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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CHAPTER 8 Factors Affecting Stability of Synovial Joints Movement at synovial joints (freely-movable) ---Caused by muscles that crosses joints ------Origin -- most proximal ------Insertion -- most distal ------Action -- moves insertion toward origin ---Range of Actions ------Non-axial ------Uniaxial ------Biaxial ------Multiaxial ---Motions @ these joints ------Gliding motion ------Angular motion ------Rotation motion ------Special movements |
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CHAPTER 9 Muscle ---Types ------Skeletal (striated, voluntary) ------Cardiac (striated, involuntary) ------Smooth (non-striated, involuntary) ---Characteristics ------Excitability ------Contractility ------Extensibility ------Elasticity ---Functions Skeletal Muscle ---Characteristics of Muscles ------Vascular/Innervated ---------Geometric Midpoint ------------Motor point ---------------Vessels branch ---------------Nerves branch ------------------produce single neurons ------Connective Tissue Sheaths (a "drive train") ---------Endomysium (cell) ---------Perimysium (fascicle) ---------Epimysium (whole muscle) ---------Tendon ---------Periosteum ------Individual Skeletal Muscle cell (m. fiber/myofiber) ---------Cylindrical ---------dense cytoskeleton ------------myofibrils ---------Multinucleate ------------nuclei are peripheral ---------Myoglobin |
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1. What provides plasma for filtrate of synovial fluid? 2. If there is synovial fluid inside, what does this imply about the movement of such structure? 3. what is the most freely movable joint? 4. Bursa is deep to the ________ 5. What is the function of the bursa? READ ABOUT SUBACROMIAL BURSA ON PAGE 253 |
1. Capillaries 2. That there's movement--A LOT; that those inner surfaces potentially move against each other 3. shoulder joint 4. deep to the acromion process 5. to act a like a ball bearing; to roll and pinch during rotation of shoulder; REDUCE POTENTIAL DAMAGE BETWEEN SURFACES AT THAT JOINT |
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1. What do tendon sheaths do? 2. Articular surfaces are covered with ______ cartilage 3. articular surfaces affect ________ of the joint 4. the socket of the shoulder joint is ______ tissue 5. the socket of the hip joint is ______ tissue |
1. elongate structure that moves differently from surfaces of bone relative to each other; FIND OUT ON YOUR OWN 2. hyaline 3. stability 4. soft 5. hard; making it more stable than the shoulder joint; more weight is placed here |
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1. what are ligaments? 2. what do tendons do? 3. what fiber predominates in ligaments? 4. if it's stretched a small distance without tearing, what happens to the ligament? 5. what is the greatest contributor to joint stability? 6. tendons are made of _________ |
1. made out of dense, fibrous, regular connective tissue proper; their function is to connect adjacent bones together 2. connect muscle to bone 3. collagen (has tensile strength) 4. it will REMAIN STRETCHED 5. muscle tone 6. dense, fibrous regular connective tissue; same as ligaments |
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1. as a muscle body begins to contract, whose tendon crosses a joint, what happens to pressure between the two bones? 2. as muscle tension increases, what happens to joint stability? 3. all muscles that cross a joint contribute to _______ 4. what 3 factors affect joint stability? |
1. increases; because bones are held more tightly together; pressure increases as force increases 2. INCREASES; as force at joint increases, stability does as well 3. stabilization of joint 4. articular surfaces, ligaments, muscle tone (especially) |
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1. synovial joints are ______-movable 2. movement at synovial joints are caused by muscles that _________? 3. by definition, the origin is...? 4. by definition, the insertion is...? 5. what action could reverse the designations of "origin" and "insertion"? 6. greatest force is produced at the _________? |
1. freely 2. cross joints 3. most proximal attachment of the muscle on the skeleton (closest to axial skeleton) 4. the distal-most attachment 5. doing a chin-up; so yes it's possible for them to be reversed 6. distal-most joint |
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1. also known as agonists, what is a type of muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement (e.g. biceps brachii)? 2. What is an "action"? 3. what is non-axial action? 4. what is an example of a location where non-axial action occurs? 5. the elbow is a(n) ________ joint 6. what are the 4 ranges of action? |
1. prime-mover; action by this muscle is called "prime-mover action" 2. moving insertion toward origin 3. Slipping movement only, no axis around which movement can occur. Example: gliding joints 4. type of motion that occurs at joints like the intercarpal joints 5. uniaxial 6. Non-axial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial (N.U.M.B.) |
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1. what is an example of a multiaxial joint? 2. coronal plane divides body into...? 3. transverse plane divides body into...? 4. sagittal plane divides body into...? 5. which action permits 3-dimensional motion? |
1. shoulder 2. anterior and posterior halves 3. cross-sections 4. left and right halves; mid-sagittal is right down center, para-sagittal is if it's slightly to the left or right of center 5. multiaxial joint |
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1. what movement occurs in a circular motion (e.g. swinging arm down and around)? 2. motion that occurs without an axis? 3. when anterior angle is increasing, posterior angle is _________ 4. the angle observed is on the side that ________ 5. angular motions can occur in _________ plane(s) 6. the ________ is an example of a uniaxial joint |
1. circumduction 2. gliding motion 3. decreasing 4. (side of angle) that the active muscle is located 5. all three 6. elbow, knee |
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1. What are the 4 angular movements? 2. biceps contraction _______ the angle between arm and forearm 3. triceps contraction _______ the angle between arm and forearm 4. _______ flex, ________ contract 5. moving appendages away from the mid-sagittal plane (mid-line) of body is __________ 6. __________ adduction can occur whilst both arms are in still in abducted positions |
1. flexion (decreases angle between interacting bones), extension (increases angles between interacting bones), abduction, adduction, and circumduction 2. decreases (flexion) 3. increases (extension) 4. joints flex, muscles contract 5. abduction; moving away from the body 6. horizontal adduction |
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circumduction is when ____________ |
1. action in which movement of limb produces a cone-like shape; the joint itself is assumed to remain in one point; the distal end of the limb is describing a circle in space |
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What does circumduction look like? |
action in which movement of limb produces a cone-like shape; the joint itself is assumed to remain in one point; the distal end of the limb is describing a circle in space |
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What does pronation and supination look like? |
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What does dorsi-flexion and plantar flexion look like? |
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What does inversion and eversion look like? |
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What does scapular protraction, retraction, elevation, and rotation look like? |
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What does mandibular protraction and retraction look like? |
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What does opposition and reposition of the thumb look like? |
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0.5. Rotation is _______ of a bone around its own ______ ________ 1. What angular movements are possible at the condylar joint? 2. Where is the saddle joint located? 3. opposition takes ______ different actions LOOK AT SELECTED SYNOVIAL JOINTS ON PAGE 262; SOME QUESTIONS WILL BE ASKED ABOUT THIS STUFF ON FINAL |
0.5. turning, long axis 1. flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction 2. trapezium and metacarpal #1 3. 4 different actions; thumb is abducted, followed by flexion of thumb and fingers, followed by extension of thumb and fingers, followed by adduction of everything |
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CHAPTER 9 1. What are the 4 primary characteristics of muscle tissue? 2. what primary tissues are excitable tissues? 3. What is contractility? 4. What is extensibility? 5. most of the time when muscle contracts, it is due to action of ___________ 6. What is elasticity? |
1. Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, and Elasticity 2. muscle and nerve 3. ability of muscle to forcefully shorten; generate tension 4. result of the elastic properties of muscle; muscle can be stretched 5. action of muscle's antagonist 6. recoiling back to native shape after stretch |
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1. thermoregulation refers to maintaining the body's __________ temperature 2. Energy used in muscle contraction is dissipated as what 3 things? 3. muscle has both _______ supply and _______ supply 4. what is the point where arteries and nerve branches enter the muscle? 5. What is a "nerve"? |
1. body's core temperature 2. light, heat (mostly), and sound 3. nerve supply and blood supply (both vascular and innervated) 4. motorpoint 5. many axons bundled together |
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1. each nerve axon innervates a ______________ 2. ratio of axons to single muscle cells is ______ 3. each muscle cell is innervated by _________, but one nerve cell can innervate ____________ 4. muscle tissue can be broken down into ___________ 5. What is the wispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber? 6. What is the dense fibrous, irregular connective tissue sheath that surrounds the whole muscle? 7. What connective tissue sheath surrounds each fascicle? |
1. a single skeletal muscle cell 2. 1:1 ; mono-neuronally innervated 3. each muscle cells is innervated by one axon, but one nerve cell can innervate multiple muscle cells 4. multiple bundles of muscle cells 5. endomysium 6. epimysium 7. perimysium |
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1. the connective tissue sheaths are all _________ with each other 2. the endomesium between adjacent cells is __________ 3. if two adjacent muscle cells contract, what happens to the endomesium? 4. if there are two adjacent muscle cells, but only one cell contracts, what happens with the endomesium? 5. the force generated by a muscle cell is distributed to what? |
1. continuous 2. endomesium between these cells is interconnected; common endomesium between adjacent cells 3. it will "fan-fold" 4. it will "fan-fold" and "try" to contract the adjacent muscle cells because of the sharing of the endomesium 5. the force it generates is distributed to adjacent cells because of the shared endomesium |
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1. what would happen if the perimysium and endomesium were not continuous? 2. the contraction of muscle cells will always produce a __________ of the perimysium 3. 4. how are the tissue sheaths attached to each other? 5. the epimysium comes together and forms a single _________ 6. epimysium is made of _________ tissue; but by the time it turns into tendon it becomes ___________ |
1. the perimysium will remain its normal shape and length, and the muscle as a whole will not contract 2. contraction; however, the force of the contraction of the perimysium differs depending on how many muscle cells are contracting 3. each fascicle that is on the surface will have a perimysium 4. collagen fibers in strong cross-rooting 5. tendon 6. dense fibrous irregular connective tissue; dense fibrous regular connective |
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1. the extent to which a muscle shortens is NOT dependent on the number of cells engaged in contraction; HOWEVER, the __________ IS dependent on the number of cells 2. in the analogy of the drive train, what are the motor and the wheels? 3. the epimysium attaches to the tendon, which attaches to the __________ 4. myofibrils force the nuclei to be on the ___________ of the cell, because of the density of the ____________ 5. muscle cells are ______-nucleate 6. what is the function of a nucleus in the cell? |
1. strength IS dependent on the number of muscle cells 2. motor -- muscle; wheels -- bone 3. periosteum 4. on the periphery of cell, because of the density of the cytoskeleton 5. multinucleate 6. control center of the cell |
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1. myofibrils are pure _________ 2. the bulk of the muscle cells is the __________ 3. individual skeletal muscle cells are ________-shaped 4. each region of the muscle cell has ________ _________ over that particular spot 5. during embryonic development, myoblasts _______ together and each cell keeps its _________ 6. skeletal muscle cells are _________ in size compared to smooth and cardiac muscle cells |
1. protein 2. cytoskeleton, which are myofibrils (pure protein) 3. cylindrically 4. each region of the muscle cell has regional control over that particular spot 5. myoblasts merge together and each cell keeps its nucleus 6. larger in size |
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1. Myoglobin binds _________; it allows a cell at rest to accumulate a reservoir of _________ 2. Unbound myoglobin will _________ _________ from the cell 3. After working out, muscle cells increase their numbers of _________ and will become wider, but the number of cells is __________. 4. a myoblast has ______ nuclei |
1. Myoglobin binds oxygen; it allows a cell at rest to accumulate a reservoir of oxygen 2. Unbound myoglobin diffuse away of the cell 3. After working out, muscle cells increase their number of myofibrils and become wider, but number of cells is fixed. 4. a myoblast has one nuclei |
