in a patient with atrial stenosis
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severe hypotension and acute pulmonary edema
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what neurotransmitters is associated with NMDA receptors
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glutamate
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what receptor is associated with development tolerance to morphine
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NMDA
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what is associated with mildly elevated unconjugated bilirubin with no apparent liver disease
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Gilbert syndrome
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what receptors on osteoblasts are increased in response to decreased estrogen leading to bone resorption
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RANK
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what is associated with cricopharyngous muscle dysfunction
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zenker diverticulum
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what mediates intimal hyperplasia and fibrosis
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smooth muscle cells that migrate to the media
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what is the major compensatory mechanism of aortic regurge
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increased preload
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abnormal activation of what is associated with causing autodigestion during acute pancreatitis
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tryspin
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increased prolactin leads to decreased what
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GnRH - Estrogen and progesteron
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this neurotransmitter is associated with chloride secretion leading to diarrhea, inhibiting gastric acid secretion, and is inhibited by somatostatin
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VIP (VIPoma causes diarrhea with no gastric acid secretion)
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differentiate signs of 11 and 21-hydroxylase deficiency
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11 - musculinization with HTN
21 - masculinization with hypotension |
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what causes 7-dehydrocholesterol --> cholecalciferol conversion
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sunlight exposure
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what determines the severity of mitral stenosis
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S2 - OS gap
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What would happen with ingestion of D-xylose during pancreatic insufficiency
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nothing - does not depend on enzymes from pancreas for digestion
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why do patients with CF sweat out more Na and Cl than normal
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produce eccrine sweat glands
*can lead to dehydration |
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what enzymes degrade collagen and can cause plaque instability in an artery
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metalloproteinases
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what are paresthesias and muscle weakness associated with
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hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
*due to mineralcorticoid secretion tumor in adrenal gland **hypocalcemia due to increased pH causing more negative charges on albumin to bind calcium |
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an increase in this would lead to an increase in TBG (thyroid binding globulin) causing increased total T4 with normal levels of free T4
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estrogen
*estrogen seems to increase production of every protein |
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associated with decreased FEV1/FVC, increased lung volume, and decreased diffusion capacity
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emphysema
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deficiency in what enzymes lead to increased androgens with normal blood pressure
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aromatase
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what can diffuse esophageal spasms mimic
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unstable MI - need to rule out MI though during workup
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what increases in the blood after reperfusion from thrombus occlusion
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CK due to cell membrane damage
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what two things can prevent renal calculi formation
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1. fluid intake
2. citrate (binds to calcium) |
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systemic mastocytosis
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abnormal proliferation of mast cells leading to increased histamine release, gastric hypersecretion, rash, pruritis, and flushing
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how do you distinguish between partial vs. complete central DI
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partial - >10% increase in urine osmolality after vasopression
complete - >50% increase in urine osmolality |
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where do uric acid stones form after chemotherapy
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collecting duct due to decreased pH
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what would a lactase challenge present with in person that is lactose intolerant
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1. increased osmotic gap
2. increased breath hydrogen 3. decreased stool pH |
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how does SCC of the lung increased serum calcium
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parathyroid hormone related peptide
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what is used to distinguish causes of metabolic alkalosis
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urine chloride
*normal suggests volume overload due to primary/secondary aldosteronism **decreased suggest persistant vomiting or loop diuretic use |
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what are the serum levels of PTH, Ca, and phosphate in osteoporosis
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normal
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what are the serum levels of PTH, Ca, and Phosphate in Vit. D deficiency
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increased PTH with decreased calcium and phosphate
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paradoxical thromboembolism
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blood clot enters the arterial circulation from the venous circulation through an ASD
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systolic ejection murmur that increases upon standing
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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early diastolic decrescendo murmur that decreases with amy nitrate
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aortic regurge
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this type of heart failure is associated with decreased compliance but with normal EF
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diastolic heart failure
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time frame to lose myocyte contractile function
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within 60 seconds of onset of total ischemia
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total body water associated with SIADH
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relatively normal
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what can exclude the diagnosis of asthma
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negative metacholinergic test
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what does squatting and valsalva do in patients with right-to-left shunts
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increase SVR to increase left-to-right flow and increase pulmonary blood flow
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what is subperiosteal thinning associated with
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hyperparathyroidism
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decrease in what hormone is associated with decreased gallbladder contractility
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CCK (reason why gallstones develop in somatostatinoma)
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differentiate CMV, HSV, and Candida esophagitis in AIDS patients
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CMV - linear ulceration
HSV - grouped vessicles Candida - white patches |
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what other test is used to diagnose CF if sweat chloride test is normal
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nasal transepithelial potential difference due to increased Na absorption
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what is the potassium levels in DKA
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increased ECF potassium and decreased ICF potassium
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where do osteoclasts originate from
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hematopoetic cells - RANK-L and M-CSF play importatn roles in differentiation
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what causes pulmonary hypertension in patients with heart failure
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reactive vasoconstriction secondary to venous congestion
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what is responsible for gynecomastia and spider angiomas in alcoholic cirrhosis
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increased estrogen
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GH causes IGF-1 to be released from where
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liver
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what enzyme is responsible for the formation of 11-DOC
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21-hydroxylase
*11-hydroxylase forms corticosterone from 11-DOC |
