Tsarist Russia: (Section 1) Reforms And Impact

Front 1

Military Reforms (1874): Why were they a priority?

Back 1

Priority because of Crimean War (need to change from traditional practices).

Front 2

Military Reforms: What did Dmitrii Milyutin want?

Back 2

Dmitrii Milyutin, Minister of War, wanted a smaller, more efficient army.

Front 3

What was the length of service reduced to?

Back 3

Length of service was reduced from 25 years to 15 years. (9 years spent in reserve).

Front 4

What was abolished?

Back 4

Military colonies.

Front 5

Other improvements?

Back 5

Welfare improvements, abolition of corporal punishment. Army service was no longer a punishment.

Front 6

Who was Conscription made compulsory for?

Back 6

For all classes, from the age of 20.

Front 7

Why was Provision made?

Back 7

Provision was made to modernise weaponry and improve transport.

Front 8

Why were Military colonies established?

Back 8

To train officers; promotion was by merit rather than social class.

Front 9

What was established?

Back 9

15 regional commands and a new code was established.

Front 10

As a result of Military reform what was created?

Back 10

Smaller better trained army was created.

Cost of military to the government was reduced.Literacy improved through army education campaigns

Front 11

What remained the same?

Back 11

Officers were still mainly aristocrats and the upper classes served less time or bought their way out of service

Front 12

Did Military Reforms result in a successful war?

Back 12

No, In the war against Turkey from 1877 to 1878, victory took longer than expected. 1904-1905 (war against Japanese) 1914-1917 (war against Germans) Russia faced defeat.

Front 13

Local Government Reforms (1864-70): What was established?

Back 13

Rural councils (Zemstva) were established at district (Uezd) and provincial levels (1864) and Dumas were set up in the towns (1870).

Front 14

How were councils elected?

Back 14

An indirect system giving an initial vote to the nobles, townspeople, Church and peasants but were weighted in favour of the nobility.

Front 15

What were the Zemstva and Duma given power to do?

Back 15

Zemstva and Dumas were given power to improve public services, including relief for the poor, and to develop industry.

Front 16

What did the Zemstva and Duma offer?

Back 16

Offered some representative government at local level-but only spread slowly.

Front 17

Who were the Zemstva and Duma dominated by?

Back 17

Dominated by nobles = professionals, peasants had limited influence.

Front 18

Who did the Zemstva and Duma attract?

Back 18

Attracted liberal-minded with local understand and made significant improvements in welfare.

Front 19

What did the Zemstva/Duma have no control over?

Back 19

No control over local/state taxes, appointment of officials/maintenance of law + order. Remained with Tsarist appointed provincial governors who could overturn local council decisions.

Front 20

Judical Reforms (1864): What was established?

Back 20

Reforms (1864)Reforms established local courts under magistrates for minor offences;district courts with barristers, judge and jury for weighter criminal cases and the Senate for grave crimes and appeals (Volosts courts for peasant issues).

Front 21

Was it fair?

Back 21

Yes, all classes were judged equal before the law and proceedings were open to the public and reporters.

Front 22

What was improved?

Back 22

Judges training and pay were improved.

Front 23

What benefits did occurred due to Judicial Reforms?

Back 23

Fairer less corrupt system was created.

Reforms prompted legal careers but these attracted the intelligentsia who were critical of the government.

Front 24

How did the Jury undermine government control?

Back 24

The jury system could undermine government control, for example Vera Zasulich who was acquitted for terrorism, although guilty. As a result from 1878 political crimes were tried in special courts.

Front 25

What stayed the same?

Back 25

Ecclesiastical and military courts continue and the reform was not applicable to Poland.

Front 26

Educational Reform (1863-64): Why were Educational Reforms established?

Back 26

An attempt to catch up to the West.

Front 27

Who was the minister of Educational Reform?

Back 27

Liberal-minded Minister, Alexander Golovnin (1862-67)

Front 28

What happened in 1864?

Back 28

1864, responsibility of schooling was transferred from the Church to the Zemstva.

Front 29

Who governed Universities?

Back 29

Universities give self-governing in 1863, appointing their own staff, had to be approved by the Government.

Front 30

What happened to schools?

Back 30

Primary and Secondary school extended throughout the country. ‘Modern schools’ was established for those who did not want traditional education offered in ‘gymnazii’.Schools were declared open to all regardless of class and sex.

Front 31

What were the strengths of Reforms?

Back 31

Primary schools rose from 8,000 in 1856 to 23,000 in 1880.

Number of children in primary education from 400,000 to over 1 million.

Students in university grew from 3,600 to 10,000 by the 1870s.

Greater subjects for boy and girls

Front 32

What were the problems of Reforms?

Back 32

1. Primary curriculum was still based on religion and offered basic writing and arithmetic.

2. Secondary school was still fee paying so limited to the better off.

3. Critical students weakened the regime and the more radical joined opposition movements committed to violence.

Front 33

Censorship Reform (1858-70): Who had control over Censorship?

Back 33

1863 Censorship was placed under the control of the Ministry for Internal Affairs.

Front 34

What couldn't be sold in Russia with Government approval?

Back 34

Foreign publications could be sold in Russia with government approval.

Front 35

What were the press allowed to do?

Back 35

1865 the press was allowed to print editorials with comment on government policy for the first time.

Front 36

What could the Ministry of Internal Affairs do?

Back 36

Ministry of Internal Affairs could stop publications and fine publishers but the new legal system provided a fairer court system in which to challenge censorship.

Front 37

STRENGTH OF REFORM: What did Censorship encourage?

Back 37

Encouraged growth of number of books, newspapers and journals in Russia. Books published grew from 1,020 in 1855 to 10,691 by 1894.

Front 38

What were the problems with Reform?

Back 38

More criticism of the government appeared-Chernyshevsky’s ‘What is to be done’?

Front 39

ECONOMIC REFORM: What did Russia not possess?

Back 39

A wealthy middle class.

Front 40

What did Reutern believe?

Back 40

Believed the government must direct economic change.

Front 41

ECONOMIC REFORM

Back 41

Treasure was reformed. New system for collecting taxes was established, establishing budgets and auditing accounts of government departments.

Front 42

ECONOMIC REFORM

Back 42

Tax farming was abolished. (Companies could no longer buy the right to collect taxes).

Front 43

ECONOMIC REFORM

Back 43

Liberal trade policies and lower tariffs introduced. Subsidies were offered to railway companies and other industrial intiatives.

Front 44

ECONOMIC REFORM

Back 44

Government guaranteed annual dividends were provided for foreign investors. Industrial initatives encouraged. Supporting the development of the cotton industry begin mining in the Donets Coalfield.

Front 45

Strength of Reform

Back 45

Cotton industry expanded and mining grew in the Donets coalfield.Some improvement in agriculture.

Front 46

What were the Limitations of Reform?

Back 46

Transport and labour mobility remained limited.Growth was slow.Tax system was not changed and kept peasants poor.Russian currency was unstable and much income were towards paying off debts. 1 /3 of government expenditure (debts). 66% government revenue still came from indirect taxation.

Front 47

Who was the Minister of Internal Affairs?

Back 47

Pyotr Valuev,

Front 48

What did Pyotr Valuev set up?

Back 48

Ecclesiastical Commission to look into the Church organisation in 1862.

Front 49

What did the 1868 reforms allow?

Back 49

1868 reforms allowed take them educated and charismatic rients to gain promotion to key positions in the Church hierarchy.

Front 50

What happened to Non-Russian minorities?

Back 50

Non-Russian ethnic groups were given more freedom: Poles were given their own language and practice Catholicism.

Front 51

What happened with the Jews?

Back 51

Laws restricting activities of Jews were relaxed. Finnish language was encouraged. After Polish revolt of 1863 polices on Poles and Jews were reversed.