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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is replication? |
All DNA is copied from other DNA. It is the process for making an exact copy of a DNA molecule (continuity)
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What is transcription?
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RNA is made from DNA
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What is translation?
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Proteins are made from RNA
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When does replication occur?
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Replication occurs before meiosis and mitosis and whenever new cells need to be made.
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What are the reasons that replication occurs
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for growth, repairing injuries, reproduction, maintenance, when cells get too large, and to fight illness.
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What are the steps of replication>
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-DNA helix unwinds and unzips (breaks the hydrogen bonds) and the enzyme helicase does this.
-DNA nulceotides join (base pair) with DNA bases on both parent strands using the enqyme DNA polymerase. -The strands rewind and rezip so they can be used over again. -the result is two new strands of DNA exactly like the old strand. |
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Where does transcription begin?
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the site where transcription begins is the promoters
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What is transcription?
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transcription is dna making rna
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what are the steps of transcription?
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-DNA unwinds and opens with the help of helicase.
-One strand of DNA acts as a pattern while the other lies dominant -RNA nucleotides join to the pattern strand with the help of RNA polymerase. -When the RNA strand is complete it will leave and go to the ribosome -DNA rezips and rewinds. |
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What are the three major kinds of rna?
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rrna ribosomal
mrna messenger trna transfer |
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what is the function of ribosomal rna
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rrna maikes up the ribosome
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what is the function of messenger rna
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messenger rna takes the message from DNA to the ribosome
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what is the function of transfer rna
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transfer rna carries amino acids to the ribosome
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where does transcrition occur
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in the nucleus
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what molecules are present in transcription?
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in transcription, dna, rna, rna polymerase, rna nucleotides, helicase molecules are necessary
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mrna carries messages in the form of what?
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codons
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what are codons
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codons are groups of three bases on the mrna. each codon specifies one of the twenty amino acids.
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What is the genetic code?
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the genetic code is three mrna bases (codons) and the amino acids that they specify.
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how many codons are there and how many amino acids are there in the genetic code
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there are 64 codons and 20 amino acids approximately
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is the genetic code the same for all organisms?
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yes, all organisms use the same genetic code.
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what is the start codon?
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aug.... methionine
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what are the stop codons (good luck)
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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what are synonymous codons?
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synonymous codons are codons that are different, but code for the same amino acids.
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What is the function of trna
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trna takes the amino acid to the ribosome
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what is an anticodon
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an anticodon is a three base sequence on trna that base pairs with the codon on messenger rna. this ensures that the correct amino acide is brought into the growing polypeptide chain
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what is chromatin?
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tightly packed dna and protein
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what is a histone
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a histone is a protein that has DNA tightly coiled it.
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What is replication
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replication is when a cell duplicates its dna before it divides.
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what is dna polymerase?
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dna polymerase is the principal enzyme that is involved in DNA replication and it joins individual mucleotides to produce a DNA molecule... which is a polymer.
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what are genes
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genes are coded dna instruction that control the production of proteins within the cell.
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What is transcription?
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transcription is the process by which rna molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into a complementary sequence in RNA.
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what is rna polymerase?
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rna polymerase is required for transcription. It binds to dna and separates the dna strands. Rna polymerase uses one strand of dna as a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of RNa.
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what are promoters.
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promoters are regions that rna polymerase will bind to. it will bind to nothing else. promoters are signals in dna that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make RNA.
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what are introns
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introns are sequences of nucleotides that are not involved in the coding for proteins.
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what are extrons
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extrons are dna sequences that code for proteins.
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what is a codon
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a codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is added to the polypeptide.
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what is translation?
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transliation is the decoding of an mrna message into a polypeptide chain (protein)
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what is an anticodon
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an anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a trna molecule, they are complementary to one mrna codon
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what isa mutation
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a mutation is a change in the genetic material
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what is a point mutation
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a point mutation is a gene mutation that involves changes in one or a few mucleotide and they occur in a single point in the DNA sequence.
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what is a frameshift mutation
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a frameshift mutation is a change that includes the addition or deletion of a nucleotide and the bases are still read in groups of three, but those groupings are shifted for every codon that follows
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what is the start codon?
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aug.... methionine
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what are the stop codons (good luck)
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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what are synonymous codons?
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synonymous codons are codons that are different, but code for the same amino acids.
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What is the function of trna
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trna takes the amino acid to the ribosome
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what is an anticodon
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an anticodon is a three base sequence on trna that base pairs with the codon on messenger rna. this ensures that the correct amino acide is brought into the growing polypeptide chain
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what is chromatin?
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tightly packed dna and protein
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what is a histone
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a histone is a protein that has DNA tightly coiled it.
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What is replication
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replication is when a cell duplicates its dna before it divides.
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what is dna polymerase?
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dna polymerase is the principal enzyme that is involved in DNA replication and it joins individual mucleotides to produce a DNA molecule... which is a polymer.
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what are genes
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genes are coded dna instruction that control the production of proteins within the cell.
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What is transcription?
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transcription is a process by which rna molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of dna into a complementary sequence in rna
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what is rna polymerase?
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rna polymerase is required for transcription. it binds to dna and separates the dna strands rna polymerase uses one strand of dna s a template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of rna.
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what are promoters
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rna polymerase will only bind to promoters and they are signals in dna that indicate to the enzyme where to bind to make rna.
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what are introns
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introns are sequences of nucleotides that are not involved in coding for proteins.
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what are exons?
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exons are dna sequences that code for proteins
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what is a codon
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a codon consists of three consecutive nucleotides that specify a single amino acid that is added to the polypeptide.
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what is translation
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translation is the decoding of an mrna message into a polypeptide chain
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what is an anticodon
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an anticodon is the three unpaired bases on a trna molecule and they are complementary to one mrna codon
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what is a mutation
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a mutation is the changes in the genetic material
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what are point mutations
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point mutations are gene mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides that occur in a single point in the dna sequence
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what are frameshift mutations
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changes that include the addition or deletion of a nucleotide and the bases are still read in groups of three, but those groupings are shifted for every codon that follows.
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what is polyploidy
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polyploidy is the conditiion in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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what is an operon
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a group of genes that operate together
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what is an operator.
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on one side of the operon's three genes are two regulatory regions. in the promoter, rna polymerase binds and then begins transcription. the other region is the operator.
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what is differentiation
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when cells become specialized in structure and function
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what are hox genes
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hox genes are a series of genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues in the embryo
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what is transformation
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transformation is when one strain of bacteria changed permanently into another
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what is bacteriophage
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bacteriophage is a kind of virus that infects bacteria
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what is a nucleotide
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a nucleotide is what makes up dna ... a sugar, phosphate, and base
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what is base pairing
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base pairing is when hydrogen bonds can only pair between certain base pairs.l
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what is mrna... a codon or anticodon
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codon
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what is trna... a codon or anticodon
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anticodon
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what must everything base pair with in order to make a protein chain
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the mrna strand
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what is translation
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translation is the synthesis of proteins... which occurs at the ribosomes
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describe the translation process
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the translation process....
1initiation -begins when three parts of the initiation complex are brought together. they are ... when the mrna with the start codon (AUG), ribosome, and charged trna molecule come together. 2. Elongation -The addition of amino acids occurs -trna number one fills the P site and the anticodon base pairs with the codon -trna number two fills site A and base pairs with the codon -a peptide bond occurs between the amino acids -translocation occurs... ribosome moves one codon to the right and the trna in P is bumped out by the trna in site A. 3termination -stopping the process -the stop codon is read (UAA, UGA, UAG) -the complete polypeptide is released |
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what are some causes of mutations?
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xrays, uv light, cigarettes, chemicals...etc
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what is substitution
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substitution is the replacement of one base with another
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what is insertion
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insertion is when one or more bases are added
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what is deletion
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deletion is when one or more bases are deleted.
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what are chromosomal mutation?
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chromosomal mutations are where the whole sections ofr a chromosome are changed
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what is duplication
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duplication is when there are extra parts of chromosomes
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what is deletion
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deletion is when one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence
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what is inversion
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inversion is the reverse order of genes on a chromosome
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what is translocation
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translocation is when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another one.
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original gene sequence of chromosome: AbcdEFghijklm
new gene sequence: Abcdjklm what is the mutation: deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation? |
deletion
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original gene sequence of chromosome: AbcdEFghijklm
new gene sequence: AbihgFEdcjklm is is deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation? |
inversion
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what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm New gene sequence: AcdEFghijklm |
deletion
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what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm New gene sequence: AbcdbcdEFghijklm |
duplication
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what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm New sequence: AbcdEFkjihglm |
inversion
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what is the mutation? deletion, duplication, inversion, or translocation?
Original sequence: AbcdEFghijklm New Gene Sequence ; AbcdEFdEFghijklm |
duplication
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What is the most harmful mutation (generally)
a duplication, deletion, translocation, or inversion? |
a deletion is the most harmful because it eliminates a crucial chromosome
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compare the processes of duplication and translocation. How are they similar and how are they different?
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duplication is the repeating of a base pair and translocation is when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. They are the same because they both involve extra genes... and they are both mutations... obviously
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during what stage of meiosis do changes in chromosomal structure arise?
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prophase one because crossing over occurs.
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what process changes the order but not the number of genes on a chromosome?
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inversion
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what is a substitution mutation
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when one base pairs is replaced by another
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what is an insertion mutation
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when one or more base pairs is added to a sequence
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what is deletion
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deletion is when one or more base pairs is lost from a sequence.
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what is a silent mutation
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a silent mutation is when a base pair is substituted but the change still codes for the same amino acid in the sequence.
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what is a substitution result of a mutation
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when a base pair is substituted and the new codon codes for a different amino acid
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what is a premature stop
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when a substitution results in the formation of a stop codon before all of the codons have been read and translated by the ribosome.
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what happens when a codon is deleted or inserted
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a whole new amino acid is added, or one is missing from the mutant proton.
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what is a frame shift.
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a frame shift is when a deletion or insertion results in a different base pair being the beginning of the next codon, changing the whole sequence of amino acids
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what type of mutation is responsible for new variations (alleles of a trait)
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substitution
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which type of mutation results in abnormal amino acid sequence?
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frameshift.
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which type of mutation stops the translation of the mrna
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premature stop
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what does dna stand for
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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what is dna's primary function
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to store genetic information
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what is the function of proteins
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enzymes, energy, antibodies, and structure
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what are the repeating subunits called that make up dna?
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nucleotides
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name the three parts of a dna nucleotide
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phosphate sugar base
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what are the four nitrogen bases on dna?
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adenine guanine cytosine thymine
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who is responsible for determining the structure of dna molecule?
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Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953
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what makes up the sides of a dna molecule
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phosphates and deoxyribose
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what makes up the steps of a dna molecule?
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nitrogen bases
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how did rosalind franklin contribute to determining the structure of dna?
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she took x rays of a dna molecule and crick and watson were credited
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what type of bonds hold the dna bases together, are they strong or weak?
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hydrogen. they are weak bonds
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what makes up the backbone of the DNA molecule?
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deoxyribose and phosphates
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why must dna be able to make copies of itself
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because each new cell has original dna
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define dna replication
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dna making exact copy of itself
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what is the first step that must occur in dna replication?
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the strands unwind and unzip with the help of helicase
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what acts as the template in dna replication?
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the sides of the dna molecule
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what enzymes help separate the two strands of nucleotides on dna? what bonds do they break?
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helicase, they break the hydrogen bonds
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what is the function of dna polymerases
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they add dna nucleotides
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_____________ are joined to replicating strands of dna by __________ bonds
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dna nucleotides are joined to replicating strands of dna by hydrogen bonds
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why does dna replication take place at many places on the molecule simultaneouslly?
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it occurs quickly that way
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when replication is complete, how do the two new dna molecules compare to each other and the original dna molecule
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the order of the bases is identical, but one strand is old and the other is new,,, that is how they differ.
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is dna replicated before or after cell division?
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before
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what is the error rate in dna replication adn what helps lower this error rate to 1 in 1 billion nucleotides??
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the error rate is one in one billion and the repair enzymes help to lower that error rate in dna replication
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what is a mutation
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a permanent change in genetic material
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what are several things that can cause dna mutations?
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chemicals, radiation and cigarettes and viruses
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what sugar is found on dna
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deoxyribose
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what base is missing on rna and what other base replaces it?
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thymine is missing and uracil replaces it
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uracil will pair with what other base on dna?
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adenine
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is rna double or single stranded
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single
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which type of rna copies dna's instructions in the nucleus?
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mrna
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what does trna transport
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amino acids
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in what part of a cell are proteins made
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ribosomes
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what is rna polymerase and what is its function
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to make rna nucleotides join to the pattern strand
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what are promoters
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areas on dna where transcription begins
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where does rna polymerase bind to the dna it is transcribing?
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promoters
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what makes the beginning of a new gene on dna in eukaryotes?
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promoters
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are both strands of dna copied during transcription?
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nooooo
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as rna polymerase moves along the dna template strand, what is being added?
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rna nucleotides
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what bases pair with each other during transcription?
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a and u and c and g
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what is the termination signal
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sequence on dna that tells transcription to stop
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what happens when rna polymerase reaches the termination signal?
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transcription stops
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what are the products of transcription called
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transcripts
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transcrips are actually what molecules
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rna
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in transcription, what's instructions for making a protein are copied by what?
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dna's instructions for making a protein are copied by messenger rna
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which rna molecules are involved in the synthesis of a protein?
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rrna, mrna, and trna
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what happens to the newly made mrna molecule following transcription in the nucleus?
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it goes to the ribosome
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what makes up proteins?
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amino acids
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what are the subunits of proteins called
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amino acids
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what bonds proteins together
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peptide bonds
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how many different kinds of amino acids make up proteins
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23
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why does protein need a three dimensional structure?
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because shape determines function
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what is the genetic code and why is it important
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a sequence of amino acids and codons that they code for. it is the code that all living organisms are based upon
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what is a codon and what does each codon code for?
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they are groups of three bases on messenger rna
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how many codons exist?
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64
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what is an anticodon and where is it found on trna
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an anticodon is three unpaired bases that are complementary to one mrna codon and they are at the bottom and are paired with the mrna sequence
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