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538 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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reduced stratum granulosum
neutrophils forming microabscesses hyperparakeratosis above basal layer |
psoriasis
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dilated cardiomyopathy leads to what dyfunction
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decreased ventricular contraction
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retrosternal pain radiating to the back
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dissecting aortic aneurysm
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causes dissecting aortic anneurysm
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intimal tear
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most common dystonias
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1. spasmodic torticolis
2. blephoraspasm 3. writer's cramp |
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typical sign of irreversible cell injury
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mitochondrial vacuolization - mitochondria permanently cannot form ATP
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most common cause of death in patients with MI, pre-hospital vs. in-hospital
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pre-hospital - cardiac arrhythmia
in-hospital - ventricular failure |
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superior sulcus tumor (apex of lung) associated with what
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ipsilateral Horner's syndrome
atrophy of hand muscles pain in dermatomes C8-T2 |
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round density in the lower lobe of lung with air-fluid level
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pulmonary abscess
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what immune actions of macrophages and neutrophils result in pulmonary abscess formation
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release of lysosomal content from macrophages and neutrophils
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what is needed to diagnose minimal change disease
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electron microscopy to see pathognomonic foot processes
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deficiency in this is diagnostic of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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CD 55 and CD59
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what causes hemoglobinuria in person with PNH
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complement activation of RBC due to CD 55 and 59 deficiency to inactivate complement
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transmural inflammation with fibrinoid necrosis is most characteristic of which vasculitis
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polyarteritis nodosa
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this vasculitis is associated with fever, weight loss, melena, and associated with HBV in 10-30% of cases
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polyarteritis nodosa
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atrophied kidney associated with secondary HTN
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unilateral renal artery stenosis
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patient taking warfarin presents with hypercoagulable state with thrombotic occlusion of skin is associated with what
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protein C deficiency
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mechanism of liver injury in HBV
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CD8 T cell response to viral antigens on hepatocytes
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modified resistance to activated protein C results in predisposition to DVT and PE
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Factor V Leiden
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gestation diabetes result in what in the newborn
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transient hypoglycemia because newborn was used to increased maternal glucose
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most common cause of death in DM
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MI
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why is hyperlipidemia associated with nephrotic syndrome
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because the liver increases lipoprotein synthesis to compensate for decreased albumin production
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thyroid cancer associated with concentrically calcified structures (psommoma bodies) and ground glass epithelial cells
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papillary carcinoma - most common
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most common cause of acquired chorea in childhood
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sydenhem chorea associated with acute rheumatic fever
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what is the child at risk of developing with acquired chorea from rheumatic fever
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valvular heart disease
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what precedes acquired chorea in child
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sore throat infection with strep pyogenes
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HIV positive patient presents with temporal lobe mass that has EBV present
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primary CNS lymphoma
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rapid correction of hyponatremia
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central pontine myelinolysis - osmotic demyelination of axons
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characteristics of a pancreatic pseudocyst seen in acute pancreatitis
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not lined by epithelium like a true cyst, but by granulation tissue and fibrosis
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leads to squamous metaplasia of pancreatic ducts and bronchioles in patient with CF
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Decreased Vit. A
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what two things are associated with pure red cell aplasia
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thymoma
parvovirus B19 |
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meningitis associated with normal glucose, increased protein, and lymphocyte predominance
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viral meningitis
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irreversible ischemic injury to brain tissue result in
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liquefactive necrosis
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Vit. E deficient in CF patients are associated with what
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hemolytic anemia
neurologic problems *both secondary to increased membrane susceptibility to oxidative stress |
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patients with CF have malabsorption of what
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fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A,D,E, and K)
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what is used to detect disease recurrence of colon cancer
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carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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what will prolong onset of symptoms of hemochromatosis in female sibling compared to male
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iron loss in menstrual flow
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results in excess 5-HT or 5-HIAA production causing hypotension and diarrhea
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carcinoid syndrome
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tumor in cerebellum of child with rosenthal fibers and granular eosinophilic bodies
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pilocytic astrocytoma
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seen in heavy smokers with hypersenstivity to tobacco extract injection
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thromboangiitis obliterans
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associated with cherry red macula and painless sudden permanent blindness
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central retinal artery occlusion
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two vasculitis diseases associated with granulomatous inflammation of the media of the artery
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giant cell arteritis - temporal artery
takayasu - aortic arch |
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patients presents with DM, anemia, and necrolytic migratory erythema in the groin area
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glucagonoma
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t(9:22) with BCR-ABL
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chronic myelogenous leukemia
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lesion of caudate nucleus
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Huntington disease
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mechanism of alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis
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associated with decreased free fatty acid oxidation secondary to excess NADH
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child presents with lower extremity palpable purpura, abdominal pain, joint pain, and hematuria
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Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
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what precedes Henoch-Schonlein purpura
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upper respiratory infection leads to IgA-mediated hypersensitivity vasculitis
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decreased platelet levels seen in patient with ecchymoses, petechiae, and mucosal bleeding in which TTP/HUS and splenomegaly are ruled out
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immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura
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platelet count seen in patient with von Willibrand disease
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normal
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patients presents with hemarthroses are associated with what abnormal test
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prolonged PTT
*characteristic of hemophilia A and B |
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typical site of infection by hematogenous osteomyelitis
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metaphysis of long bone
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non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis is associated with what
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hypercoagulable state from cancer - adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung
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what two thombotic disorders are associated with disseminated cancers
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1. non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2. trousseau's syndrome (migratory thrombophletitis) |
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perianal fistula is associated with what
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Crohn's disease
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what causes mallory-weiss tears
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increased intra-abdominal pressure from caused by severe retching, coughing, or vomiting secondary to alcohol use
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estrogen secreting ovarian tumor that causes endometrial hyperplasia and abnormal uterine bleeding
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granulosa cell tumor
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perfusion defect not matched by a ventilation defect
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PE
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two key growth factors for angiogenesis
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VEGF
FGF |
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what indirectly promotes angiogenesis by increasing VEGF
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IL-1 and INF-y
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flattened, atrophied mucosal villi with malabsorption
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celiac disease
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symmetrical enlargement of the ventricles characteristic of what
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communicating hydrocephalus - defect in arachnoid granulations
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hypochromic, microcytic anemia most commonly due to what
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iron deficiency - look for blood loss
*Especially in the GI tract!!! |
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painful swelling of the hands and feet are associated with what
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sickle cell anemia
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which renal problem is Crohn's disease associated with
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oxalate kidney stones - due to decreased excretion of calcium-oxalate in the intestinal tract
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mechanism of increased oxalate reabsorption in Crohn's disease
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decreased bile salt reabsorption and therefore increased lipids in intestinal lumen. leads to increased lipids binding to calcium and therefore less calcium to bind oxalate to be excreted as complex
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familial retinoblastoma associated with increased risk of what other malignancy
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osteosarcoma
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associated with decreased colon polyp formation
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COX-2 blockers
*therefore COX-2 enzyme must promote adenoma development |
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associated with selective proteinuria (albumin) secondary to loss of glomerular polyanion
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minimal change disease
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hepatocellular cytoplasm with eosinphilic apperance (ground glass)
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HBV infection
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pancytopenia and low retic count seen in without splenomegaly
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aplastic anemia - bone marrow replaced by fat and fibrous strand
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microsomal monooxygenase
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cytochome P450
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converts pro-carcinogens to active metabolites
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cytochrome P450
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tumor associated with exposure to vinyl chloride and expresses CD31
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hepatic angiosarcoma
*CD31 is endothelial marker |
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caused by a defect in connective tissue with predisposition to myxomatous degeneration
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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Red neuron
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shows irreversible injury: shrunken cell body, eosinophilic cytoplasm, loss of Nissl substance, and pyknosis of nucleus
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associated with pain with ocular movement and intention tremor
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Multiple Sclerosis
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what type of necrosis is seen in an MI
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coagulative necrosis
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associated with fibrinoid necrosis
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vasulitis
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associated with caseous necrosis
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TB, fungal infection
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associated with enzymatic fat necrosis
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release of pancreatic lipase on adipose tissue
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causes of acute pancreatitis (3)
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gallstones
alcohol hypertriglyceridemia |
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R-sided endocardial fibrosis that has increased plasma 5-HT or urine 5-HIAA
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carcinoid syndrome
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associated with panacinar emphysema in the lower lobes
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a1-antitrypsin deficiency
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patients presents with increased Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and pruritis
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primary biliary cirrhosis
*autoimmune destruction of intrahepatic bile ducts |
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associated with malar facial rash, photosensitivity, arthralgias, proteinuria, and percarditis
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SLE
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S-100 positive intracranial mass indicates what
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Schwannoma
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patients presents with urinary incontinence, ataxic gait, dementia and has symmetric dilation of the ventricles
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normal pressure hydrocephalus
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what causes hypercalcemia in sarcoidosis
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activated macrophages increasing the extrarenal formation of 1,25-OH Vit. D
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holoprosencephaly is associated with what type of birth defect
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malformation
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what causes a positive Lepromin skin test
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strong CD4 T-cell mediated immune response
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when should a1-antritrypsin deficiency be suspected
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early onset COPD or in non-smoker
neonatal hepatitis with cholestasis |
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what can result in renal artery stenosis in young woman
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fibromuscular dysplasia
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female patient presents with dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia (pain with sex), and infertility
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endometriosis
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where are endometrial glands most commonly found outside the uterus in patient with endometriosis
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ovaries
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RBC fragments and helmet cells result from what
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mechanical trauma
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what drug increases serum calcium and suppresses PTH secretion
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hydrochlorothiazide
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homeless alcoholic patients presents with right lobe air-fluid level lesion with foul smelling sputum
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aspiration pneumonia secondary to oropharyngeal contents
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young patients presents with hemolytic anemia, jaundice, and splenomegaly with positive osmotic fragility test
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hereditary spherocytosis
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patients presents with impaired balance, dysarthria, tremor, and elevated transaminases
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Wilson's disease
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what can cause cerebellar degeneration
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paraneoplastic syndrome resulting from lung, breast, or ovary cancer - autoimmune destruction from antibodies
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thickening and hyperpigmentation of skin in folds of axilla is associated with what two conditions
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insulin resistance
GI malignancy |
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calcium-laden gallbaldder can eventually lead to what
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gallbladder carcinoma
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what can an EBV infection lead to in a patient that is HIV positive
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lead to CNS or GI lymphoma due to increased B-cell proliferation and increased the risk of c-Myc translocation t(8:14)
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patients presents with tinnitus, vertigo, and sensorineural hearing loss. what is the mechanism
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Menier's disease - increased endolymph volume
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acute demeylinating ascending peripheral neuropathy is usually preceded by what
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febrile illness caused by campylobacter that causes either respiratory infection or GI infection
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what problem in the brain is associated with PCKD
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berry anneurysm
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young african american female presents with erythemia nodosum, arthralgias, and increased ACE levels
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sarcoidosis - noncaseating granulomas found everywhere
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most common cause of xanthomas
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LDL receptor abnormality
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which part of the brain has the greatest degree of atrophy in Alzheimer's
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hippocampus
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what is BRAF V600E associated with
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melanoma
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what two condition is pulsus paradoxus associated with
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cardiac tamponade
asthma |
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cyanosis restricted to the lower body in a child is suggestive of what
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PDA
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cyanosis present throughout the whole body presents in a child is suggestive of what
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VSD or ASD
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what deposit is found in gout
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monosodium urate
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what lab values are associated with schistocytosis
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decreased haptoglobin
increased LDL and bilirubin |
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weight loss is found in young adult that pees a lot, had a recent viral infection
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Type 1 DM
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a low fiber diet can result in what in the anus
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anal fissure in the posterior midline distal to the dentate line
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what should be suspected in patient with long bone fracture with acute onset neurologic abnormalities, hypoxemia, and petechial rash
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fat embolism
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what mutation is seen in most spradic and familial polyposis syndrome
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APC mutation
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child presenting with hematuria 3 weeks after skin infection has what immunoflurescent staining
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C3 in his glomerulus
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female patient presents with obesity, hyperandrogenism, oligomenorrhea, and infertility
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
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what is the treatment for polycystic ovarian syndrome
|
estrogen receptor modulator to decrease negative feedback from the elevated estrogen and increase FSH and LH release
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microvesicular steatosis
|
Reye syndrome
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associated with decreased choline acetyltransferase in the nucleus basalis
|
Alzheimers
|
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what is the first indication of diabetic nephropathy
|
microalbuminuria
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what causes acute renal allograft rejection
|
cell-mediated immune response
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what is given to a patient with an acute allograft rejection
|
anti-CD3 antibodies to inhibit T cell response
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associated with loss of neurons in the anterior horns and demyelination of lateral CST
|
ALS
|
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why can testicular tumors present with elevated T4 and T3
|
can result in increased hCG which is structurally similar to TSH
|
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what causes endometrial cells to undergo apoptosis
|
withdrawal of progesterone - RU-486
|
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what do lacunar infarcts result in
|
pure motor or sensory strokes
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patient presents with decreased FVC and increased FEV1/FVC with progressive dyspnea. what can this condition eventually lead to
|
honeycomb lung from pulmonary fibrosis
|
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what can an infection in an HLA-B27 patient result in
|
reactive arthritis
|
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impairment of platelet function and coagulation pathway
|
vWF deficiency
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lab results in patients with vWF deficiency
|
prolonged bleeding time
prolonged PTT decreased platelet aggregation in response to ristocetin |
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mid-chest pleuritic pain that decreases upon sitting and increases on leaning forward
|
acute pericarditis
|
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what do patients with adult-type coarctation of the aorta commonly die of
|
HTN-associated diseases: dissecting aortic aneurysm, berry aneurysm rupture
|
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sudden decompensation of chronic cirrhosis associated with increased aFP
|
hepatocellular carcinoma
|
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patient presents with lifelong history of gingival bleeding, epistaxis, mucosal bleeding, menorrhagea
|
vWF deficiency
|
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what does vWF bind to
|
platelet and collagen on endothelial tissue
|
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patients presents with congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens and recurrent respiratory infections
|
CF
|
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this colon cancer is associated with defective DNA mismatch repair
|
hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (NOT APC mutation which is a tumor suppressor)
|
|
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what disease is associated with small cardiac valvular vegetations on either side of the valve
|
SLE
|
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young african american female presents with dry cough, pulmonary infiltrates, hilar lymphadenopathy
|
sarcoidosis with non-caseating granulomas
|
|
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inflamed and enlarged gallbladder in the absence of of gallstones
|
acute acalculus cholecystitis
|
|
|
virchow's triad
|
3 things associated with DVT:
endothelial injury venous stasis hypercoagulable state |
|
|
what is cell necrosis and cell injury followed by usually, typically found on cardiac valves
|
dystrophic calcifications
|
|
|
dystrophic calcification that develops lamellated out layer is known as what
|
psommoma body
|
|
|
what do the adrenal glands look like in iatrogenic glucocorticoid use
|
bilateral cortical atrophy
|
|
|
differentiate how S. aureus and enteric bacteria cause hepatic abscesses
|
S. aureus - hematogenous seeding
enteric bacteria - ascension from portal tract |
|
|
3 hallmark findings in ulcerative colitis
|
1. rectum is always involved
2. inflammation is limited to mucosa and submucosa 3. mucosal damage is continuous |
|
|
BCL2 overexpression due to t(14:18) translocation
|
follicular lymphoma
|
|
|
what two things is N-MYC proto-oncogene common in
|
neuroblastoma
SCC of lung |
|
|
hallmark finding in MS
|
demyelination (axon denudation)
|
|
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autosomal dominant mutation that is associated with sarcomas, tumor of the breast, and adrenal cortex
|
p53 mutation
|
|
|
what is congenital long QT syndrome associated with
|
sensorineural deafness
|
|
|
most common carcinoma of the lung, associated with women and non-smokers, located in the periphery
|
adenocarcinoma of the lung
|
|
|
blue-violet skin plaques on the extremities and mucous membranes of HIV positive patients
|
Kaposi's sarcoma
|
|
|
sex cord stromal tumors that secrete estrogen
|
granulosa cell tumors
|
|
|
what would be increased in the blood of a patient with anemia and posterior cord problems
|
methylmalonic acid
|
|
|
most common benign liver tumor
|
carvernous hemangioma
|
|
|
what type of lung tumor would express neurosecretory granules in the cyptoplasm
|
SCC tumor of lung
|
|
|
what causes the green discoloration of pus or sputum
|
meyloperoxidase from neutrophils - MPO is heme containing
|
|
|
findings in patient with DIC
|
1. increased PT and PTT
2. thrombocytopenia 3. decreased fibrinogen 4. increased D-dimer 5. decreased factors V and VIII |
|
|
what is associated with retained dead fetus for more than 6 weeks
|
DIC
|
|
|
before HBV infection causes increased AST and ALT, what does it present like
|
serum sickness-like - malaise, fever, skin rash, pruritis, lymphadenopathy, join pain
|
|
|
what causes urinary incontinence in normal pressure hydrocephalus
|
stretching of descending cortical fibers
|
|
|
hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia causing epistaxis, GI bleeding, and hematuria
|
osler-weber-rendu syndrome
|
|
|
what should all patients with a history of nephrolithiasis be advised to do
|
consume ample fluids
|
|
|
associated with repeated splenic infarctions that results in atrophy and fibrosis
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
|
what patients are predisposed to infections with encapsulated organisms
|
asplenic - remember sickle cell disease
|
|
|
what deficiency is seen in patients with chronic hemolytic anemia
|
folic acid deficiency with macrocytic anemia
|
|
|
what causes retinpathy of prematurity
|
use of concentrated oxygen in infant with respiratory distress syndrome
|
|
|
patients presents with sudden onset blindness in one eye that resolved spontaneously along with jaw pain
|
temporal arteritis
|
|
|
what is elevated in patients with temporal arteritis
|
ESR
|
|
|
why do reticulocytes contain bluish cytoplasm
|
precipitates of residual ribosomal RNA
|
|
|
what causes rhomboid-shaped cytstals in patients knees
|
calcium pryophosphate seen in psueogout
|
|
|
tumor the ovary resulting from metastasis of the gastric carcinoma
|
krukenburg tumor
|
|
|
markers for precursor B cell ALL
|
TdT, CD10, CD19
|
|
|
markers for precursor T cell ALL
|
TdT, CD1
|
|
|
kid presents with failure to thrive with greasy stool, however his intestine biopsy was normal
|
abetalipoproteinemia
|
|
|
marked menstrual cycle variability seen in the first 5-7 years or last 10 years of menstrual cycle
|
anovulation
|
|
|
most common outcome in HBV-infected adult
|
acute hepatitis with complete remission
|
|
|
what do most patients with ATN experience
|
re-epithelialization with regain in full renal function
|
|
|
what is the genetics of G6PD
|
x-linked recessive
|
|
|
what is the genetics of hereditary spherocytosis
|
autosomal dominanat
|
|
|
associated with necrosis and hemorrhage in the temporal lobe
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
findings in tertiary syphilis
|
vasa vasorum endarteritis
aortic regurge mediastinal widening thoracic aortic aneurysm FTA-ABS positive |
|
|
what is associated with being FTA-Abs positive
|
syphilis
|
|
|
what leads to central diabetes insipidus
|
damage to hypothalamic nuclei
|
|
|
what distinguishes central DI from nephrogenic
|
administration of ADH - fixes problem in central but not nephrogenic
|
|
|
patient presents with recurrent abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancreatic calcifications; along with megaloblastic anemia and folate deficiency
|
chronic pancreatitis resulting from chronic alcoholism
|
|
|
most likely cause of apical cavitary lesions with hemoptysis
|
reactivation TB in immunosuppressed patient
|
|
|
what three things mediate the inflammatory response and stimulate hepatic secretion of fibrinogen resulting in increased ESR
|
IL-1
IL-6 TNF-a |
|
|
what is associated with the prognosis of colorectal adenocarcinoma
|
stage, not the grade
|
|
|
autoantibodies against desmosomal proteins resulting in flaccid blisters, especially in the mouth
|
pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
|
autoantibodies against hemidesmosomal proteins resulting in tense blisters
|
bullous pemphigoid
|
|
|
associated with multiple myeloma due to monoclonal Ig light chains
|
amyloidosis
|
|
|
specific for gastrinoma, associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea
|
jejunal ulcers
|
|
|
metastasis to lung from which site is associated with increased HCT
|
clear cell carcinoma of the kidney
*lung is most common site of metastasis |
|
|
most common pituitary adenoma resulting in bitemporal hemianopsia
|
prolactinoma
|
|
|
what is HbA2 associated with
|
B-thalassemia trait and intermedia because B globulin chain underproduction causes decreased synthesis of HbA
|
|
|
mutations of RET proto-oncogene are strongly associated with what
|
medullary carcinoma of the thryoid - MEN 2 syndrome
|
|
|
patient presents with atopic dermatitis (eczema), pruritis, and weeping papules in response to environmental antigens; what two other things are commonly associated
|
allergic rhinitis
asthma |
|
|
IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase and IgA endomysial antibodies
|
celiac disease
|
|
|
what causes small intestinal mucosa that are enlarged containing foamy macrophages and PAS positive granules
|
tropheryma whippelii
|
|
|
causes factor V resistance to inactivation by activated protein C
|
Factor V Leiden
|
|
|
what is associated with endocardial cushion defect in interatrial septum
|
down syndrome
|
|
|
HTN with decreased renin is suggestive of what
|
primary hyperaldosteronism
|
|
|
found in moldy grain and causes G-T tranversion in codon of p53 resulting in hepatocellular carcinoma
|
aflotoxin
|
|
|
associated with middle-aged white female with pruritis, fatigue, pale stools, and xanthelasma
|
primary biliary cirrhosis
|
|
|
deficiency in what vitamin resembles the clinical presentation of Friedrich's ataxia
|
severe vitamin E deficiency
|
|
|
two things associated with degeneration of spinocerebellar tracts, dorsal column, peripheral nerves, and dysarthria
|
friedrich's ataxia
vitamin E deficiency |
|
|
associated with male infertility, situs inversus, recurrent sinusitis, and bronchiectasis
|
primary ciliary dyskinesia
|
|
|
crohn's can affect the terminal ileum bile absorption and lead to development of what
|
gallstones
|
|
|
adults coarctation of aorta triad
|
1. upper body HTN
2. diminished lower body pulses 3. enlarged intercostal artery collaterals |
|
|
cause of charcot-brouchard pseudoaneurysm that penetrates basal ganglia and thalamus
|
HTN
|
|
|
what are black pigmented gallstones associated with
|
chronic hemolysis- sickle cell, B-thalassemia, spherocytosis
|
|
|
recurrent nephrolithasis in young patient
|
think inborn error of metabolism - cystinuria from defect in PCT. sodium cyanide-nitroprusside test detect sulfhydryl group in cysteine
|
|
|
sodium cyanide-nitroprusside test
|
detect sulfhydryl group in cyteine molecule in patient with cystinuria
|
|
|
major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients 4-12 days after SAH
|
vasospasm
|
|
|
associated with elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androgens and ACTH, with decreased cortisol
|
21B-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
do children recover better than adults from post-strep glomerulonephritis
|
Yes, age is important prognositc indicator
|
|
|
what other disease are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome
|
hypothyroidism
DM RA dialysis-associated amyloidosis |
|
|
anti-GBM antibodies against alpha3-chain of collagen type IV
|
goodpasture syndrome: glomerulonephritis with hemoptysis
|
|
|
two cancers EBV is associated with
|
Burkitt's lymphoma
nasopharyngeal carcinoma |
|
|
are fibroblasts found in the brain
|
No, no collagen deposition
|
|
|
breast carcinoma associated with solid sheets of pleomorphic, high-grade cells with central necrosis
|
comedocarcinoma (ductal cell carcinoma in-situ)
|
|
|
what does chronic rejection of the lung via immune reaction result in
|
bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome causing dyspnea and wheezing
|
|
|
hepatocellular carcinoma is strongly suggestive of what infection
|
HBV - due to integration of viral DNA into host genome
|
|
|
fatty streaks in children do not predict the occurrence or location of atheromatous plaques later in life
|
**
|
|
|
do superficial erosion penetrate the muscularis mucosa
|
No, they stay the mucosa. The muscular mucosa is the layer between the mucosa and the submucosa
|
|
|
brain atrophy along with ventricular enlargement, no increase in CSF pressure
|
hydrocephalus ex vacuo
|
|
|
what disease is digital clubbing associated with
|
prolonged hypoxia: large-cell carcinoma of the lung, TB, CF, bronchiectasis
|
|
|
what percentage of the Hb is HbS in patient with sickle cell trait
|
35-40%
|
|
|
what are patients with sickle trait protected from
|
sickle cell crisis
aplastic crisis plasmodium falciprum |
|
|
associated with distal small bowel obstruction in neonate from meconium (meconium ileus)
|
CF
|
|
|
what causes the changes in adenocarcinoma of the colon from normal epithelial - early adenoma - late adenoma - adenocarcinoma
|
normal epithelial - early adenoma (APC gene)
early adenoma - late adenoma (K-ras) late adenoma - adenocarcinoma (p53) |
|
|
what is associated with diffuse ballooning degeneration, mononuclear cell infiltrates, and council bodies (apoptotic cells)
|
acute viral hepatitis
|
|
|
apoplexy
|
hemorrhage into preexisting pituitary adenoma resulting in severe headache and CN palsies
|
|
|
what is a severe consequence of apoplexy
|
cardiovascular collapse due to adrenocortical deficiency
|
|
|
nephrotic syndrome with thicken glomerular BM with spike appearance
|
membranous glomerulopathy
|
|
|
69XXX or 69XXY presenting with vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal pain
|
partial mole
|
|
|
associated with increased MCHC, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), reticulocytosis, and decreased hepatoglobin
|
hereditary spherocytosis
|
|
|
associated with increased MCHC
|
hereditary spherocytosis
|
|
|
what can a small percentage of actinic keratosis progress into
|
invasive squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
skin lesions associated with basal cell layer atypia, hyperkeratosis, and parakaratosis
|
actinic keratosis
|
|
|
what is the primary histologic finding in patients with eczematous dermatitis
|
sponiosis
|
|
|
epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in the intracellular space seen in eczematous dermatitis
|
spongiosis
|
|
|
erythematous, papulovesicular, weeping, ecrusted lesions associated with new contact items
|
eczematous dermatitis
|
|
|
associated with Auer rods and giant nucleated blasts that are much larger than RBCs
|
AML
|
|
|
must smaller, mature cells that also have Auer rods present
|
CML
|
|
|
which skin lesion disease is associated with deforming joint disease
|
psoriasis
|
|
|
what are the 4 F's associated with cholelithiasis
|
Fat
Fertile Female Forty |
|
|
what is the mechanism of pregnant/oral contraceptive use induced cholilithiasis
|
estrogen induced cholesterol hypersecretion with pregesterone induced gallbladder hypomotility
|
|
|
most important prognostic indicator for malignant melnoma
|
vertical growth
|
|
|
what skin lesion is associated with celiac disease
|
dermatitis herpetiformis
IgA deposits in tips of dermal papillae |
|
|
sudden onset of flapping of one arm associated with HTN
|
hemiballismus with hemorrhage of the subthalamic nucleus
|
|
|
most likely cause of fatigue and new onset cardiac murmur in a young adult
|
bacterial endocarditis
|
|
|
what can result from bacterial endocarditis due to circulating immune complexes
|
glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
LM changes after MI:
0-4 hours 4-12 hours 12-24 hours 1-5 days 10-14 days 2 wks - 2 mo |
0-4 hours - minimal change
4-12 hours - edema and hemorrhage 12-24 hours - contraction band necrosis 1-5 days - coagulation necrosis and neutrophilic infiltrate 5-10 days - macrophage phagocytosis 10-14 days - granulation tissue and neovascularization 2 wks - 2 mo - scar formation |
|
|
patient presents with chest pain that is not relieved by aspirin or nitroglycerin, dyspnea, diaphoresis, nauesea, ST elevation and Q-wave formation a few hours later
|
acute transmural infarction due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque with fully obstructed lumen
|
|
|
what is associated with ST elevation and subsequent Q-wave formation
|
fully obstructed thrombus
|
|
|
uniformly enalarged uterus with normal appearing endometrial tissue, menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea
|
adenomyosis
|
|
|
what is specific for left-sided heart failure
|
orthopnea
|
|
|
what is present in the crescent formation of RPGN
|
glomerular parietal cells
monocytes/macrophages fibrin |
|
|
this virus integrates its DNA into the host genoma and therefore increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
|
HBV
|
|
|
what causes amenorrhea in anorexia nervosa
|
decreased pulsitile secretion of GnRH from the hypothalamus
|
|
|
associated with increased replicative potential
|
K-RAS
|
|
|
neurons associated with round, enlarged nuclei dispersed to the periphery, along with dispersed Nissl bodies
|
axonal reaction due to severing of axon
|
|
|
what causes the noncaseating granulomas in Crohn's disease
|
increased Th1 activity
*ulcerative colitis is associated with Th2 activity |
|
|
patients need thyroidectomy and has flesh-colored nodules on lips and tongue
|
MEN 2B
|
|
|
what is needed to decrease risk of cholesterol precipitation and therefore gallstones
|
decreased cholesterol
increased bile acids increased phosphatidylcholine - makes cholesterol soluble |
|
|
PT, aPTT, platelet count and bleeding time seen in: hemophilia, vWBF deficiency, uremia, heparin, and coumadin
|
hemophilia - increases only aPTT
vWBF - increases only BT (could affect PTT via Factor VIII) uremia - increases only BT heparin - increases aPTT coumadin - increases both PT and aPTT |
|
|
what receptor is deficient if there is a family history of early-onset of accelerated atherosclerosis and CAD
|
LDL receptor mutations in the liver
|
|
|
two specific signs of Grave's disease
|
pretibial myxedema (infiltrative dermopathy)
exophthalmous |
|
|
what do Auer rods stain positive for
|
myeloperoxidase
|
|
|
stains positive for tartrate resistant acid phosphatase
|
hairy cell leukemia
|
|
|
marker of immature lymphocytes of both B and T cell origin in ALL
|
TdT
|
|
|
two types of gastric adenocarcinoma
|
signet-ring - diffuse involvement with abundant mucin droplets
intestinal-type - nodular, polypoid masses in one location |
|
|
patient presents with scleroderma/CREST, what pulmonary changes can be seen
|
pulmonary HTN with louder S2 and signs of RHF
|
|
|
associated with erythryocyte basophilic stippling and microcytic hypochromic anemia
|
lead poisoning
|
|
|
characteristic triad of fat embolism syndrome
|
1. respiratory distress
2. neurologic impairment (confusion) 3. upper body petechial rash due to thrombocytopenia |
|
|
what stains fat black
|
osmium tetroxide
|
|
|
what is used for hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues in pro-collagen
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
CREST syndrome
|
calcinosis
raynaud's esophageal dysfunction sclerodactyly telangiectasia *pulmonary HTN is seen in 1/3 of cases |
|
|
necrotizing granulomas on the skin, mucosa, subcutaneos tissue associated with tertiary syphilis
|
gummas
|
|
|
three things seen in tertiary syphilis
|
neurosyphilis (posterior column)
CV involvement (aorta) gummas |
|
|
neonatal jaundice associated with increased total bilirubin, intrahepatic bile ductule proliferation, and portal tract edema and fibrosis
|
biliary atresia
|
|
|
screening test for malabsorption
|
Sudan III stains stool for fat
|
|
|
major prognostic determinator in bladder cancer
|
tumor penetration of the bladder wall
|
|
|
CA-125 tumor maker is present in elderly female with adnexal mass
|
ovarian malignancy
|
|
|
what does the schilling test help distinguish between as causes for B12 deficiency
|
dietary deficiency vs. malabsorption (celiac and tapeworm)
|
|
|
which form of B12 deficiency would a schilling test result in increased or nor change in B12 found in urine after the test
|
no change - malabsorption
increase - dietary deficiency |
|
|
hematoma associated with rupture of cortical bridging veins
|
subdural hematoma
|
|
|
these reduce the risk of non-hereditary ovarian and endometrial cancers
|
oral contraceptives
|
|
|
two main cerebellar tumors in childhood
distinguish |
pilocystic astrocytoma - has both cystic and solid component on MRI
medulloblastoma - only solid component seen on MRI |
|
|
most common cerebellar tumor in childhood
|
pilocystic astrocytoma
|
|
|
where do renal cell carcinomas arise from
|
epithelial cells of the PCT
|
|
|
this tumor suppressor protein can be activated/decativated via phosphorylation and prevents damaged cells from proceeding past the G1 to S checkpoint
|
Rb protein
|
|
|
patients presents with hypercalcemia and bitemporal hemionopsia. what else should be looked for in this patient
|
pacreatic tumor - MEN 1
|
|
|
enzyme associated with brown-pigmented gallstones
|
B-glucuronidase - released by injured hepatocytes and bacteria resulting in increased UCB
|
|
|
what causes strictures and fistulas in Crohn's disease
|
transmural inflammation
|
|
|
what can result in fetal hypoglycemia with islet cell hyperplasia
|
increased maternal blood glucose
|
|
|
what is thought to result in fetal macrosomia
|
hyperinsulinemia due to islet cell hyperplasia resulting from increased maternal blood glucose
|
|
|
what is the most suggestive finding in pyelonephritis
|
WBC casts
|
|
|
what type of patient presents with R-sided endocarditis resulting from S. aureus
|
IV drug user
|
|
|
which lab finding is still normal in patient with ARDS: pulmonary capilary permeability, lung compliance, V/Q mismatch, PCWP
|
PCWP
|
|
|
these enzymes are Zn-containing enzymes that degrade ECM and participate in normal tissue remodeling and tumor invasion
|
metalloproteinases
|
|
|
hyperphosphorylation of Rb protein results in what
|
inactivation - releases E2F transcription factor and allows cell to go from G1 - S unchecked
|
|
|
what causes hyperphosphorylation of Rb protein
|
cyclin-dependent kinase - 4
|
|
|
cell cycle inhibitor in which malignant tissues contain low levels
|
p27
|
|
|
what histologic finding is characteristic of meningiomas
|
psommoma bodies
|
|
|
small, hemorrhagic macules on soles of feet and palms of patients (janeway lesions) seen in bacterial endocarditis result from what
|
septic microemboli
|
|
|
mechanism of esophageal hypomotility in CREST scleroderma
|
LES atrophy and fibrous replacement of muscles
|
|
|
esophageal hypomotility seen in CREST syndrome is associated with increased risk of what
|
Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
first cells susceptible to global cerebral ischemia
|
pyramidal cells of the hippocampus
*purkinje cells of cerebellum next most |
|
|
pneumobilia is suggestive diagnosis of what
|
gallstone ileus
|
|
|
diabetic patients presents with ptosis, down and outward gaze of eye, and decreased accomodation. mechanism
|
CN III damage via ischemia - parasympathetic fibers are still intact
|
|
|
can result in both Horner's syndrome and compression of brachial plexus
|
pancoast tumor of lung
|
|
|
benign congenital disorder with cystic dilations of medullary collecting ducts
|
medullary sponge kidney
|
|
|
common complication associated with medullary sponge kidney
|
kidney stones
|
|
|
triad of pre-eclampsia
|
HTN
proteinuria edema |
|
|
Eclampsia
|
pre-eclampsia with seizures
|
|
|
HELLP syndrome
|
hemolytic anemia
Elevated LFTs low platelets |
|
|
what can be a precursor to HELLP syndrome
|
Pre-eclampsia
|
|
|
complication associated with ulcerative colitis presenting with abdominal pain, fever, diarrhea, signs of shock (decreased BP and increased HR)
|
toxic megacolon
|
|
|
pitting edema in subcutaneous tissue of breast with brawny induration, mechanism
|
Peau d'orange
plugging of dermal lymphatics |
|
|
associated with bronchiolitis obliterans: lymphocytic inflammation, necrosis, fibrosis resulting in occlusion of lumen
|
chronic rejection of lung
|
|
|
antibody targeted against neutrophil proteinase 3
|
C-ANCA
|
|
|
associated with necrotizing vasculitis of upper and lower respiratory tract (nasal ulcers and hemotysis) and glomerulonephritis
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
|
|
|
Ghon complex
|
lower lobe lung lesion and ipsilateral hilar adenopathy
|
|
|
response for the thrombotic complications of nephrotic syndrome
|
loss of AT III
|
|
|
what causes cardiocyte swelling in cardiac ischemia
|
decreased ATP for Na/K pump resulting in calcium influx
|
|
|
associated with cyanotic toe and renal failure following invasive vascular procedure
|
characteristic of atheroembolic disease of renal arteries
|
|
|
associated with anti-centromere antibodies
|
CREST syndrome (limited scleroderma)
|
|
|
associated with anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I) antibodies
|
systemic scleroderma
|
|
|
what is disrupted in osteogenesis imperfecta
|
type I collagen, component of bone matrix giving bone its flexibility
|
|
|
associated with blue sclera
|
osteogenesis imperfecta
|
|
|
product of lipid peroxidation and accumulates in aging cells
|
lipofuscin
|
|
|
common seen in the heart and liver of aging patients - intracytoplasmic granules that are yellowish-brown
|
lipofuscin
|
|
|
differentiate congestion, red hepatization and gray hepatization of lobar pneumonia
|
1. congestion (24 hrs.) - red, heavy, boggy with exudate containing bacteria
2. red hepatization (2-3 days) - red, firm, lobe with neutrophil and fibrin in exudate 3. gray hepatizatio (4-6 days) - grey-brown (pale) firm lobe, RBCs disintigrate |
|
|
what two parts of the kidney are affected by renal ischemia
|
PCT
thick ascending limb |
|
|
what lung carcinoma is inoperabel
|
small cell carcinoma
|
|
|
associated with eggshell calcifications of hilar nodes and birefringent particles surrounded by fibrous tissue in upper lobes
|
silicosis
|
|
|
differentiate beginning pathogenesis in abdominal aortic aneurysm vs. descending thoracic aneurysm
|
AAA - intimal streak leading to atherosclerosis
DTA - intimal tear leading to dissection |
|
|
what happens to TB organism in primary tuberculosis
|
engulfed by macrophages and proliferate intracelluarly
|
|
|
syndrome associated with flushing, wheezing, diarrhea, RH valvular disease
|
carcinoid syndrome
|
|
|
when does carcinoid syndrome develop
|
when metastasizes to the liver - before metastases the liver removes 5-HT
|
|
|
these cells move to area of ischemic infarct in brain and engulf dead cells, they can now be stained by lipid stain
|
macrophages
|
|
|
mechanism for iron overload in hemochromatosis
|
increased intestinal absorption
|
|
|
anemia seen in women of child bearing age will most likely have what serum levels: ferritin, TIBC, MCV
|
decreased ferritin
increased TIBC decreased MCV |
|
|
older person with myopia their whole life now doesn't need glasses anymore to see
|
presbyopia
|
|
|
associated with sclerosis of lens in elderly people
|
presbyopia
|
|
|
differences in ulcerative colitis -associated carcinomas
|
more likely arise from non-polypoid lesion
multifocal develop early p53 and late APC higher histological grade |
|
|
renal changes seen in malignant hypertension
|
onion-like concentric thickening of arteriole walls
|
|
|
halothane toxicity seen in patients post-op is associated with what disorder
|
fulminant hepatitis
- increased LFTs, PT, eosinophilia |
|
|
addition of what will help form clots in patients with hemophilia
|
thrombin
|
|
|
estrogen, LH, and FSH levels seen in patient with anorexia
|
decreased all
|
|
|
drug that release vWF and Factor VIII from endothelium, used to treat hemophilia A
|
desmopressin
|
|
|
cause for pancytopenia is patients with SLE
|
type II hypersentitivty against blood cells (RBC, WBCs, platelets)
|
|
|
cause of localized amyloidosis in:
cardiac atria, thyroid, pancreatic islet, cerebrum, pituitary |
atria - ANP
thryoid - calcitonin pancreatic islet - amylin cerebrum - B-amyloid pituitary - prolactin |
|
|
skin rash associated with malabsorption
|
dermatitis herpetiformis (celiac)
|
|
|
C3 and C4 levels in patient with post-strep glomerulonephritis
|
decreased C3
normal C4 |
|
|
mutation in what is associated with congenital long QT syndrome
|
potassium channel
|
|
|
cause of hypoventilation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis
|
chest pain due to inflammation of CV and CS junctions
|
|
|
reversible change in epithelial cells
|
dysplasia
|
|
|
when are dysplastic epithelial cells no long reversible
|
when they invade past BM
|
|
|
fixed atherosclerotic plaque obstruction > 75% of lumen in coronary artery
|
stable angina
|
|
|
progostic indicators for alcholic liver injury
|
PT
albumin |
|
|
two diseases associated with oligodendrocyte depletion
|
MS
PML |
|
|
childhood tumor associated with opsoclonus and myoclonus
|
neuroblastoma
|
|
|
overexpression of what gene is associated with neurblastoma
|
N-myc
|
|
|
elderly patient presents with non-tender palpable gallbladder with jaundice, pruritis, dark urine, pale stools
|
adenocarcinoma of pancreas
|
|
|
most important risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of pancreas
|
smoking
|
|
|
what happens to strawberry hemangioma
|
increases in size before it regresses
|
|
|
most common primary brain tumor in adults
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
brain tumor associated with necrosis, hemorrhage, and pseudopalisading tumor cells around necrosis
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
myxomatous changes in media of large arteries predispose to what
|
medial degeneration and anuerysms
|
|
|
what can lead to SVC syndrome
|
mediastinal mass from centrally located lung carcinoma
|
|
|
extramedullary hematopoiesis is most frequently caused by
|
severe chronic hemolytic anemias
|
|
|
idiopathic systemic vasculitis associated with adult onset asthma, eosinophilia, p-ANCA
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome
|
|
|
antibody against neutrophil myeloperoxidase
|
p-ANCA
|
|
|
glomangioma
|
small, red-blue lesion under the nail bed
|
|
|
function of glomus body
|
shunts blood to or away from skin surface in order to conserve or dissipate heat. glomangioma is lesion found under the nail bed
|
|
|
complication of Wernicke's encephalopathy associated with permanent memory loss and confabulation
|
Korsakoff syndrome
|
|
|
what can lead to left recurrent laryngeal nerve impairment causing hoarseness
|
left atrial enlargement
|
|
|
what is polymyalgia associated with
|
temporal arteritis
|
|
|
neck, torso, shoulder, pelvic girdle pain, and morning stiffness associated with temporal arteritis
|
polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
|
subepithelial deposits of IgG and C3b showing lump-bumpy pattern on LM
|
post-strep GN
|
|
|
most common malignant of asbestos-exposure
|
bronchogenic carcinoma
|
|
|
risk factors for SCC of esophagus
|
smoking, alcohol, plummer-vinson syndrome, achalasia; dysphagia is common sign
|
|
|
associated with fat replacement in bone marrow and pancytopenia
|
aplastic anemia
|
|
|
associated with rapidly progressive dementia and myoclonic jerks
|
Creutzfelt-Jacob disease
|
|
|
glycoprotein with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity that increased endodermal growth factor receptors and cell proliferation in breast cancer
|
HER2/neu oncogene
|
|
|
associated with increased PT, PTT, fibrin-split products, and decreased fibrinogen and platelet count
|
DIC
|
|
|
NF-kB responsible for what
|
cytokine production
|
|
|
immune-mediated demyelinating disorder of peripheral nerves
|
Guillan-Barre syndrome
|
|
|
chemotactic factors
|
LKB4
C5a |
|
|
associated with abnormal BMPR2 (bone morphogenic, protein receptor) and increased vascular smooth muscle proliferation
|
pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH)
|
|
|
chromogranin and synaptophsin are what
|
neuroendocrine markers
|
|
|
what is nocturnal coughing associated with
|
GERD
|
|
|
what two things are NSAID-associated chronic renal injury
|
papillary necrosis
chronic interstitial nephritis |
|
|
what are clear cells of renal cell carcinoma jammed with
|
glycogen and lipid
|
|
|
which arteries are not involved in polyarteritis nodosa
|
lung
|
|
|
associated with oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, obesity
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
|
|
|
what two disorders are polycystic ovarian syndrome associated with
|
type 2 DM
endometrial adenocarcinoma |
|
|
what causes formation of acidophil bodies
|
apoptosis of hepatocytes in hepatitis
|
|
|
integrin-mediated adhesion of cell to BM and ECM involve binding of integrins to what
|
fibronectin
collagen laminin |
|
|
most common cause of urinary tract obstruction leading to hydronephrosis in elderly male
|
BPH
|
|
|
proteolytic enzymes that cleave cellular proteins involved in apoptosis
|
caspases
|
|
|
what is associated with urinary urgency, frequency, hesitancy; associated with back pain
|
metastatic prostate cancer
|
|
|
hemosiderin accumulation is associated with what patient
|
that receiving blood transfusion frequently
|
|
|
associated with intranuclear inclusions in keratinocytes and multinucleated giant cells
|
herpes virus
|
|
|
associated with palpable skin lesion, abdominal pain, arthralgias; can cause glomerulonephritis
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
|
|
organ that is least susceptible to ischemic infarcts
|
Liver - dual blood supply
|
|
|
proximal muscle weakness, autonomic nerve involvement, absent reflexes; associated with small cell carcinoma of lung
|
Lambert-Eaton syndrome
|
|
|
CNS tumors of neuronal origin stain positive for what
|
synaptophysin
|
|
|
what tumors stain positive for GFAP
|
astrocytoma
ependymoma oligodendroglioma |
|
|
carbon tetrachloride poisoning
|
hepatic injury due to P450 system producing free radicals
|
|
|
what neurotransmitters is deficient in Huntington's disease
|
GABA
|
|
|
how is copper usually excreted
|
bile - decreased excretion in Wilson's disease
|
|
|
characteristic CXR in obstruction of mainstem bronchus
|
pulmonary opacification and deviation of mediastinum toward opacified lung
|
|
|
Flat-topped violaceous plaques over joints of fingers associated with what disease
|
dermatomyositis
|
|
|
what does parvovirus B19 cause in adults
|
self-resolving arthritis that mimics RA
|
|
|
drug used to control symptoms of carcinoid syndrome
|
octreotide
|
|
|
extended consumption of appetite depressants is associated with what
|
pulmonary HTN
|
|
|
fishy odor of vaginal discharge, especially with addition of KOH
|
bacterial vaginosis
|
|
|
monoclonal lymphocytic proliferation
|
strong evidence for malignancy
|
|
|
associated with fever, bilateral conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy, strawberry tongue, desquamation of fingertips, generalized rash
|
Kawasaki disease
|
|
|
major complication of kawasaki disease
|
coronary artery aneurysms
|
|
|
cyanotic spell are associated with what
|
tetralogy of fallot
|
|
|
avascular necrosis of femoral head
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
|
vasculitis characterized by granulomatous inflammation of the media; associated with headache, facial pain, and visual deterioation
|
temporal arteritis
|
|
|
associated with hypochlorhydria, decreased IF, increased gastrin and methylmalonic acid
|
astrophic gastritis
|
|
|
what happens in atrophic gastritis once B12 replacement therapy is begun
|
increased retic count rapidly, Hb and RBC increase steadily and MMA acid decreases
|
|
|
associated with atrophic seminiferous tubules with decreased inhibin and increased FSH
|
cryptorchism
|
|
|
associated with hemosiderin-laden macrohpages in alveoli
|
left-sided HF
|
|
|
associated with positive Rhomberg sign, areflexia, and argyll-robertson pupil
|
Tertiary syphilis
|
|
|
pupil responds to accomodation but not light
|
argyll-robertson pupil
|
|
|
child with ALL has respiratory symptoms and dysphagia; which cell type is predominant
|
T-cell predominant ALL
|
|
|
most common cause of mitral stenosis
|
chronic rheumatic heart disease
|
|
|
associated with amyloid formed deposits in the thyroid
|
medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
what drug can provoke Prinzmetal's angina
|
Ergonovine
|
|
|
acute renal failure in children associted with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia
|
HUS
|
|
|
two organisms that cause HUS
|
O157:H7
Shigella dysenteriae |
|
|
clinical signs seen in HUS
|
diarrhea from infection
oliguria/anuria from acute renal failure pallor and red urine from microangiopathic hemolysis |
|
|
two severe complications associated with hemochromatosis
|
cirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
pathophys of hemochromatosis
|
decreased inhibition of transferrin uptake of iron in intestinal epithelium
|
|
|
two watershed areas of the bowel
|
splenic flexure
distal sigmoid |
|
|
radiolucent kidney stone
|
uric acid
|
|
|
inborn defect of the transporter of cystine, ornithine, arginine, lysinse associated with increased risk of developing kidney stones
|
cystinuria
|
|
|
antibody against ERB-B2 receptor in breast carcinoma
|
trautuzumab
|
|
|
what is associated with wedged shaped necrosis of cerebral convexities lateral to the interhemispheric fissure
|
hypoxic encephalopathy
|
|
|
confirmatory test for cystic duct obstruction
|
positive HIDA scan - failed gallbladder visualization on radionuclide biliary scan
|
|
|
associated with linear IF stain of BM and crescent formation on LM
|
Goodpasture's disease
|
|
|
differentiate joints involved between RA and OA
|
RA - middle and poximal
OA - distal |
|
|
associated with increase in unmineralized osteoid matrix and widened osteoid seams. Osteoid matrix accumulation around trabeculae
|
Rickett's
|
|
|
associated with trabecular thinning with fewer interconnection
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
associated with spongiosa filling medullary canal with no mature trabeulae
|
osteopetrosis
|
|
|
BT, PT, and PTT seen in HUS
|
increased BT
normal PT and PTT |
|
|
most common cause of aortic stenosis
|
senile calcific aortic valve degeneration (7th decade)
|
|
|
what valve defect is endocarditis associated with
|
aortic regurge
|
|
|
where is H. pylori infection located causing duodenal ulcers
|
prepyloric/antral stomach
|
|
|
chronic cholestasis is associated with malabsorption of what nutrients
|
Vitamins A,D,E,K
|
|
|
most common cause of recurrent lobar hemorrhages
|
cerebral amyloid angiopathy
|
|
|
what can happen during recovery phase (polyuria) of ATN
|
dehydration
hypokalemia |
|
|
what is associated with subperiosteal resorption with cystic degeneration
|
hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
what is the function of c-MYC, what is it mutated in
|
c-MYC normally is a transcription activator
mutated in Burkitt's lymphoma due to t(8:14) |
|
|
associated with thryotoxicosis, tenderness of thyroid, and increased ESR
|
granulomatous thyroiditis
|
|
|
mixed cellular infiltration with occasional multinucleated giant cells found in thyroid
|
granulomatous thyroiditis
|
|
|
gliosis
|
proliferation of astrocytes in area of nueron degeneration
|
|
|
what two things are associated with increased WBC and immature (bands, metamyelocytes, myelocytes)
|
leukamoid reaction
CML |
|
|
how do you differentiate CML from leukamoid reaction
|
CML - decreased neutrophilic alkalikne phosphatase
Leukamoid rxn - N/increased neutrophilic alkaline phosphatase |
|
|
what patients are predisposed to infective endocarditis
|
prosthetic heart valves
prior inflammation and scarring |
|
|
what are vegetations of infective endocarditis composed of
|
fibrin and platelet deposition
|
|
|
Cushing's triad
|
hypertension
bradycardia irregular respiration |
|
|
what is cushing's triad associated with
|
increased intracranial pressure
|
|
|
what does inhibition of 7a-hydroxylase lead to
|
reduced conversion of cholesterol to bile acids resulting in excess cholesterol secretion in bile
*can precipitate cholesterol gallstones |
|
|
what drug inhibits 7a-hydroxylase leading to increased cholesterol secretion in bile which can lead to increased risk of precipitating cholesterol gallstones
|
fibrates
|
|
|
two indirect indicators of chronic alcohol consumption
|
macrocytosis (>100)
GTT |
|
|
what does total parental nutrition (TPN) induce gallstone formation
|
decreased CCK leads to biliary stasis due to absent enteral stimulation
|
|
|
what should be given to patients on TPN to prevent gallstone formation
|
CCK
|
|
|
associated with capillary hemangioblastoma in retina/cerebellum and congenital cysts in kidneys/liver/pancreas
|
Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
|
|
|
associated with renal angiomyolipoma, cardiac rhabdomyoma, and cortical/subependymal hamartomas
|
tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
drugs associated with acute interstitial nephritis
|
B-lactams
|
|
|
where does shigella invade the GI mucosa
|
gains access to M cells in Peyer's patches in Ileum
|
|
|
what are associated with spontaneous pneumonthorax
|
apical subpleural blebs
|
|
|
severe, episodic unliteral periorbital and temporal pain associated with lacrimation/nasal congestion
|
cluster headache
|
|
|
what type of headache is more associated with men occuring same time each day
|
cluster headache
|
|
|
thrombus where causes splenomegaly, ascites, and varicosities
|
portal vein thrombosis
|
|
|
what does PAS stain for
|
glycogen
|
|
|
what are at risk during pelvic surgeries in women
|
ureters
|
|
|
what is associated with easy fatigability, constipation, back pain, and azotemia with in elderly patient
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
associated with large eosinphilic casts composed of Bence-Jones proteins
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
what are ulcers found in the distal duodenum associated with
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
|
|
|
substance released by endothelial cells that causes vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation and increases vascular permeability
|
prostacyclin
|
|
|
infiltration of what causes retraction of skin in breast cancer
|
Cooper's suspensory ligaments
|
|
|
what is a systolic pressure gradient between the LV and aorta associated with
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
Vitamin preterm infants need due to increased risk for hemorrhagic disease of newborn
|
vitamin K
|
|
|
most common cause of mitral insufficiency
|
myxomatous degeneration due to MVP leads to MR
|
|
|
what is composed of abnormal proliferation of cytotrophoblasts and synctiotrophoblasts, no villi present
|
choriocarcinoma
|
|
|
associated with cerebellar ataxia, loss of proprioception/vibration, kyphoscoliosis, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
|
Friedrich Ataxia
|
|
|
characterized by loss of epidermal melanocytes
|
vitiligo
|
|
|
associated with Aschoff bodies due to recent bacterial infection
|
rheumatic carditis
|
|
|
malignant carcinoma with well-differentiated columnar cell that line alveolar septa without stromal invasion of the lung
|
bronchoalveolar carcinoma
|
|
|
associated with erythrocytosis, hepatic abrnomalities, and acne
|
steroid abuse
|
|
|
IgG4 antibodies to phospholipase A2 receptor
|
membranous nephropathy
|
|
|
what can be lethal in rheumatic fever
|
severe myocarditis
|
|
|
common complication associated with gram negative bacterial sepsis, acute pancreatitis, and burn injury
|
DIC
|
|
|
schistocytes seen in meningitis infection due to N. meningitidis
|
DIC is present
|
|
|
what causes pituitary dysfunction in patient's postpartum
|
ischemic necrosis during birth
|
|
|
subacute sclerosing encephalitis is associated with what organism
|
measles
|
|
|
FGFR-3 mutation at the epiphyseal growth plate with defective chondrocytes
|
achondroplasia
|
|
|
what causes tissue destruction in TB
|
delayed type IV hypersensitivity
|
|
|
most likely presentation to hospital for patient with hyperchylomicronemia
|
abdominal pain due to acute pancreatitis
|
|
|
painless hematuria 2-3 days following an URI
|
IgA nephropathy
|
|
|
associated with increased JVP, hypotension, and pulsus paradoxus
|
cardiac tamponade
|
|
|
increase in what hormone is seen in hydatidiform mole
|
B-hCG
|
|
|
what can complete hydatidiform mole become
|
choriocarcinoma
|
|
|
associated with increased BT and PTT
|
vWF disease
|
|
|
shape, chest pain exacerbated by coughing and swallowing that presents 2-4 days after transmural MI
|
pericarditis
|
|
|
associated with ballooning degeneration, bridging necrosis, and mononuclear inflammation of sinusoids and portal tracts
|
viral hepatitis
|
|
|
associated with musculoskeletal pain, insomnia, and emotional disturbances
|
fibromyalgia
|
|
|
first symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
|
tramulousness
|
|
|
associated with crescent formation of glomeruli with absent Ig or C3 deposits
|
ANCA-associated RPGN
|
|
|
defect in the hepatic excretion of bilirubin glucuronides, with grossly black looking liver
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome
|
|
|
associated with hepatic lysosomes having deposits of epinephrine metabolites
|
dubin-johnson syndrome
|
|
|
where in the brain would a tumor present with precocious puberty
|
pineal gland due to germinoma
|
|
|
leads associated with RCA, LAD, and LCA occlusions
|
RCA - II, III, AVF
LAD - V1-V4 LCA - V5 and V6 |
|
|
bilateral acoustic neuromas are associated with what
|
NF-2
|
|
|
hemorrhagic necrosis of temporal lobes is associated with what infection
|
HSV-1 encephalitis
|
|
|
monoclonal antibody directed against CD20
|
rutuximab
|
|
|
B-cell lymphoma with painless waxing and waning lymphadenopathy
|
follicular lymphoma
|
|
|
lymphoma associated with t(14:18) with overproduction of BCL-2
|
follicular lymphoma
|
|
|
associated with non-bilous vomiting
|
pyloric stenosis
|
|
|
kidney at birth of child with APCKD
|
normal
|
