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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what results in a decreased end plate potential
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myasthenia gravis due to decreased ability of ACh to bind and open post-synaptic cation channels
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what are the TSH, T3, T4, and rT3 levels seen in exogenous T3 administration
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increased T3
decreased TSH, T4, and rT3 |
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what hormone is responsible for the gallbladder contraction
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CCK
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what types of muscles contain type 1 slow twitch muscle fibers
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postural skeletal muscles: soleus and paraspinal
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what substance is associated with calculating renal plasma flow
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PAH
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equation to calculate RBF using PAH
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RBF = PAH/(1 - Hct)
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where in the renal tubules is PAH the lowest concentration
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in the Bowman's capsule
*because it is secreted into the tubules starting in the PCT |
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what regulates body iron content
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hepcidin made in the liver acts on the epithelial intestinal cells
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what causes increased expiratory flow rates in restrictive lung disease
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increased radial traction on conducting airway
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how do you calculate total filtration rate and net excretion rate
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total filtration = (GFR)([plasma])
net excretion = (GFR)([plasma]) - tubular reabsorption *GFR = inulin clearance |
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what tissue is associated with the highest oxygen extraction
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myocardial tissue
*therefore coronary sinus would have the lowest O2 content |
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calculate FF
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FF = GFR/RPF
*RPF = (1 - Hct)(RBF) |
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where in the renal tubules does ADH act
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medullary collecting duct
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what two ways can accentuate an S3 heart sound
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1. lie down in left lateral decubitus position
2. fully exhale |
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what enzyme catalyzes iodide oxidation forming monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine
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thyroid peroxidase
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what is the pH, HCO3, and H2PO4 in the urine when acid is being excreted
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decreased pH
decreased HCO3 increased H2PO4 |
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why do patients with COPD have increased cerebral blood flow
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increased CO2, CO2 is a potent vasodilator
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two equations to calculate cardiac output
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CO = SV x HR
CO = O2 consumption/(A-V)O2 difference |
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what hormone is associated with decrease concentration of both H20 and urea in urine
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vasopressin
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at what PaCO2 levels does respiratory ensue during metabolic acidosis
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PaCO2 > (1.5)(HCO3) + 8 +/- 2
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differentiate RV, pulmonary artery, and LA pressures
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RV - (diastolic - 4) (systolic - 25)
PA - (diastolic - 9) (systolic - 25) LA - (diastolic -2 ) (systolic - 12) |
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what releases neurophysins into the circulation that are produced in the hypothalamus
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posterior pituitary
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differentiate what central and peripheral chemoreceptors respond to
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central - PaCO2
peripheral - PaO2 |
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what is found in stored blood that can chelate calcium and magnesium resulting in paresthesias
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citrate
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two most important substances for coronary blood flow
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NO - large vessels
Adenosine - small vessels |
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what results in decreased cardiac output with the same venous return curve
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myocardial infarction
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what percent narrowing of a vessels results in decreased blood flow by 16
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50%
2^4 = 16 |
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what ion is associated with phase 0 of a pacemaker cells
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calcium
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what results in a resting membrane potential of -70 mV
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high potassium conductance with some sodium conductance
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what two hormones prevent lactogenesis in high concentrations
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progesterone and estrogen
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what are the PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and HCO3 levels in high altitute
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decreased PaO2
decreased PaCO2 increased pH decreased HCO3 |
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what are skeletal muscles resistant to calcium channels blockers
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do not require an influx of calcium via L-type calcium channels from extracellular environment. Use excitation-contraction coupling instead
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why is there a chloride shift in venous blood
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because more HCO3 is inside the RBC due to increased CO2 with carbonic anhydrase
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where is the majority of resistance in the bronchial tree
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in the medium-to-small airways, the resistance curve shifts up from the large airway then begins to fall until it reaches the terminal bronchioles
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what three things are derived from POMC
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ACTH
MSH B-endorphin |
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what is the PTH, Ca, PO4, and calcitrol in chronic renal failure
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increased PTH
decreased Ca increased PO4 decreased Calcitrol |
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how does a large does of hCG help ovulation
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stimulates the LH surge
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what is a complication associated with thyroid surgery
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primary hypoparathyroidism
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what drugs increase the rate of insulin secretion and C-peptide levels
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sulfonylrueas
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what is unique about pulmonary vasculature
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causes vasoconstriction during hypoxia
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in what type of hyperaldosteronism is both renin and aldosterone elevated, examples
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secondary hyperaldosteronism:
renovascular hypertension renin-secreting tumor (juxtaglomerular cell tumor) |
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what determines ventricular contraction during atrial fibrillation
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AV node, its refractory period suppresses aberrant SA node firing
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what does nitroprusside due to left ventricle volume-pressure curve
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decreases both afterload and preload causing both decreased volume and pressure
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examples of substances with tubular fluid/plasma concentration ratio greater than 1
*In the PCT |
PAH
creatinine Inulin Urea |
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examples of substances with tubular fluid/plasma concentration less than 1
*In the PCT |
HCO3
amino acids glucose |
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ATP-gated chloride channel
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CFTR
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what is the cardiac tissue conduction velocity in order from fastest to slowest
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purkinje fibers
atrial muscle ventricle muscle AV node |
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elevation of what hormone confirms diagnosis of menopause
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FSH
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how are dust particles small than 2 um removed
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alveolar macrophages
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what does a chronic AV shunt do to CO and venous return
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increases both CO and venous return
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what does anaphylaxis do CO and venous return
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decreases both CO and venous return
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where are lipids digested and absorbed
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digested in the duodenum
absorbed in the jejunum |
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what does left ventricular failure due to lung compliance
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decreases due to accumulation of fluid
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what two substances are increased during anaphylaxis
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histamine
tryptase |
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what causes degranulation of mast cells
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cross-linked of antigens to the membrane-bound IgE on mast cells
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what nerves are associated with the carotid sinus and aortic arch respectively
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carotid sinus - CN IX
aortic arch - CN X |
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where do the baroreceptors in the carotid and aorta terminate
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both CN IX and X terminate in the solitary nucleus of the medulla
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equation for capillary reabsorption of filtration
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Q = (Pc - Pi) - (Oc - Oi)
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regardless of the patient's hydration status, where does the majority of free water reabsorption occur in the kidneys
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PCT passively
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what does demyelination of an axon result in
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decreased space constant resulting in decreased ability of an impulse to travel down an axon
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what three things can be used to treat paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
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carotid message
valsalva adenosine |
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what does a carotid message due in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia
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increases baroreceptor firing of parasympathetics to prolong AV node refractory period
**Usually sympathetics are constantly being fired until the baroreceptor is stimulated |
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what is the intrapleural pressure at FRC
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-5 cm H20
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physiology of mu receptors
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G protein-linked that result in K efflux and hyperpolarization
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how do you calculate total peripheral resistance in parallel
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Total = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.....)
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up to what level are pseudostatified columnar ciliated cells present
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up to the terminal bronchioles, this clears majority of inhalants greater than 2 um
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PaO2, PaCO2, and HCO3 seen in patient with pulmonary embolus
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decreased PaO2, PaCO2, and slight decrease in HCO3
*hyperventilation is occuring |
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what causes an opening snap
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stenotic mitral valve, this is heard when the mitral valve opens
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cortisol is permissive in that it increases vascular and smooth muscle reactivity to catecholamines
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**
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what happens to GFR and FF in ureteral constriction
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decreased both GFR and FF
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what provide negative feedback to LH and FSH respectively
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Testosterone - LH
Inhibin B - FSH |
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what part of the breathing is SVR the lowest in the pulmonary arteries
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FRC
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what activates trypsinogen to trypsin
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duodenal enteropeptidases
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what substance is associated with excretion > filtration
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PAH
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what substance is associated with filtration = excretion
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Inulin
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what substance is associated with 100% reabsorption until it reaches 300 mmol/L
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glucose
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differentiate reabsorption percentage of sodium and BUN
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99% of sodium is reabsorbed
40-50% of BUN is rebasorbed |
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when is K ion conduction highest
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during repolarization
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how does digoxin decrease AV conduction
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increases parasympathetic tone
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what ensures coordination contraction of all myofibrils in skeletal muscle
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T-tubules - invagination of the sarcomlemma
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what is the most important factor for coronary blood flow
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duration of diastole
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