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36 Cards in this Set
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Monogenea |
-fish parasites, not in humans --every body part has a different kind -mostly ectoparasites -haptor:posterior large muscular structure with spokes to stick onto surface of fish -haptor irritates skin, fish produces mucous, feeds off mucous -Feeding Stations: smaller fish eating parasites off larger fish -Subclasses: Monopisthocotylea and Polypisthocotylea |
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Monopisthocotylea |
Monogenea subtype -Single posterior haptor -Ectoparasites only -Direct Lifecycle (No mollusk intermediate) -Species in fish gills survive more -> trending towards endoparasites |
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Polypisthocotylea |
Monogenea subtype -Complex of multiple haptors that twist and tear flesh aggressively == more mucous -Species that live on wall of frog urinary bladder, -->eggs washed out with urine, hatch onchomiracidium -->onchomiracidium are livae with hooks and cilia to swim -->crawls into urinary bladder of frog/tadpole and matures ==>becoming ectoparasite |
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Aspidobothrea |
-Freshwater clam parasites that aren't in humans -live in pericardium of clam -entire bottom surface == attachment organs to hold on as heart beats -eggs hatch in pericardium and exit through intestine ==> Cotylocidium -Cotylocidium enter next clam through gills -Clams occasionally eaten by turtles -->parasites survive in their small intestine Significants: Trematodes living in mollusks and vertebrate |
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Digenea |
Operculum = lid on egg General Lifecycle: -Egg -Miracidium = covered in cilia, hatches from egg and swims randomly until chem signal from mollusk. Impacts surface->digestive enzymes->loses cilia and crawls through hole -Sporocyst = sac containing internal subunits called "daughter sporocysts", which form identical "redia" -Redia = break out and migrate in different directions. Stop close to skin. Divide internally to form "cercaria" -Cercaria = break out of hole in redia and penetrate skin. Have tails like mini-trematodes. Penetrate something definitive host likes and form "metacercaria" -metacercaria live in paratenic host -Adult = lay eggs |
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Clonorchis sinensis |
A Distome TL;DR: liver problems in mammals in Asia from fish/shrimp Host: humans, mink, pigs, dogs, cats, rats, camels, tigers Life-cycle: -human ingests metacercara in fish/shrimp -intestine->bile duct->liver -spines irritate liver => fibrotic response (fluke eats this -Eggs dumped into bile duct -Eggs containing miracidium defecated -gets into water with mollusk -cercaria infect shrimp/fish ppp: 1 month Symptoms: -Liver enlargement -eggs/worms forming nuclei of gallstones -Thickening of bile ducts due to fibrosis -Jaundice -bile duct cancer Zoogeographyb: ~Asia (14% Honk Kong) |
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Clornorchis-like trematodes |
Distomes TL;DR: heterophyids are smallest distomes. Live in small intestine. Can chew into blood thru villi -> heart attacks. -Smallest of trematodes Hosts: humans and other fish-eating animals -Small intestine (Not Liver) -So small, they sometimes cut into villi and get sucked into blood stream, carried to random places, 16% heart attacks in phillipines |
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Paragonimus westermani |
A Distome TL;DR: Brown streaks in sputum. Lung parasite in from crustaceans.Eating guinea pigs in Peru/Ecuador. Mistaken for TB/pneumonia -Very large, important in USA** -Mistaken for tuberculosis, pneumonia -Can be caught by eating guinea pigs in Ecuador/Peru Host: humans, dogs, cats, rodents pigs Life-Cycle: -adults in lung -eggs coughed up as masses of brown streaks in sputum -If sputum gets in water and mollusc, normal digenea life-cycle happens -cercaria penetrate various crustaceans -humans eat crustaceans -small intestine -> blood -> lungs PP: 20 years Symptoms: -eggs can form pseudotubercles -brown streaks in sputum -chest symptoms -breathing difficulty -chronic cough -bloody sputum -mistaken for TB/pneumonia Zoogeography: Asia, Oceania (Australia), Central/South America Diagnosis: flukes found on biopsy of x-ray detected tubercles |
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Fasciola hepatica |
(liver rot disease) A Distome, fasciolid complex TL;DR: Like C. sinensis, but metacercaria on aquatic plants. Humans and livestock. Host: humans and livestock Life-Cycle: -adults lay eggs in liver -bile ducts -> defecated out -normal digenea life-cycle -encysts as metacercaria on aquatic plants (like seaweed) -plant eaten by human -gets to liver through bile duct Symptoms: -pipestem(portal vein) fibrosis -cirrhosis -jaundice -liver necrosis Zoogeography: Europe, northern Africa, Cuba, SA |
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Fasciola gigantica |
A Distome, fasciolid complex TL;DR: more in sheep than humans Host: sheep, some human cases PPP: 40 days Zoogeography: Africa, indo-China, Uzbeck Republic, Central Asia |
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Fasciola jacksoni |
A Distome, fasciolid complex TL;DR: elephants Host: African Elephants Symptoms: -Can block bile duct: -->anemia, weight loss, edema, death |
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Fascioloides magna |
A Distome, fasciolid complex TL;DR: swamp butterflies. Large. Cattle and Deer(stunts growth/antlers/reproduction). -very large, twice size of quarter -Swamp Butterflies: deep-fried in cornmeal coating and eaten like hush-puppies in SouthEastern US Life-cycle: -lives in liver parenchyma, response is calcareous cyst -excretory system produces lots of melanin Hosts: common in US Cattle (including in Taos), and in Deer and Elk Symptoms: Cattle: -very severe Deer and Elk: -stunts growth in body and antlers, lower reproductive success |
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Fasciolopsis buski |
A Distome, fasciolid complex TL;DR: encysts on underwater plants, big flukes, metabolic byproducts in blood stream can be lethal. -Very large, unbranched ceca Hosts: humans and pigs Life-Cycle: -eggs take 7 weeks to hatch (a long time) -cercaria encyst on underwater vegetation -excyst in small intestine PPP: 3 months Symptoms: -hemorrhage -chronic diarrhea -can be lethal: flukes are so big their byproducts can be passed into blood stream at sites of hemorrhage/irritation Prevention: rinse veggies, dont use night soil |
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Nanophytes salmonicola |
A Distome (salmon poisoning fluke of dogs) TL;DR: contains neorickettsia hyperparasyte that kills dogs. Present in salmon. 10% lethal to dogs. Depresion, diahrrea, eye pus, etc. -Not a problem itself, but it carries a smaller parasite that is (Neorickettsia helminthoeca) Hosts: humans, dogs, cats, rats Life-cycle: -definitive host ingests undercooked salmon -adults live in small intestine, eggs defecated -normal digenea life-cycle -cercaria infect salmon, metacercaria in muscle (other fish species can also be infected, primarily salmon) PPP: 4-6 days (dogs) Symptoms: (dogs): -10% lethal -depression -loss of appetite -facial swelling -eye pus/discharge -fever -vomiting -diarrhea (humans): not lethal Zoogeography: fast moving streams Prevention: cook mollusks/fish thoroughly |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
A Distome (Lancet Fluke) TL;DR: Snail->slimeball->ants->farm animal liver -shaped like surgical lancet -Thrives on land Hosts: sheep, goats, cattle, pigs Life-cycle: -Adults live in liver -bile duct -> defecate eggs -snail eats poop -cercaria move to slime gland -form "slime ball" containing 500 cercaria -ants cary to colony and feast on slime ball -cercaria migrate to nerve ganglia controling mandible and form metacercaria -->makes is to mandible can't open under 60 F -->temp drops at night time = ants get stuck chomping on leaves/grass -sheep eats ant/grass next morning -liver through bile duct -humans can get this by eating raw sheep liver (a delicacy in some places) Zoogeography: Russia, Europe, Asia, North America |
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Haematoloechus medioplexus |
(frog lung fluke) A Distome TL;DR: The dragonfly one in frog lungs. -rare in humans, kids have to eat a dragonfly Host: frogs Life-cycle: -adults in lungs -frogs defecate eggs into water -normal digenea lifecycle -cercaria swim into anus of dragonfly larvae -->process aided by water being sucked into anal gills -form metacercaria in rectal wall -frog eats adult dragonfly |
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Prosthogonimus macrorchis |
(oviduct fluke of birds) A Distome TL;DR: The dragonfly one in bird oviducts. -rare in humans, kids have to eat a dragonfly Hosts: chickens, ducks, pheasants, crows, english sparrows Life-cycle: -Adults in bird oviducts -->not enough inflammation to make sterile -eggs get caught up in poop and defecated -normal digenea lifecycle -cercaria go into anus of dragonfly larvae -bird eats adult dragonfly -migrates into oviduct if female (defecated out if male) |
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Clinostomum companatum |
A Distome TL;DR: The bird esophagus one. Very rare laryngitis in humans. Paratenic= fish. -rare in humans Hosts: birds that eat freshwater fish, 3 cases in humans Life-cycle: -Adults in esophagus of bird -bird cough up eggs -normal digenea lifecycle -cercaria encyst in fish muscle -birds eat fish PPP: 3 days PP: 2 weeks Symptoms: laryngitis in humans Zoogeography: woman and 3 males in Japan, Israeli patient |
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Plagioporus sinitsini |
A Distome TL;DR: the fish one where the sporocyst doesn't break, and the first mollusk is the only intermediate. Humans have to put mollusk in mouth. Rare. -rare in humans, have to put mollusk in mouth Hosts: fish Life-cycle: -adults in fish gallbladder -eggs defecate out -snail eats poop -UNUSUAL LIFE-CYCLE: sporocyst doesnt break. Contains metacercaria. No second intermediate. |
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Gorgodera amplicava |
A Distome TL;DR: Frog bladder -> fingernail clam -> snails, crayfish, and tadpoles.Rare in humans. -rare in humans -adults use large ventral sucker to hold onto urinary bladder Host: frogs Life-cycle: -adults hold onto wall of urinary bladder -eggs excreted -miracidium penetrate fingernail clams, continue with normal digenea lifecycle -cercaria penetrate lots of different snails, crayfish, and tadpoles -frog eats paratenic host -moves to urinary bladder |
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Characteristics of Echinostomes |
-Two muscular lobes w/ sharp hooks around mouth -->grind against each other to grind up tissue -lots of pathology in humans -intermediates: snails, shellfish, oysters -many species in small intestine -use lobes to eat a hole down into the small intestine Zoogeography: all over, including New York Symptoms: -inflammatory lesions in intestines -intestinal colic -diarrhea -in children: diarrhea, abd pain, anemia, edema |
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Echonostoma revolutum |
An Echinostome -humans get this by eating crayfish -can infect and kill parasites in abnormal host -good for biological control like cotylurus |
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Characteristics of Amphistomes |
-Ventral sucker that is posterior, rather than in middle -rarely transferred to humans by lifecycle involving it living on amphibians -Normal digenea lifecycle, except: -->cercaria encyst on frog skin -->frog sheds skin and eats it -->adults reside in rectum -humans can pick up by eating frog legs |
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Gastrodiscoides hominis |
An Amphistome TL;DR: that amphistome in rats, pigs, and rhesus monkeys. Mucousy diahrrea Hosts: rats, pigs, rhesus monkeys Life-cycle: adults in cecum of ascending colon Symptoms: -one person got it and died of severe diarrhea -flukes had bread and migrates all throughout his GI tract |
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Holostome characteristics |
-sporocysts produce true daughter sporocysts (not redia). Unlike redia, these are single use, and are destroyed once they release cercaria. -forked tail that hangs at water surface -both first and second intermediates are (specific) snails -Can infect trematode parasite in non-ideal host, killing the parasite -tetracotyle metacercaria = flexible, no cyst --allows it to bend and tear up parasite host using suckers |
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Cotylurus spp. |
A holostome (the duck fluke) -muscular pharynx around esophagus that grinds up food- Host: ducks -CDC introduces these ducks to lakes infected with other trematodes and it kills them |
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Alaria canis |
A holostome TL;DR: Dog small intestine holostome. Paratenic = tadpole then snake, mesocercaria in paratenic. Extra-intestinal migration in dog. Puppy thru mammary gland. Life-cycle: -adults in small intestine -eggs defecated out -miracidium penetrates specific snail -normal digenea lifecycle (except daughter sporocytes, not redia) -cercaria with forked tail and no eyespot -penetrates tadpole mesocercaria: flexible metacercaria that doesn't encyst but migrates through body -snake eats tadpole -dog eats snake, mesocercaria comes out in intestine -extra-intestinal migration -matures in small intestine -can get to nursing pup thru mammary gland Symptoms: severe enteritis - often lethal Zoogeography: Northern America |
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schistosome characteristics |
-Most human infections of all trematodes -daughter sporocytes rather than redia -live in blood stream -separate males and females -->males wrap around females and carry through body -Death is common -Forked tail WITH eyespot |
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Schistosoma mansoni |
A Schistosome
TL;DR: The human small intestine schistosome. Eggs flexible and porous->can move and secrete digestive enzymes. Break out of villi. Extreme blood loss. Symptoms gradual. Lateral spine. Weird symptoms from eggs being sucked back into blood. Host: humans Life-cycle: -Adults in blood stream -Male carries female to basal vessels of villus -female extends into villus, excretes ~10 eggs -->eggs porous & flexible -->Miracidium secrete digestive enzymes through pores and can move due to flexibility -Enzyme break down blood vascular in villus -Eggs use lateral spine like rudder to move to top of villus -breaks out, destroying villus, defecated out -->(male carries female down and repeats next day) -eggs hatch in water, miracidium -> snail -unusual cercaria: forked tail WITH eyespot -follows light to surface and hangs there -detects disturbance made by human, penetrates skin -tail drops off -blood->lymph->lungs->heart->liver -males wait for female in liver, embrace them -small intestine -sometimes eggs don't make it out of villus and sucked back into blood -->liver, lungs,spleen, myocardium, spinal cord PPP: egg depositing after 5-7, symptoms gradual Symptoms: (increase with time) -enormous blood loss => anemia -classic mucousy/boody stool -diarrhea -weird symptoms in other organs due to eggs that got sucked back into blood Zoogeography: egypt, porto rico, brazil, snails in Louisiana are susceptible. Diagnosis: eggs with lateral spine in feces -CDC trying to use duck fluke to eliminate |
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Schistosoma haematobium |
A schistosoma TL;DR: Human bladder schistosome, causes red urine. Terminal spine. -S. mansoni-like -Spine on terminus of egg, not lateral Life-cycle: Males carry females to urinary bladder, not intestine Symptoms: bloody red urine Zoogeography: middle east (red sea and nile especially) Diagnosis: eggs with terminal spine in urine |
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Schistosoma japonica |
A Schistosoma TL;DR: Asian human ileocecal schistosome that causes bad digestion -> emaciation, paleness, hardening tissue. -S. mansoni-like Host: humans Life-cycle: -ileocecal area rather than just small intestine PPP: ~6 weeks PP: up to 47 yrs Symptoms: -hard tissues -weakness -pale skin -poor digestion => emaciation Zoogeography: Asia |
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Schistosomatium douthitti |
A schistosome TL;DR: Rodent schistosome that causes cutaneous larval migrans called 'swimmers itch'. Host: rodents and birds Life-cycle: -cant develop to maturity in humans -free living aggressive cercaria still penetrate our skin Symptoms: -cutaneous larvale migrans calles "swimmer's itch" Zoogeography: -water puddles on oil fields |
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Platyhelminthes characteristics |
-unsegmented -flat -cephalized -Flame cells - excretion/osmoregulation -Egg-shell system -->egg released from ovary -> oviduct -->vitellin cells in ovaduct coat egg in salt-like polyphenol crystals -->egg moves to chamber connected to Mehlis gland, which secreted polyoxidase => essentially melts polyphenol crystals into shell |
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Which two parasites are used for biological control? |
E. revolutum and cotylurus. E. revolutum is used more often. |
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Smallest trematodes |
heterophytes (which are Chlonorchis-like) |
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Watsonius watsoni |
Amphistome One guy got it and died of diarrhea |
