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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Bacteria |
- circular DNA - cell wall contains peptidoglycan - reproduce by binary fission - use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy (most diverse) |
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Viruses |
- acellular - consist of DNA OR RNA - innermost layer: DNA or RNA - inner layer: protein coat - outer layer: envelope (optional) - infectious but not alive |
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Fungi |
- chitin walls - use organic chemicals for energy - mold and mushrooms - yeasts are unicellular - absorbers |
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Protozoa |
- usually unicellular - may be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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Helminths |
- worms classified as a parasite - live and reproduce from host |
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Algae |
- cellulose cell walls - use photosynthesis for energy - produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds - green from chlorophyll - cause few medical problems |
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Louis Pasteur |
- Germ theory: idea that microbes can be the cause of some illnesses - conducted research in immunology (rabies vaccine) |
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Robert Hooke |
- 1665 - reported that living things were composed of little cells - developed compound microscope - Hooke's Law |
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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek |
- 1673-1723 - described live microbes that he observed in teeth scrapings, rain water, and peppercorn infusions - first to see live microbes using a hand-held simple microscope |
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Rudolf Virchow |
- 1858 - Cell theory: all organisms are composed of cells and come from parent cells (biogenesis) |
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Spontaneous generation |
living organisms arise from non-living matter (a "vital force" forms life) |
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Spontaneous Generation or Biogenesis? |
1668 - Francis Redi filled six jars with decaying meet - Disproved spontaneous generation from maggots 1745 - put boiled nutrient brother into covered flasks - microbes do not come from spontaneous generation 1765 - boiled nutrients in flasks and sealed = no microbial growth 1861 - Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air |
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Theory of Biogenesis |
Pasteur's S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in - disproved spontaneous generation for microbes |
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Louis Pasteur Fermentation and Pasteurization |
Microbes are responsible for fermentation and spoilage of food |
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Joseph Lister |
First to use chemical antiseptics in surgery |
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Robert Koch |
- fist proof that a particular bacteria can cause a disease (anthrax, TB) - first solid proof of germ theory |
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Edward Jenner |
- 1796 - used cowpox virus to protect from smallpox |
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Jenner Stems |
- Father of immunology
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Birth of Modern Chemotherapy |
- treatment with chemicals in chemotherapy - use of antibiotics to kill microbes - penicillin was tested clinically and mass produced |
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Paul Ehrlich |
- invented the precursor technique to gram staining - antimicrobial chemotherapy |
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Modern Development in Microbiology |
- immunology: study of immunity - Rebecca Lancefield (1993): use of immunology to identify bacteria - recombinant DNA is DNA made from two different sources |
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Elie Metchnikoff |
- discovered the role of white blood cells in fighting infection - noble prize for phagocytes |
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Selman Waksman |
- streptomycin: first antibiotic effective against TB |
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Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty |
- 1944 - showed that DNA was the stuff of genes |
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Jim Watson and Francis Crick |
- 1953 - puzzled out the structure of DNA |
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Nathans, Smith, and Arber |
- developed way to cut and snip DNA with sticky ends for genetic engineering |
