Trimester 3 Study Guide

Front 1

how is temperature measured? identify the three scales used

Back 1

measured in degrees 3 scales celsius, Fahrenheit, kelvin

Front 2

give an example for each method of heat-energy transfer as it relates to cooking

Back 2

CONDUCTION direct contact between heat source and object being heated RADIATION heat energy travels through the food exciting molecules CONVECTION transfer through and around air air and fluids of objects being heated

Front 3

lemon juice, curdled milj and vinegar all taste sour. what other properties would you expect them to have?

Back 3

reaction with metals pH less than 7 change blue litmus paper to red

Front 4

explain the difference between heat and temperature?

Back 4

heat is a form of energy related to the motion of atoms and molecules. it can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation. temeraturee an extensive property that is measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules and atoms. it determines the spontaneous heat flow, which is always from hot to cold

Front 5

describe the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond

Back 5

IONIC complete transfer of electrons between 2 atoms COVALENT formed by sharing electrons

Front 6

explain the difference between saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated.

Back 6

SAT contains maximum amount of solute at given conditions UNSAT less then maximum amount of solute at given conditions SUPERSAT external conditions are changed so more solute can be disolved

Front 7

where does oxidation occur

Back 7

oxidation occurs at the anode

Front 8

where does reduction occur

Back 8

reduction occurs at the cathode

Front 9

which generates more current a 9-volt or a 1.5 volt battery

Back 9

a 1.5 volt battery generates more current than a 9-volt

Front 10

what converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Back 10

a battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy

Front 11

as ice cools what happens to the kinetic energy of its molecules

Back 11

average kinetic energy of the particles decrease

Front 12

how does energy from the sun reach the earth

Back 12

radiation

Front 13

convert joules to kJ (kilojoules

1J= 1000kJ

so how many J in 10,000

Back 13

1000J= 1kJ

Front 14

heat energy has a tendency to (move in what direction)

Back 14

heat energy travels from a hotter (higher temp) to a colder (lower temp) body

Front 15

what happens to the particles of a substance if the temperature decreases

Back 15

when temperature decreases the average kinetic energy of the particles decrease

Front 16

when does the average kinetic energy of a solid particles increase

Back 16

average kinetic energy of solids particles increase when the particles of the temperature increases

Front 17

what is BaCI2

Back 17

barium chloride

Front 18

what is Na2O

Back 18

sodium oxide

Front 19

what is CaCO3

Back 19

calcium carbonate

Front 20

what is polymerization

Back 20

process of joining small molecules in larger molecules

Front 21

which substance appear to the left of the --> in an equation

Back 21

reactants --> product

Front 22

electrochemical cell

Back 22

a laboratory system that produces an electric current through an oxidation-reduction reaction.

Front 23

volts

Back 23

the unit of electrical potential difference one volt (v)= one joule/coulomb

Front 24

current

Back 24

the rate at which electric charge passes through a conductor. The unit used is the ampere (A) = 1C/s

Front 25

dry cell

Back 25

an electrochemical cell in which the electrolyte is a paste instead of a solution

Front 26

ion

Back 26

an atom or molecule that has acquired a charge by either gaining (anion) or losing (cation) electron(s)

Front 27

oxidation

Back 27

the loss of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion with a resulting gain in positive charge

Front 28

battery

Back 28

a system that directly converts chemical energy to electrical energy

Front 29

reduction

Back 29

the acquiring of a negative charge on an atom or molecule by gaining electron(s)

Front 30

solvent

Back 30

in a solution, the substance present in a larger amount that interacts with the solute(s)

Front 31

product

Back 31

the substance formed from reactants as a result of a chemical reaction. Products are found on the right-hand side of a chemical equation

Front 32

reactant

Back 32

the starting materials in a chemical reaction that are transformed into products during chemical reactions. In the equation, reactants are on the left side

Front 33

solute

Back 33

a substance in lesser concentration that interacts with a solvent to form a solution

Front 34

concentration

Back 34

a measure amount of solute dissolved in a definite amount of solvent

Front 35

endothermic reaction

Back 35

a chemical reaction that requires heat to be added in order for it to occur and has a positve value

Front 36

kinetic energy

Back 36

of an object is the energy it possesses because of its motion

Front 37

law of conservation of energy

Back 37

is that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred or transformed from one form to another

Front 38

buffer

Back 38

?

Front 39

pH

Back 39

scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is and ranges from 0 to 14.

Front 40

acid

Back 40

a compound or substance that releases hydrogen ions in water solution

Front 41

base

Back 41

a substance that can accept hydrogen ions (protons)

Front 42

endpoint

Back 42

?

Front 43

neutralization

Back 43

the reaction between an acid and a base to form water and a salt (usually the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions)

Front 44

joule

Back 44

a unit of energy which is equal to newtons X meters

Front 45

conduction

Back 45

the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a material, such as copper wire or a frying pan

Front 46

convection

Back 46

the transfer of heat by the physical motion of masses of fluid by changes in density of the fluid

Front 47

radiation (of heat)

Back 47

electromagnetic waves that directly transport energy in all directions through space

Front 48

celsius

Back 48

a metric temperature scale

Front 49

absolute zero

Back 49

a temperature of 0 K at which all molecular motion is at a minimum

Front 50

activation energy

Back 50

in chemical reactions, it is the energy required to break chemical bonds to allow the reaction to proceed to products

Front 51

anion

Back 51

a negatively charged atom or molecule

Front 52

cation

Back 52

a positively charged atom or molecule

Front 53

precipitate

Back 53

the formation of an insoluble substance from a chemical or physical change, measurement. this is different than accuracy

Front 54

battery

Back 54

a system that directly converts chemical energy to to electrical energy

Front 55

reduction

Back 55

the gain of one or more electrons by an atom, molecule, or ion, resulting in a greater negative charge

Front 56

solvent

Back 56

in a solution, the substance present in a larger amount that interacts with the solute(s)

Front 57

solution

Back 57

a homogeneous mixture that consists of a solvent and at least one solute

Front 58

product

Back 58

the substances formed from reactants as a result of a chemical reaction. products are found on the right-hand side of a chemical equation

Front 59

reactant

Back 59

the starting materials in a chemical reaction that are transformed into products during chemical reactions. in the equation, reactants are on the left side

Front 60

solute

Back 60

a substance in lesser concentration that interacts with a solvent to form a solution

Front 61

concentration

Back 61

a measured amount of solute dissolved in a definite amount of solvent.