Tracts, Pathways Eyes And Ears

Front 1

What are the 5 types of indirect pathways

Back 1

tectospinal
rubro
vestibulospinal
lateral reticulospinal
meial reticulospinal

Front 2

tectospinal

Back 2

the movement is subconscious controls involuntary movement of head and eyss

Front 3

what does tectospinal react in response to

Back 3

rapid auditory visual and tactile stimulation

Front 4

Rubro

Back 4

an indirect tract; controls involuntary movements of your fingers or toes

Front 5

vetibulospinal

Back 5

an indirect pathway; has a unique property its is the only pathway where none of the fivers desucate, they are completely ipsilateral.

Front 6

What does the vestibulospinal tract conrol

Back 6

the muscles that reggulate tone and balance

Front 7

LAteral reticulospinal

Back 7

an indirect pathway; controls all reflexes associate with pain.

Front 8

What does the lateral reticulo spinal tract do

Back 8

it activates the withdraw reflex

Front 9

Medial reticulospinal

Back 9

and indirect pathway; inhibits or stops the withdraw reflex.

Front 10

sensation

Back 10

a conscious or subconscious awareness of an internal or external stimulus.

Front 11

perception

Back 11

the way we interpret sensation

Front 12

sensory modality

Back 12

every sensation is unique and every sensory neron carries infor for one modality

Front 13

What are the 2 classes of sensations

Back 13

general
special

Front 14

general sensation

Back 14

heat cold touch pressure

Front 15

special sensations

Back 15

hearing vision smell taste

Front 16

what are the 3 ways receptors are classified

Back 16

location
structure
type

Front 17

what are the 3 ways receptors are classified in location

Back 17

exteroceptors - on the body surface or near

interoceptors - inside

proprioceptors - tendons and joints

Front 18

what are the 3 ways receptors are classified in structure

Back 18

free nerve endins: exposed dendrites, respond to temp pain tickle touch

encapsulate: dendrites surrounded by a capsule they're associate with pressure

seperate cells: seen with vision and hearing receptors

Front 19

Type sensations have 5 types

Back 19

thermosrecptors: temp
photoreceptors: light
chemoreceptors: chemicals
mechanoreceptors: stretching and pressure
nociceptors: pain

Front 20

What are the 3 types of pain

Back 20

chronic - long term, constant

Front 21

sensory adaptation

Back 21

when a stimulus is long lasting it often causes the sensation to decrease

Front 22

What are the 2 types of sensory adaptation receptors

Back 22

phasic- rapidly adapting receptors like touch or smell

tonic- slowing adapting like pain

Front 23

baro receptors

Back 23

blood cessels and around the hear respond to blood pressure changes

Front 24

hair cell receptors

Back 24

inner ear help maintain balance

Front 25

muscle spindel cells

Back 25

muscle fivers and preven muscle damage when the muscle is stretched

Front 26

root hair plexus

Back 26

surrounds the hair folicle making it sensitive to touch

Front 27

meissners corpuscles

Back 27

in skin, touch receptors

Front 28

pacinian corpuscles

Back 28

in skin pressure receptors

Front 29

end organ of ruffini type 2

Back 29

deep in dermis respond to heavy and continuous touch and pressure

Front 30

orbital cavity

Back 30

1st protective structure of the eye; made up of the fat and bone that surrounds the eye

(mt elf)

Front 31

Palpibrae

Back 31

2nd protective structure of the eye; made up the eyelids and eyelashes

Front 32

tarsal plate

Back 32

bands of CT that gives the eyelid its shape

Front 33

meibormian gland

Back 33

oil gland lubricates eyelids and keeps them from sticking together.

Front 34

conjuctiva

Back 34

mucus membrane lines the inner lids and keeps them moist

Front 35

What are the 4 parts of the palipibrae

Back 35

tarsal plate
meibormian gland
conjuctiva
lacrimal apparatus

Front 36

lacrimal apparatus

Back 36

lacrimal gland plus its tubes produces tears

Front 37

2 types of extrinsic eye musles

Back 37

oblique

rectus

Front 38

4 rectus extrinsic eye muscles

Back 38

euperior rectus-up
inferior rectus-down
medial rectus-in
lateral rectus-out

Front 39

2 oblique eye muscles

Back 39

euperior - down and out
inferior - up and out

Front 40

Fibrous Tunic

Back 40

1st layer of the eye; has 3 parts

Front 41

3 parts of fibrous tunic

Back 41

cornea- sclera- vascuar tunic
choriod

Front 42

chorid

Back 42

thick balck mnembrane on the postieror inner eye keeps light form scatterin through the eye

Front 43

sclera

Back 43

acascular white of the eye

Front 44

cornea-

Back 44

avascular transparent fron part of eye

Front 45

parts of vascular tunic

Back 45

cilliary body
iris/pupil

Front 46

cilliary body

Back 46

part of the vascular tunic; thisck ring of muscle that circles the lens changes shape as you move from near to far vision

Front 47

iris

Back 47

visible colored part of the ye only contains brown pigment

Front 48

the amount of brown pigment in the eiris deterimines

Back 48

the color of the eye

Front 49

pupil

Back 49

a tiny opening in the iris that allows light to enter the eye

Front 50

nervous tunic/retina

Back 50

most light sensitive part of the eye a yellow membrane

Front 51

location of retina

Back 51

right in front of the choroid

Front 52

4 types of cells in retina

Back 52

photoreceptors - allows us to see light
ganglion cells - conduct action potentials
horizontal and bipolar cells - allow us to see shapes and pattern

Front 53

2 layers of the retina`

Back 53

inner layer
outer layer

Front 54

outer layer of the retina

Back 54

made of vit. A and photopigment

Front 55

inner layer of the retina

Back 55

contains photoreceptors chich are rods and cones

Front 56

rods

Back 56

dim light receptors for seeing at night and responsible for pierpheral vision

Front 57

cones

Back 57

bright light receptors responsible for daytime and color vision

Front 58

macula ludia

Back 58

in the center of the retina; contains mostly cones

Front 59

cenral fovea

Back 59

in the exact center of the macula ludia contains only cones. Area of sharpest vision in the eye

Front 60

OPtic disc

Back 60

lateral to the central fovea; where the retina exits the eye.

Front 61

the optic disc is called... why?

Back 61

the blind spot becuase it contains no rods and cones

Front 62

the pathway of the optic disc

Back 62

comes out the optice nerve whhich exits the eye.

Front 63

Lens

Back 63

avascular clear protien structure (looks like an m&m)

Front 64

what are the 2 sensory specific pathways

Back 64

direct
indirect

Front 65

posterior column medial lemniscus has 2 parts

Back 65

fasciculus grocilis
fasciculis cutaneous

Front 66

the poeterior colum medial lemniscus carries

Back 66

indirect; touch sensation from one side of the body to the opposite side of the cerebrum so all nerves dessucate

Front 67

specific sensation canaals include

Back 67

is an indirect pathway;

descriminitive touch -
sterignosis -
proprioseption
kinesthesia
vibration
cut descriminiation

Front 68

proprioseption

Back 68

awareness of pos of body parts with out loooking at them

Front 69

sterignosis -

Back 69

ability to determine size shap texture of object by looking at it
proprioseption-

Front 70

descriminitive touch -

Back 70

exact touch

Front 71

kinesthesia

Back 71

awareness of direction of movement with out looking

Front 72

vibration

Back 72

ability to see a vibration

Front 73

cut descriminiation

Back 73

know with out looking

Front 74

anterolateralsponthalmic

Back 74

indirect pathway; anterior division conveys ensation of tickle itch deep pressure or crude touch

Front 75

anterior/posterior sponocebellar

Back 75

Indirect pathway gives feedback to cerebellum regarding positive balance skilled body movements and muscle tone

Front 76

Lateralcorticospinal

Back 76

A direct pathway all fivers dcusate contorls voluntary movement of arms hands legs and feet

Front 77

anerior coticospinal

Back 77

direct tract; 90% of fibers decussate voluntary movements of neck trunk most axial skeltons

Front 78

cortico bulnar-

Back 78

direct tract; all fivers corssed and it controls the voluntary contraction of the head face and some neck muscles

Front 79

Anterior cavity

Back 79

extends from the cornea backt ot the lens

Front 80

2 chambers of the anterior cavity

Back 80

anterior chamber
posterior chamber

Front 81

anterior chamber of the anterior cavity is located

Back 81

between the cornea and iris

Front 82

posteror chamber of the anterior cavity

Back 82

make s up the iris and lens. the cavty contains aqueous humor.

Front 83

aqueous humor

Back 83

a waer liquid produced by the ciliary body to help maintain pressure in the eye

The amount produced must be equal to the amount drained.

Front 84

aqueous humor is drained through the...

Back 84

canal of schlemm at the junction of the cornea nad sclera

Front 85

glaucoma

Back 85

when proper draining does not occur and pressure builds up in the eye.

Front 86

Posterior cavity

Back 86

between the lens and retina filled with vitreous body/humor

Front 87

4 functions of the posterior cavity

Back 87

holds reina tightly agains the choroid
helps maintain pressure
helps support the lens
hleps with bending or refracting of light

Front 88

Image formation on the retina

Back 88

to reach the retina and eventuall the brain light must move through several regions

Front 89

regions the light must move through to form an image on the retina

Back 89

cornea
aqueous humor
iris/pupil
lens
vitrous humor
photorecpetors
horizontal and bipolar cells
ganglion cells
retina
optic nerve
thalamus
occipital lobe

Front 90

As the light moces through the eye it moves through regions of...

Back 90

different density.

Front 91

Moving light through regions of different denisity causes

Back 91

the light ray to bend/refract.

Front 92

Refraction of light allows it to hit...

Back 92

the retina at the fascial point.

Front 93

Focal point is determined...

Back 93

by the shape of the lens and length of the eyeball

Front 94

glasses are needed when...

Back 94

the focal point is in fron tof the retina or behind

Front 95

when an image reaches the retina its always...

Back 95

upside down and backwards but is corrected in the brain.

Front 96

to focus properly _____is required

Back 96

accomodation

Front 97

accomodatoin

Back 97

change of lens

Front 98

accomodation for distant vision

Back 98

the cilliary muscle must reladx the suspensory ligmanets, must contract, the lens flattens, pulils dialate and eyes diverge

Front 99

accomodation for close vision

Back 99

the cilliary muscel must conract the suspensory ligaments, must relax, lens moves outward pupils constrict, and eyes converge

Front 100

photopigment

Back 100

a colored protien that changes its shape in response to light levels only found in rods

Front 101

rods allow you to see

Back 101

in dim light and darkness

Front 102

2 parts of the rhodopisn cycle

Back 102

retinal/retanin- vitamin a
opsin- protien

Front 103

cis retinol

Back 103

in dim light retinal has a bend along its 11/th carbon which easily fits together with opsin.

Front 104

whien retinol fits with opsin in dim light

Back 104

lots of fhodopson is produced

Front 105

formation of rhodopsin is helped by...

Back 105

the enzyme retinol isomerase

Front 106

transretinol

Back 106

in bright light retinol straightens out.
Does not fit with opsin . The photo pigment has bleached because rhodopsin is now produced.

Front 107

`emmetropia

Back 107

20/20 vision

Front 108

smellen eye chart

Back 108

how vision is measured

Front 109

presbyopia

Back 109

old sightedness occures becuase lesn is less elasitc and has trouble accomodating

Front 110

mypoia

Back 110

near sightedness when focal point is in front of retina

Front 111

hyperopia

Back 111

far sightedness when focal point is behind the retina

Front 112

astigmatism

Back 112

blurry vision caused by an irregular curve of the cornea

Front 113

color blindness'

Back 113

inability to see certain colors usually red and green. genetic. caried on the x chromosome. passed from mother to son

Front 114

3 subdivision of the ear

Back 114

external middle inner

Front 115

Auricl/prima

Back 115

part of the external ear; elastic cartillage it funnels soundweaves into the ear

Front 116

external aucositc meatus

Back 116

part of the external ear; canal in temporal bone extending to the eardrum. contains oil and wax glands and its lined with hair

Front 117

tympanic membrane

Back 117

part of the external ear; eardrum,, thin and transparent seperates the external and middle ear.

Front 118

what are the shape characteriss of the tympanic membrane

Back 118

cone hshpaed and apex of cone is pointing inward.

Front 119

Middle ear

Back 119

cavity completly filled with air

Front 120

2 parts of middle ear

Back 120

osicles
eustachean tube

Front 121

osicles

Back 121

part of the middle ear; prevents eardrum damage from oud noises.

Front 122

the osicles are connected to the ear drum by...

Back 122

the tensor tympani and stapadeous muscles

Front 123

eustachean tube

Back 123

part of the middle ear; connects the middle ear with thte nasopharynx it equalizes air pressure on each side of the ear drum

Front 124

The inner ears regions are...

Back 124

complicated and called labrynths

Front 125

boney labryinth

Back 125

part of the inner ear; series of cavitys located in the temporal bone. covered with periosteum

Front 126

Boney labryinths are filed with

Back 126

paralymph

Front 127

3 regions of the boney labrynth

Back 127

cochlea- spiral shaped looks like a snail

semicircular canals- cavitys shaped like half circles

vestibbule- connects the cochlea witht he canals

Front 128

Membraneous labrynth

Back 128

part of the inner ear; series of sacs insidde the boney labrynth mad of endosteum

Front 129

what is the memebranous labrynth filled with

Back 129

endolymph

Front 130

3 parts of membranous labrynth

Back 130

cochlear ducts- inside cohlea contain the organ of cori

smicircular ducts- inside semicirculuar canals contain crista

Front 131

organ of corti

Back 131

major sense organ for sound

Front 132

crista

Back 132

sense organ for synamic equilibrium

Front 133

dynamic equilibrium

Back 133

ability to maintian balance especially the position fo the head

Front 134

utricule and saccule

Back 134

part of the membranous labrynth, inside the vestibule, contain the macula

Front 135

macula

Back 135

sense organ for static equilibrium

Front 136

static equilibrium

Back 136

ability to maintain balance when not moving.