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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Notes:

Sarcomere


---Structure


------Actins -- thin filaments


---------G-Actin


---------F-Actin


------Myosins -- thick filaments


------Arrangement of Actin and Myosin


---------Regular, repetitive


---------2 Actin:1 Myosin


---------Midpoint of sarcomere


------------Actin deficient


------Regions of a sarcomere


---------I-Band


---------A-Band


---------H-Zone (Middle of A-Band)


------Details of myofilament


---------Thin--Actin


------------Binding Site (Receptor) for myosin heads


------------Tropomyosin filamentous


------------Troponin


---------Thick


------------2 heads


---------------Actin binding site on each neck for each head


------------Neck for each head


---------------Flexible


------------No Myosin Heads


---------------@ M-line (H-Zone)

Notes:

Sarcomere (cont'd)


---Other Organelles


------Mitochondria


------Smooth ER


---------Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)


------------Ca2+ reservoir


------Transverse Tubule


---------T-Tubule


---------Triad


Sliding Filament Theory

NOTES:

NERVE SIGNAL
---GENERATION OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

NERVE SIGNAL


---GENERATION OF MEMBRANE POTENTIAL

1. Striations seen between different muscle types represent a similar ________ between those different muscle types


2. Muscles don't contract on their own; they respond to a signal from the ________


3. Tendon attaches to the ________


4. the nuclei are placed ________ on the muscle cell


5. the ________ is the term that we give to the plasma membrane of the muscle cell


6. the ________ is immediately surrounding the previous term


Figure 9.1 on PAGE 279

1. contractile mechanism


2. nervous system


3. periosteum


4. peripherally


5. sarcolemma


6. endomysium

1. ________ fibers connect the different connective tissue sheaths


2. there is a fairly high density of ________ organelles in the muscle cells; this means there is a lot of energy in the form of ________ being used up


3. the reason muscle cells are striated, is because the ________ are striated; the greater the number of them, the more easily the striations are to see


4. the name for the sets of 3 dark lines circumscribing the myofibrils are ________ lines


5. ________ are the basic unit of structure and function of striated muscle

1. collagen


2. mitochondria, ATP


3. myofibrils


4. M lines


5. sarcomeres; to be the functional part, it requires ATP and neural stimulation

1. what is a sarcomere, with respect to myofibrils?


2. what is a myofibril, with respect to sarcomeres?


3. What is the most abundant protein found in striated muscle cells?


4. amino acids are held together by ________ bonds


5. G-Actins form long filaments known as ________ actin

1. cylindrically shaped subset of a myofibril;


2. many sarcomeres lined up in sequence


3. actin; protein making up the cytoskeleton of the cell; tend to be clustered around the outside edge of cell attached to intermediate filaments; most common intracellular proteins


4. peptide


5. filamentous (F-Actin)

1. The thin blue lines on figure 9.1 (Page 280) represent ________ proteins


2. the second most common protein are ________


3. what is a multimer?


4. The 2 most common proteins in muscle cells are ________ and ________


5. actins are referred to as ________ filaments, and myosins as ________ filaments


6. the proteins that form the M line help keep thick filaments from ________

1. actin


2. myosins


3. many molecules making up an even greater single piece


4. actins, myosins


5. thin, thick


6. slipping out of register

1. actins and myosins ________ with each other


2. ________ proteins attach thick filaments at distal ends to zig-zag lines that form the end of the sarcomere


3. actin and myosin are arranged ________ to the long axis of the muscle cell


4. T/F. There are other proteins that are integral to the function of the sarcomere that are not actin and myosin.


5. ________ are the terminal structures of the sarcomere at both ends

1. interact


2. Elastic (titin)


3. parallel


4. True


5. Z discs

1. Z discs directly attach to ________ filaments, and indirectly to ________ filaments


2. thick filaments do not extend to the ________ of the sarcomere


3. the purpose of muscle is ________, and as it contracts the length of the muscle ________


4. during muscle contraction, the length of the sarcomere ________


5. if a muscle shortens during contraction, it's because all of its ________ are shortening

1. thin actin, thick myosin


2. center


3. mobilization, shortens


4. shortens


5. sarcomeres

1. T/F. If one sarcomere shortens, it's almost unnoticeable.


2. Increasing the number of ________ shortening, will increase the likelihood that a visible shortening of the muscle will occur.


3. the strength of the contraction is not necessarily reflected in the ________ of the contraction


4. The M line proteins hold the ________ filaments


5. thin filaments in cross section are arranged in a ________ shape


6. thick filaments in cross section are arranged in a ________ shape, and also ________ shapes when zoomed out

1. True


2. sarcomeres


3. extent


4. thick (myosin)


5. hexagon


6. triangle, hexagon

1. ________ individual thin filaments surround each individual thick filament


2. ________ individual thick filaments surround each individual thin filament


3. the ratio of actin to myosin filaments is ________


4. the overall arrangement of actin and myosin is in a ________ shape, with ________ motifs


5. if the sarcomere shortens, the ________ ends will approach each other

1. 6


2. 3


3. 2:1


4. crystal, repeating


5. medial

LOOK AT PAGE 280, FIGURE 9.2


1. the sarcomere is divided into ________ and ________


2. The "I" in I-Band refers to ________ properties, referring to the way it reflects plane-polarized light


3. The ________ zone is in the center of the sarcomere


4. each sarcomere has two individual sections of ________


5. the ________ band extends from one end of a molecule clear to the opposite end of the same molecule

1. bands, zones


2. isotropic


3. H-zone


4. I-bands


5. A-band

1. occupying the vast majority of the sarcomere is the ________


2. T/F. the A-Band is not homogenous throughout its length


3. the proteins of the M line keep the ________ filaments from slipping out of register


4. the depression in individual G-Actin subunits are ________ for myosin heads


5. Actin and Myosin are ________ to each other, and, under the right conditions, will ________ to each other

1. A-Band


2. True


3. thick


4. binding sites


5. parallel, connect

1. G-Actin are arranged in ________ arrays


2. the resting condition of tropomyosin involves ________-ing the G-actin subunit binding sites


3. ________ of G-actin binding sites are covered by tropomyosin before ending


4. ________ proteins link actin subunits to tropomyosin


5. one of the three parts of troponin, binds to ________, another to ________, and a third one to ________

1. helical


2. covering


3. 6-9


4. troponin


5. Actin, tropomyosin, free Calcium ions

1. Thin filaments are composed of what 3 proteins? What protein does this ultimately produce?


2. "thin filament" is synonymous with the term ________


3. T/F. the hinge region of the myosin molecule can bend, meaning the neck region is flexible


4. the myosin molecule has ________ heads, with each head containing a(n) ________


5. the angle between adjacent myosin heads is ________

1. tropomyosin, troponin, G-Actin subunits; F-Actin is ultimately produced


2. F-Actin


3. True


4. 2, actin binding-site


5. 60 degrees

What do myosin heads look like in cross-section?



1. there are ________ myosin heads at the M-Line; this is because this region is deficient of ________


2. the myosin heads ________ around the thick filaments; they are not randomly arranged


3. endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells is referred to as ________


4. the myofibrils are surrounded by ________ organelles


5. The holes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum have the effect of increasing the ________

1. ZERO, thin filaments


2. spiral


3. sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)


4. sarcoplasmic reticulum


5. surface area

1. most of the calcium in the muscle cell is located in the ________ and very little in the ________


2. the concentration gradient of calcium in sarcoplasmic reticulum favors its movement ________


3. the triad is a structure that includes the ________ and the ________


4. the thick part of the SR are the ________


5. skeletal muscle cells have multiple nuclei because of ________

1. sarcoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasm


2. out of the cell


3. T-Tubule and the SR


4. 2 pieces of terminal cisterna


5. the long length of muscle cells; this requires multiple nuclei to control each region

1. THE FUNCTION OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IS ________


2. IF MUSCLES RUN OUT OF CALCIUM, THE NEXT SOURCE OF CALCIUM IS ________


3. MANY MYOFILAMENTS MAKE UP A ________, WHICH IN LARGE NUMBERS MAKE UP A ________


4. ________ FILAMENTS HAVE DIRECT ATTACHMENT TO THE Z-DISC; ________ FILAMENTS HAVE INDIRECT ATTACHMENT TO Z-DISCS


5. THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ADJACENT Z-DISCS ________ DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION

1. CALCIUM ION STORAGE


2. BONE


3. MYOFIBRIL, MYOFIBER


4. ACTIN (THIN); MYOSIN (THICK)


5. SHORTEN

1. ________ FILAMENTS ARE THE ONES THAT SLIDE DURING MUSCLE CONTRACTION


2. THE SLIDING FILAMENT THEORY PROPOSES THAT WHEN MUSCLE CONTRACTS THE ________ SLIDES ALONG PARALLEL TO STATIONARY ________ AND AS THE ACTIN SLIDES IT PULLS THE ________ WITH IT, THUS BRINGING THEM CLOSER TOGETHER, SHORTENING THE SARCOMERE, AND SHORTENING THE WHOLE MUSCLE


3. THE H-ZONE IS DEFINED BY ________ FILAMENTS; THE A-BAND IS DEFINED BY THE ________ FILAMENTS


4. ________ CAUSES THE NECKS OF MYOSIN HEADS TO FLEX

1. ACTIN (THIN)


2. ACTIN, MYOSIN, Z-DISCS


3. THIN FILAMENTS; THICK FILAMENTS


4. ATP

1. BESIDES POTASSIUM, ________ IS ALSO TRAPPED INSIDE THE NERVE CELL.


2. THE POTASSIUM CONCENTRATION IS ________ INTRACELLULARLY, AND ________ EXTRACELLULARLY


3. IS POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTED EVENLY THROUGHOUT THE BODY?

1. ORGANIC ANIONS


2. GREATER, LESS


3. NO