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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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platyhelminthes (trematodes) |
flattened dorsoventrally |
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Schistosomes |
hermaphroditic except for the _______, which have separate sexes |
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Heterophyes heterophyes Fasciolopsis buski |
mature worms vary in length from less than 2 mm (______) to 75 mm (_______) |
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oral sucker ventral sucker |
two suckers or attachment organs |
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oral sucker |
anterior; surrounds the mouth |
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ventral sucker |
posterior on the ventral surface |
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trematodes |
leaf-shaped |
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Diastomiasis |
infection with flukes |
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fresh water |
complete their life cycles in ______ and require one or more intermediate hosts |
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miracidium |
(larva in eggs) is infective to the first intermediate host, usually specific mollusks (snail or clam); covered with cilia |
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cercaria |
larva in 1st intermediate host may penetrate the vertebrate host or enters a 2nd intermediate host |
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metacercaria |
(in 2nd intermediate host) is infective to the vertebrate host usually through ingestion body is covered with a resistant cuticle, which may be smooth or spiny |
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vitellaria |
a series of glandular structures called _______, produce the shell material (vitelline ducts lead inward to the region of the ovary where the shell is formed over the ovum) |
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uterus |
winds forward to the genital pore; it is the largest organ in the body of most trematodes filled with thousands of eggs |
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trematodes |
eggs have a smooth, hard shell that is transparent and generally brown or yellow-brown |
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operculum |
most eggs gave an ____, an “escape hatch” through which the miracidium emerges |
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schistosomes |
eggs of ______ are nonoperculate, and irregularly ruptured in hatching |
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Schistosoma japonicum |
more frequently found in the superior mesenteric veins draining the small intestine; |
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Oncomelania snails (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi) |
intermediate hosts of S. japonicum |
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S. japonicum |
produce more eggs than the other schistosomes |
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S. japonicum |
eggs are smaller and nearly spherical and may have a minute lateral spine |
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S. japonicum |
animals, such as dogs, cats, rodents, pigs, horse and goats, serve as reservoirs for |
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S. mansoni |
occurs more often in the superior mesenteric veins draining the large intestine ; however, can occupy other location, |
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Schistosoma mansoni |
Manson’s blood fluke |
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Biomphalaria snail |
intermediate host of S. mansoni |
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Schistosoma mansoni |
smallest of the schistosomes |
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Schistosoma mansoni |
light yellowish brown, elongate, regularly ovoid -possess a large lateral spine, shaped like a rose thorn, which projects from the side of the egg near one pole |
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Schistosoma haematobium |
bladder fluke |
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Schistosoma haematobium |
cause urinary schistosomiasis |
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Bulinus snail |
intermediate host of S. haematobium |
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Schistosoma heamatobium |
eggs contain fully developed miracidium when deposited have a conspicuous terminal spine and are a light yellowish brown color |
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Schistosoma haematobium |
recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM |
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Schistosoma mekongi |
from the Mekong River basin in Cambodia |
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Schistosoma hematobium |
adult worms resemble S. japonicum but has smaller eggs |
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Schistosoma intercalatum |
a schistosome in Western and Central Africa |
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Schistosoma intercalatum |
adult worms are found in the mesenteric vessels, and eggs are voided in the feces |
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S. intercalatum |
eggs closely resemble S. haematobium, but can be differentiated by a slight bend in the terminal spine (egg shell is Ziehl-Neelsen positive |
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Swimmer's Itch |
Itching and rash at site of invasion of the cercariae is often the first sign of infection, commonly known as ______ |
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Granulomas |
caused by deposits of eggs lodging in the small hepatic venules. |
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Urinary schistosomiasis |
caused by S. haematobium – painful urination (dysuria), and blood in urine (hematuria). |
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Intestinal Schistosomiasis |
caused by S. japonicum, S. mansoni Large intestine is usually the focus of the infection. Victims experience abdominal pain and diarrhea that may be bloody. |
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Cerebral Schistosomiasis |
most commonly caused by S. japonicum; egg deposits can cause local damage and legions in the CNS, or more severe problems rooted in capillary blockage and subsequent ischemia. |
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Swimmer’s itch (zoonosis) |
cercariae of Schistosomes that usually parasitize mammals and birds enter human skin |
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Swimmer’s itch (zoonosis) |
fork-tailed cercariae burrow into skin of human in water |
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treatment for schistosomiasis |
praziquantel |
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Paragonimus wetermani |
Oriental lung fluke |
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Paragonimus westermani |
paragonimiasis or lung fluke disease, pulmonary distomiasis, endemic hemoptysis, or parasitic hemoptysis |
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Paragonimus westermani |
paratenic hosts: swine, wild pigs |
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Paragonimus westermani |
transmission is mainly attributed to the preparation of local delicacies |
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Paragonimus westermani adult |
reddish brown and resembles a coffee bean |
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P.westermani adult |
rounded anteriorly and slightly tapered posteriorly |
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Metacercaria of Paragonimus westermani. |
This is the infective stage for the definitive, vertebrate host and is found in a crab or crayfish. |
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snail (Antemelania asperata and Antemelania dactylus) |
-miracidium is the infective stage of this intermediate host |
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crustacean such as a crab or crayfish (Sundathelphusa philippina) |
cercaria is the infective stage ( 2nd intermediate host of P.westermani) |
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P. westermani |
reservoir hosts are dogs, cats, field rats and other rodents |
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cercariae |
invade the crustacean and encyst into metacercariae |
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Paragonimus westermani P. kellicotti |
_______ is distributed in southeast Asia and Japan. ,_____ is endemic to North America. |
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Praziquantel Bithionol |
_____, drug of choice _____, alternative drug for P.westermani |
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Fasciolopsis buski |
largest intestinal fluke of human |
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Fasciolopsis buski |
parasite of pigs |
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Fasciolopsis buski |
seen in areas where humans raise pigs and consume freshwater plants |
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F. buski |
lives in the duodenum |
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F. buski |
elongated, oval in shape |
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Miracidium |
infective to the first intermediate host (snail, Segmentina or Hippeutis) |
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Segmentina nitida (Shining ram's-horn snail) |
1st intermediate host of F.buski |
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cercaria |
infective to the second intermediate hosts (aquatic plants) |
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water caltrop water chestnut water morning glory lotus |
2nd intermediate host of F. buski Trapa bicornis (_____), Eleocharis tuberosa (_____), Ipomea obscura(_____) Nymphaea (____) |
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Metacercaria( F. buski) |
infective to definitive hosts (humans and pigs) |
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Metacercaria (F. buski) |
sensitive to dryness |
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(S. mansoni, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, and intercalatum) |
adult worms live in the blood vascular system, the eggs are generally found in the feces |
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S. haematobium |
although adult worms live in the blood vascular system, the eggs are generally found in the urine |
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Schistosomes |
diecious, and the two sexes are dissimilar in appearance |
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schistosomiasis, bilharziasis, swamp fever |
Disease names of schistosome |
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S.mansoni S. haematobium S. japonicum S.mekongi S. intercalatum |
-found in parts of South America and the Caribbean, Africa, and the Middle East; -in Africa and the Middle East; and -in the Far East East- -are found focally in Southeast Asia -central West Africa |
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Schistosomes (blood flukes) |
incomplete digestive system (presumed to absorb nutrients through the body wall) ingest RBC |
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male testes (Schistosomes) |
are arranged in one row above the ventral sucker |
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Schistosomes |
female has a single pyramidal ovary located in the midline |
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Schistosomes (egg) |
nonoperculate; can be ovoidal, rounded, or elongated has a thin shell and may have a spine |
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Schistosomes |
will hatch only in relatively clean water with sufficient oxygen |
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Schistosomes |
will hatch only in relatively clean water with sufficient oxygen |
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Schistosomes |
readily hatch in slightly alkaline water between 25 ℃ to 31 ℃. |
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Miracidia ( Schistosomes ) |
with apical papilla, epidermal plates covered with cilia, a primitive gut, a pair of cephalic unicellular penetration glands, two pairs of flame cells, and germinal cells phototactic and swim actively in surface water |
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Miracidia ( Schistosomes |
infective stage to the snail for some eight to twelve hours |
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Cercariae |
final development stage in the snail host, consisting of a body and a tail that aids in swimming after it leaves the snail has an oral and small ventral sucker |
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Cercariae |
nocturnal release from early evening to midnight (can survive for 24 hours) penetration is stimulated by skin lipids and mediated by lytic enzymes secreted by cephalic glands and aided by muscular activity |
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Cercariae |
nocturnal release from early evening to midnight (can survive for 24 hours) penetration is stimulated by skin lipids and mediated by lytic enzymes secreted by cephalic glands and aided by muscular activity |
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Schistosomule |
the immature schistosome in human tissues after the cercaria has lost the tail during penetration of the skin adapted to survive in serum or physiologic saline at 37 ℃ |
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Schistosoma jqponicum |
oriental blood fluke |
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snail, aquatic plants |
2 intermediate host of Faciolopsis buski |
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snail ,crab |
2 intermediate host of Paragonimus westermani |
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praziquantel |
treatment for F. buski |
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echinostomids |
digenetic trematodes characterized by a collar of spines around their oral suckers. |
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Ichinostoma ilocanum/ Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
definitive hosts: humans, dogs, cats, rats, pigs |
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Ichinostoma ilocanum/ Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
rat is an important reservoir host |
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Ichinostoma ilocanum/ Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
second intermediate hosts are abundant in rice fields especially during the wet months |
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ECHINOSTOMA ILOCANUM / ARTYFECHINOSTOMUM MALAYANUM |
adults lives in small intestine |
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miracidium |
infects the first intermediate host (snail, for E. ilocanum: Gyraulus convexiusculus and Hippeutis umbilicalis |
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Echinostoma ilocanum |
snail (Gyraulus convexiusculus and Hippeutis umbilicalis ) as first intermediate host |
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Cercaria |
infects the second intermediate host (snail, for E. ilocanum : Pila luzonica and Vivipara angularis; for A. malayanum : Lymnaea cumingiana) |
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snail: Pila luzonica and Vivipara angularis |
2nd intermediate host of E.ilocanum |
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snail : Lymnaea cumingiana |
2nd intermediate host of A. malayanum |
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Echinostoma ilocanum |
straw-colored, operculated, and ovoid |
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Artyfechinostomum malayanum |
larger, golden brown, operculated |
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ECHINOSTOMA ILOCANUM / ARTYFECHINOSTOMUM MALAYANUM |
two intermediate host 1. snail 2. snail |
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heterophyids |
intermediate hosts may be found in different habitats (fresh, brackish, and salt waters) |
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heterophyids |
live in the intestines of fish-eating hosts. |
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Cercaria of Heterophyids |
infective to the second intermediate host (fish) |
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Metacercaria of heterophyids |
frequently found in the muscles at the base of the fin |
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heterophyids |
two intermediate hosts 1. brackish water snail (for H. taichui: Melania juncea and Thiara riquetti; for other species of heterophyids in the Phils: unidentified) 2. Fish (tilapia, hito, bangus, lapu-lapu, etc.) |
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Heterphyes heterophyes |
smallest trematode |
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Heterophyes heterophyes |
has a third sucker, surrounding the genital pore |
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Heterophyes heterophyes |
surface of the worm is covered with minute spines |
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Heterophyes heterophyes |
Cerithidia and Pironella are important snail hosts |
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Heterephyes heterophyes |
definitive host becomes infected by ingesting undercooked or salted fish containing metacercariae |
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Cerithideopsilla cingulata |
the main first intermediate host for H. heterophyes in southeast Asia |
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Metagonimus yokogawai |
snails of the genus Semisulcospira are the most frequent intermediate host |
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Metagonimus yokogawai |
important distinctive feature is the position of the ventral sucker, which is to the side of the midline with its axis in a diagonal line |
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Nanophyetiasis |
name of the disease caused by ingestion of the parasitic worm species Nanophyetus in humans. |
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Nanophyetiasis |
labeled as the Fish Flu by several media outlets because of its usual method of transmission through infected fish. |
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Nanophyetus salmincola |
is a food-born intestinal trematode endemic to the Northwestern United States and certain areas in Siberia. , |
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Nanophyetus salmincola |
Commonly called “Salmon Poisoning”, and hence the name salmincola. |
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Nanophyetiasis |
Most commonly it is referred to as “Salmon Poisoning” or “Fish Flu” due to the fact that symptoms usually arise after the ingestion of fish, particularly salmonid species |
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Neorikettsia helminthoeca |
salmon poisoning disease – caused by a rickettsia bacteria carried by the worm. |
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crypts of the small intestine |
Site of infection of nanophyetiasis |
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Metacercaria of nanophyetiasis |
salmonids are the most common host |
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Neorickettsia helminthoeca |
agent of salmon poisoning in canids |
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Oxytrema silicula stream snail |
miracidia of nanophyetiasis penetrate the first intermediate host ______ |
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salmonid (some non-salmonid) |
cercariae emerge from the snail and penetrate the second intermediate host, the _______fish. |
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Nanophyetiasis salmincola |
light brown, ovoid, and operculate at one end, with a small blunt projection at the other end. |
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2 doses of bothionol or 3 doses of niclosamide praziquantel |
usual prescription for nanophyetiasis , while _____ was effective in curing the disease |
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Fasciola hepatica Fasciola gigantica |
Fascioliasis is caused by the trematodes ________ (the sheep liver fluke or temperate liver fluke) and _______ (tropical liver fluke), parasites of herbivores that can infect humans accidentally. |
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Faciola hepatica Faciola gigantica |
found in the liver and biliary passages of the definitive hosts |
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F. hepatica F. gigantica |
______: large, broad, and flat body ______: longer, and its shoulders are less developed |
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first intermediate host of Faciolopsis |
snail- Lymnaea philippinensis and Lymnaea auricularia rubiginosa |
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aquatic plants |
second intermediate host of fasciolopsis |
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F. hepatica |
large, ovoidal, operculated, and yellowish to brownish (immature, containing a large unsegmented mass of vitelline cells when laid) |
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Fasciolopsis |
two intermediate hosts 1. snail 2. aquatic plants |
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triclabendazole with bithionol as an alternative |
Drug of choice for Fasciolopsis ____as alternative |
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Opistorchis viverrini |
Southeast Asian liver fluke found mainly in northeast Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea |
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Opistorchis felineus |
cat liver fluke found mainly in Europe and Asia, including the former Soviet Union |
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Clonorchis sinensis |
Chinese or oriental liver fluke - endemic areas are in Asia including Korea, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam |
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CLONORCHIS SINENSIS / OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS / OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI |
transmitted by consumption of raw, undercooked fish and salted, dried or pickled fresh water fish that are infected |
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liver flukes CLONORCHIS SINENSIS / OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS / OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI |
parasites of the bile duct and gallbladder of humans and fish-eating mammals. |
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vitellaria testes |
main similarity between Clonorchis and Opisthorchis spp. is the location of the _____, whereas the main differences are in the morphology and arrangement of their ______ |
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Liver flukes CLONORCHIS SINENSIS / OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS / OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI |
leaf-like in shape with transparent tegument |
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miracidium |
transforms into a sporocyst, which produces rediae, in turn produces cercariae |
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Cercaria |
infective stage to the second intermediate host (fish) attaches to the epithelium of fish and encysts as a metacercaria under a scale or in a muscle |
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CLONORCHIS SINENSIS / OPISTHORCHIS FELINEUS / OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI |
two intermediate hosts 1. snail 2. fish (family Cyprinidae) or shrimp |
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cholangiocarcinoma |
Chronic Opisthorchis viverrini infection is associated with _____ of the bile duct system, which can extend into the liver. |
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Praziquantel |
is the drug of choice to treat Opisthorchiasis |
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Praziquantel or albendazole |
are the drugs of choice for Clonorchiasis |
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6 days 5 hours 3 days 2 days 35 h 30 seconds 1 h |
In vinegar, clonorchis died after ____; in a mix of vinegar and soybean sauce, it survived for ____; in wine it died after ___, also died after ____ in saturated saline solution; it was dead after ____ at –12°C and did not survive ____ in liquid nitrogen. It was still alive in large fish cooked for ____ at less than 80°C. |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
lanceolate fluke |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
trematode producing haepatobiliary damage (ending in cirrhosis) in sheep, hares and other herbivorous animals (rarely in humans). |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticus |
Ruminants are the usual definitive hosts |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
Zebrina spp. and Cionella spp. ( snail) as the first intermediate host |
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Dicrocoelium dendriticum |
ants may serve as the second intermediate host, especially members of the genus, Formica. |
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Zebrina detrita |
common first intermediate host for D. dendriticum. |
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Formica fusca |
a common second intermediate host for D. dendriticum in Europe |
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gonotyl |
third sucker of trematodes observed in heterophyids |
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True |
( T/F ) all trematodes require two intermediate host |
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Metacercaria |
Encysted larva that serves as the infective stage for all trematodes, which develops in 2nd intermediate host |
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cercaria |
infective stage of schistosomes |
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adult schistosomes calped blood flukes |
found in upper mesenteric veins |
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Adult Paragonimus |
found in lung parenchyma |
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Fasciola, Clonorchis, Opistorchis |
Inhabit the liver and bile passages |
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Fasciolopsis, Echinostoma, heterophyids |
inhabits the intestine |
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miracidium |
a mature eggs contains embryo called miracidium |
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Schistosoma, Clonorchis , Opistorchis |
eggs passed out by an infective host is mature |
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Paragonimus, faciolopsis, fasciola, echinostoma |
eggs passed out by an infective host is immature |
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fresh water |
Trematodes completes their life cycle in _____ snd require one or more intermediate host |
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False |
eggs if schistosomes are operculated and irregulary ruptured in hatching |
