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297 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lauraceae includes what species?
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Persea american (avocado) and Sassafras albidum (sassafras)
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How common is avocado toxicity?
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Five reports since 1984; so not very
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What is the toxic principle of Lauraceae species?
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Unknown or Persin but it's NOT cyanogenic glycosides and the extract from leaves in hot water was not toxic either.
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You have to ask yourself one question: Do I feel lucky?
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Well, do ya, punk?
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What elements of Lauraceae have proved poisonous?
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Seeds and leaves. 10-14g of dried seeds were fatal to mice after 2-3 days. But the guacamole they made was excellent.
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Are all species of avocados toxic?
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Mexican avocado leaves may not be toxic but Guatemalan and Nabal varieties are.
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What are clinical signs of lauarceae toxicity?
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Dyspnea in mice; agalactia, non-infectious mastitis, and curdled milk in goats and cows; ruminal atony and bruxism; coagulative necrosis of mammary acinar epithelium. Horses have severe facial edema, necrosis of tongue and facial muscles, and they also die.
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You're on a ranch in Guatemala and all your goats and cows go agalactic and start grinding their teeth. Your caballos all get facial edema and even your mice start having dyspnea. What toxicity is suspected, hombre?
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Lauraceae
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You're on a ranch in Guatemala and you do lab work and necropsy on your dead animals after they ate a bunch of avocado leaves. What do you find?
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Six-fold increase in somatic cell counts. Gelatinous liquid in the thorax. Hemorrhagic lungs. Mild GI hemorrhage. Occasional CNS hemorrhage.
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What plant family, genus and species is associated with decreased reproductive performance in Texas? Also know as the "Guajillo Wobbles."
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Legumes, Acacia beriandieri
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A cow presents for agalactia and non-infectious mastitis. It does not make it. On necropsy of the patient you find coagulative necrosis of the mammary acinar epithelium and myocardial necrosis. What is your diagnosis?
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Avocado toxicity.
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A cat presents with a history of lily ingestion. What is your first decision in treating this patient?
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Decontamination and aggressive fluid therapy before the the anuric phase occurs.
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Clinical signs include reddening of buccal muscosa and pharynx, glossitis, strongly irritating proteinaceous toxins. What can cause this and how do you treat it?
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Araceae spp: Elephant Ears, Jack-In-The Pulpit, Dragon Root, Dumb Cane, Cheese Plant, Philodendron, etc
Tx: Antihistamines, supportive care |
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Onions and garlic are Allium spp (canadense, cepa, and sativum) with disulfide toxins. What are their effects?
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N-propyl sulfide has hemolytic effects. Heinz body formation, hemolytic anemia and death.
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Zygophyaceae species include Puncture Vine; when treating ruminants who have ingested the saponins, what is a key ruleout?
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Cocklebur
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Brassica spp. are under what family of plants?
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Cruciferae.
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Brassica spp. affect what species?
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Cattle and sheep
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Brassica spp. include what sort of plants?
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Kale, Rape, Cabbage, Rutabaga, Cauliflower, Broccoli
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What are Brassica spp. so dangerous have near ruminants?
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They are highly palatable (100% leaves, 78% roots)
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Are cattle or sheep more susceptible to Brassica toxicity?
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Cattle
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What is the lay term for Brassica toxicity?
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Fog fever
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What are the toxins associated with Brassica spp.?
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Goitrogenic, glycosides, thioxazolidone, irritant oils like sinigrin, S-mehtyl cysterine sulfoxide
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A cow presents with a transient hemoglobinuria and the urine appears foamy. What toxins do you suspect?
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Brassica spp. toxins: Goitrogenic, glycosides, thioxazolidone, irritant oils like sinigrin, S-mehtyl cysterine sulfoxide
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What is the most common clinical presentation of Brassica toxicity?
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GI signs are more common; typically bloat, HE, and icterus
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What is the common term for the respiratory signs associated with Brassica toxicity?
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Fog fever
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What is fog fever?
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Dyspnea seen after 7-10 days of lush forage; mortality rate 50-80%; some coughing and potentially subcutaneous emphysema
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Turnips commonly cause what sort of toxicity when fed to ruminants?
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Bloat, pulmonary emphysema, PEM, and anemia. Abortion, hypothyroidism and weak neonates may occur. Photosensitiziation may occur.
Brassica spp. |
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On necropsy of a cow, you see slight jaundice to the heavy, wet, rubbery and cyanotic lungs. You also find fecal thiamine to be increased, cerebral edema and flattened gyri. What toxin do you suspect?
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Brassica spp.
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Tansy mustard is of what family of plants?
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Cruciferae
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Tansy mustard is associated with what particular clinical sign?
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Paralyzed tongue
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A cow presents with a paralyzed tongue, blindness, and hepatic encephalopathy after grazing in the late winter/early spring. What is your diagnosis and treatment?
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Tansy mustard toxicity. Antidote is water (2-3 gallons BID) via stomach tube. Ethanol 100mL/1000lbs (watch for incoordination).
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Of what family of plants is Charlock?
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Cruciferae
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What toxic principle do Charlock and Brassica spp. share?
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Irritant oils (Sinigrin)
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What is another lay term for Charlock?
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Wild Mustard
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What is another lay term for wild mustard?
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Charlock
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What are the toxic principles of marijuana?
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Resinoid, Resin, tetrahydrocannabinol
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A dog presents with hyperexcitability, hyperesthesia, tremors, head pressing, shaking, depression, drowsiness and incoordination. The dog appears drunk and disoriented.
His owner is wearing a Pink Floyd t-shirt, homemade flip flops, appears to have forgotten his pants and keeps asking if you have any snacks. What is your diagnosis? |
Marijuana toxicosis
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Marijuana is of what family of plants?
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Cannabinaceae
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Greasewood is of what family of plants?
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Chenpodiaceae
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What is another lay term for greasewood?
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Scrub shrub
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What species is primarily affected by greasewood toxicity?
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Sheep
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What is the toxic principle of greasewood?
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Oxalate, possibly nitrates and cyanide
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Why is greasewood toxicity more common in the spring?
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Plant is more palatable
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An ovine patient presents with a weak heart beat and listlessness. You find a pronounced hypocalcemia. Owner reports sheep was separated from the flock. What do you diagnose and what is your prognosis?
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Greasewood toxicosis; expect to see coma and death in 12-20 hours
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Of what plant family is halgeton?
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Chenpodiaceae
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What species are most susceptible to halogeton toxicity?
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Sheep mostly, also cattle (especially on drives)
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What toxin is associated with Halogeton?
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Oxalate
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What are the clinical signs of halogeton toxicity?
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Ptyalism, bloat (hypocalcemia), dyspnea, tetanic seizures.
Acute and highly fatal: death < 24 hours |
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What is the treatment for halogeton toxicity?
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Force feed water. Treat bloat.
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How should you treat the hypocalcemia of halogeton toxicity?
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Calcium gluconate does not work on halogeton oxalate toxicity
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What toxic species is of the family Clusiaceae?
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St. John's Wort
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What species are susceptible to St. John's Wort toxicity?
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Mostly cattle and sheep, also horses
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What is the toxin associated with St. John's Wort?
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Hypericin
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What is the primary clinical sign associated with St. John's Wort?
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Primary Photosensitization (2-3 weeks after ingestion)
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What clinical signs are associated with sweet potato toxicity?
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Respiratory signs of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and death due to mycotoxicosis
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What are two lay terms associated with Bracken Fern toxicity?
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Bracken Staggers, and Bright Blindness
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What species are most susceptible to Bracken Fern toxicity?
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Cattle mainly, sheep less so
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What is the toxin of bracken fern?
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Thiaminase (horses) and ptaquiloside
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What are the clinical signs of bracken fern toxicity in ruminants?
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NOT thiamin deficiency, but high mortality. Enteric disease is "radiomimetic" causing bone marrow suppression. Hyperpyrexia (104-109)
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What is a primary rule out for bracken fern toxicity?
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Anthrax
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A cow presents with a fever of 108. What are your toxic and infectious rule outs?
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Bracken fern. Anthrax
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What age group is prone to the enteric form of bracken fern toxicity?
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Adults
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What age group is prone to the laryngitic form of bracken fern toxicity?
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Calves
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What is the treatment for bracken fern toxicity in non-ruminants?
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Thiamine
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Why is thiamine not the treatment for Bracken fern in cattle?
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Blood factor problems. Polyps in the bladder. Not a deficiency in thiamine in cattle due to rumen production
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What is meant by "bright blindness" and what causes it?
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Bracken fern can cause retinal degeneration, glassy eyes, dilated pupils and no light reflex
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What is the primary clinical sign associated with Great Laurel toxocosis? Which species is affected?
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Projectile vomiting in ALL species.
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A green inconspicuous flower with a prominent spiky fruit could be one of which two species?
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Castor-oil plant or Cocklebur
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What is the toxin associated with the castor oil plant?
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Ricin, occasionally cyanide
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A patient presents with purgation, bloody diarrhea and a violent heart beat. What is your diagnosis?
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Castor oil plant
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A patient presents with a hemorrhagic gastroenteritis that is increasingly watery and profuse. In the garden you find a plant with smooth bark and a milky sap. What is your diagnosis?
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Tung oil tree
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What are the toxic principle and clinical signs of Poinsettia toxicity?
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Irritant phorbol ester causes gastroenteritis with purgation and colic
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What species are affected by oak toxicity?
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Cattle (especially calves), horses and pigs.
Goats are less susceptible due to tannin-binding proteins in GIT |
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What is the toxin of oak?
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Tannins
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What clinical signs are associated with oak leaf poisoning?
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Rough coat, latent period that resembles choke, hematuria, kyphosis
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What is the primary rule out for oak leaf toxicosis?
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Ragwort
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What clinical signs are associated with acorn poisoning?
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Acute colic, tenesmus, renal failure (perirenal edema in horses), ammonia odor, black feces and passing blood clots
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What is the primary rule out for acorn toxicity?
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Anthrax
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What grasses are associated with cyanide?
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Sudan grass (Sorghum sudanese) and Perennial Ryegrass
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Sudan grass is associated with what toxins and toxic effects?
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Cyanide, Nitrate/nitrite, Photosensitization, lumbar neuronal degeneration (hindlimb weakness), abortions (with arthrogryposis of fetus)
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What three grasses cause photosensitization?
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Sudan grass, Ryegrass staggers, perennial ryegrass
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What toxin causes ARDS?
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L-tryptophan as it is converted to various indoles, particularly 3-methyl indole
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On postmortem, a bladder has an edematous wall and contains many sediments, what is your diagnosis?
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Sudan grass
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What is the toxic principle of perennial ryegrass?
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Tremorogenic mycotoxin found on the lower leaves and stems
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What are ryegrass staggers?
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Hyperexcitability, tremors, ataxia, collapse
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What causes ergotism?
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Parasitic fungus
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What causes summer slump?
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Fescue
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What is the toxic principle of fescue toxicosis?
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Endophytic fungus
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A cow presents with a peculiar forelimb gait, as though they were walking on hot pavement. What is your diagnosis and what is the toxic principle?
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Horse chestnut toxicity
Saponin glycoside: aesculatin gives coumarin derivatives and stigmasterol, terpene, alcohols and sperminidine alkaloids |
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Horse is placed on fresh wood shavings and develops laminitis. What is your diagnosis?
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Walnut toxicity due to naphthoquinone and jugone
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Red maple, yew, oleander, and ground hemlock can all cause what clinical sign?
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Sudden death
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Laurels, hemp dogbane, oleander, sneezeweed, and larkspur can all cause what clinical sign in ruminants?
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Vomiting
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Buttercups, hound's tongue, precatory bea, redroot pigweed, oak leaves and lead tree can all cause what clinical sign?
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Ulceration or erosions of the mouth and tongue
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Fumonison, mesquite, tansy mustard, yellow star thistle and french honey suckle can all affect what part of the body?
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Tongue
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Tansy ragwort, crotalaria, hound's tongue, tarweed, groundsel, comfrey and heliotropes all contain what toxic principle?
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
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Ragworts, crotolaria, aspergillus, wild jasmine, cocklebur, puncture vine can all affect what organ?
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Liver
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Black walnut, locoweeds, sneezeweed, mustard, wild jasmine, buckeye, sagebrush, and guajillo can all cause what sort of clinical signs?
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Gait/locomotion disturbances or laminitis
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Nightshade, tobacco, poison hemlock, oleander, foxglove, and ergot can all affect what organ?
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Heart
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How do senna, ground hemlock, yew, redroot pigweed, avocado, and halogeton differ from other plants that affect the heart?
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Directly affect heart muscle rather than cardiac glycosides or autonomic agents
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What class of toxicity is Zearalenone (mycotoxin)?
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Estrogenic
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What causes Fog Fever?
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Brassica spp.
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What part of Sneezeweed is toxic?
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All parts above ground are toxic
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What is the treatment for hemp dogbane?
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No antidote! But supportive care, atropine, tannic acid and demulcents may help
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What is the toxic principle of redroot pigweed?
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Nitrite causing methemoglobin, may be oxalate but no crystals are seen.
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What is the treatment for milkweed?
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No antidote! Empty GIT and give atropine if AV block
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This plant has a red to purple stem, milky sap, seeds in the pods with floss. There may be diarrhea associated with it and the fibers can cause impaction/constipation.
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Hemp dogbane
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What plant causes weakness, hindlimb incoordination, kyphosis, and a rabbit-like gait in sheep?
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Milkweed
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What is "Spewing Sickness" as seen with sneezeweed in sheep and cattle?
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Projectile vomiting, a terminal sign
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Hairy leaves with tubular curving fiddleneck shape and containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Tarweed
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Where shall I go? What shall I go?
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Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn.
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Foreleg incoordination with no anorexia.
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Sagebrush
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What are the clinical signs of Oleander toxicosis?
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Vomiting, colic, melena, irregular heart beat leading to complete heart block.
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What is the mechanism of cyanogenic glycosides?
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Affect cytochrome oxidase and thus cell respiration. No ATP = Cell hypoxia
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Regarding milkweed which type of leaves have which type of toxin?
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Narrow whorled leaves are more neurotoxic (except A. labiformis) while broad non-whorled leaves are more cardiotoxic but less toxic overall.
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What plants can cause ulcers of the mouth?
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Hound's Tongue (ulcerative stomatitis and glossitis), Redroot pigweed (dental pad ulcer), oak leaf
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This plant has fruit with two seeds in a spined pod, the end spines being more hooked and resembling bunny ears.
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Cocklebur
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What species are most affected by Cocklebur toxicosis?
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Pigs > Cattle > Sheep
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The chronic form of this plant toxicity is the most common. It is characterized by several months of latency and is called Walking Disease, Walla Walla Disease, Walkabout, and Molteno Disease. It is characterized by aimless walking.
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Senecio spp. (Ragworts and Groundsel)
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How is Senecio toxicity diagnosed?
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Liver biopsy showing hemorrhages, necrosis, cirrhosis and distension of the gallbladder
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How is Senecio toxicity treated?
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It's not.
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What three plants cause methemoglobinemia?
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Red maple, nitrites, redroot pigweed
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What are clinical signs of cyanide toxicity?
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Sudden death, CNS signs, Respiratory signs precede cardiac arrest.
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What two plants cause dribbling urine?
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White snakeroot and Sudan grass
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Can we work in groups?
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No, Jeff, you can't.
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What species is most susceptible to yellow star thistle?
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Horses, not cattle or sheep
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What three plants can cause perirenal edema?
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Acorns, locoweed, and redroot pigweed
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What class of toxin are Penitrem A, Lilitrem, Fumonisin, Slaframine and Roquefortine?
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Neurotoxins
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What species are most prone to hemp dogbane toxicity?
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Toxicity is rare but all species are susceptible; ruminants are less susceptible.
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On necropsy, you find nigropalladial encephalomalacia. What is your diagnosis?
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Yellow star thistle
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What will an animal that ingested white snakeroot smell like?
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Ketotic odor to breath
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An animal died of ingesting a plant toxin and has an odor like a mouse cage. What is your diagnosis?
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Poison hemlock
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On necropsy, an animal has a distinct mustard odor. What is your diagnosis?
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Charlock
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On necropsy, a carcass has a uremic smell. If the animal died of ingestion of a toxic plant, what is your diagnosis?
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Oak
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This plant is mainly a problem in the western mountain ranges and mostly affects sheep. Can affect cattle and horses if enough is ingested. Clinical signs include abortions, CVS, Respiratory and GIT.
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Sneezeweeds
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Is red maple or onion toxicity more acute and severe?
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Red maple
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What is the treatment for oxalate toxicity?
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Calcium gluconate, but may not be effective. Acid oxalates are more responsive than oxalate ion.
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Where is Yellow Star Thistle found in the United States?
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West of the Rockies
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Has it occurred to you that Scooby Doo actually shows many signs of marijuana toxicosis?
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Just me, huh? Okay. That's cool.
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What are "the Slows"?
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Reluctance to move caused by White Snakeroot and tremetone toxin.
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What are the clinical signs of sneezeweeds?
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GIT, CVS, and Respiratory: Spewing sickness, colic and bloat with bruxism, staggering, convulsions, stiff gait, inotropic to heart, vomiting, abortions, dyspnea
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What are the clinical signs of bitterweed?
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GIT, CVS, Respiratory: vomiting, head held high, salivation, green nasal discharge, bloat, staggering, abortions
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What is the treatment for poison hemlock?
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No antidote; give doxapram, tannic acid, demulcents, activated charcoal.
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What is the treatment for water hemlock?
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No antidote; treat with doxapram, laxatives, purgatives, anti-convulsants
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What does doxapram do?
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Respiratory stimulant. Improves tidal volume and respiratory rate
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Clinical signs include hobnail liver, pyrrolizidine alkalosis, but not photosensitization.
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Senecio spp. (Groundsels and Ragworts)
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Clinical signs of Oleander?
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Signs 2-24 hours, death < 12 -36 hours, nausea, salivation, vomiting, colic, melena, rumen atony, slowed pulse, heart block
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Clinical signs of hemp dogbane?
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Signs at 6-12 hours, vomiting, fibers may cause impaction/constipation, pyrexia with cold extremities, mydriasis, convulsions, sweating.
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Signs at 6-12 hours, vomiting, fibers may cause impaction/constipation, pyrexia with cold extremities, mydriasis, convulsions, sweating.
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Hemp dogbane
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Signs 2-24 hours, death < 12 -36 hours, nausea, salivation, vomiting, colic, melena, rumen atony, slowed pulse, heart block
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Oleander
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What species are affected by sneezeweeds and bitterweed?
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Sheep!
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Cyanide is metabolized by what? Catabolized by what?
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Thyocyanate. Rhodonase
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Which species is/are more susceptible to nitrates/nitrites and why?
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Ruminants are more susceptible because rumen microbes convert nitrates to nitrite
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What class of toxins are ochratoxins?
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Nephrotoxins
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What is the toxic principle of ragweed and groundsel?
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
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Which species are susceptible to milkweed toxicity?
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All livestock and poultry, especially sheep. Plant more palatable when dried.
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The Trembles. The Slows. Milk Sickness.
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White snakeroot
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Four cardinal signs for pyrrolizidine alkaloid damage?
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Centrilobar necrosis, portal fibrosis and bile duct proliferation, megalocytosis, karyomegaly, venous and perivenous distension
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What causes CNS signs in oxalate toxicity?
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Disturbance of the Ca/Mg:Na/K ratio
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Which plant may synergize with black sagebrush?
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Horsebrush
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When animals eat these leaves, most die in 30 min to 10 hours, most of the rest will die a few days later, and some recover.
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Iva spp. (Copperweed)
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Four plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids?
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Senecio spp., Hound's Tongue, Tarweed, Comfry
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What is hepatic cripples?
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity in cattle due to CNS effects of hepatic encephalopathy
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Seedlings are mostly incriminated in this toxicity so avoid pasture with pregnant animals. CS include abortion, RFM, placental mineralization
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Sumpweed (Iva spp.)
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Three plants of the Boraginaceae family?
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Hound's tongue, tarweed and comfry (all contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids)
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Which mycotoxin causes facial eczema?
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Sporidesmin
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What is the treatment for bracken fern toxicity in the horse?
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Thiamine
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What causing spewing sickness?
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Sneezeweed
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Which species is/are affect by horsebrush?
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Mostly sheep
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What does larythism cause?
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Roaring
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What are the clinical sign of milkweed toxicity?
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No seizures or convulsions; dyspnea, staggers, hypersalivation, grinding of teeth
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Two plants that cause roaring?
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Larythism and bracken fern
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What is the mycotoxin of moldy corn?
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Fumonisin
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What are three syndromes of bitterweed?
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Acute (1-2d), Subacute (4-15d), Chronic (death by starvation)
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Milk sickness in suckling young?
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White snakeroot
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What is unique about the milk of dams with Senecio toxicity?
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Carcinogenic! Public health hazard!
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Which is the toxin: nitrite or nitrate?
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Nitrite
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Five plants that cause vomiting in ruminants?
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Hemp dogbane, Oleander, Sneezeweed, Bitterweed, Great laurel
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What are the two syndromes of redroot pigweed?
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Nitrate poisoning (MetHb) and subacute
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What causes "Big Head" in sheep?
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Horsebrush; teradymol causes hepatogenic secondary photosensitization leading to swelling and edema of the head
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Twelve plants that cause abortions?
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Nitrites, Sneezeweeds, Broomweeds, Poison hemlock, Horsebrush, Brassicae, Lupins, Golden rod, Fescue, False Hellebore.
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Nitrites, Sneezeweeds, Broomweeds, Poison hemlock, Horsebrush, Brassicae, Lupins, Golden rod, Fescue, False Hellebore all cause what clinical sign?
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Abortion
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What is the treatment for yellow star thistle?
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None
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What is the toxic principle of sneezeweeds?
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Lactones (Helenolides): Helenalin, Hymenoxynin, hymenovin, vermeerin
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This plant has a purple spotted or striped stem, but unlike Conium (Poison Hemlock) this has divisions into chambers are the stem-root junction.
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Water hemlock (Cicuta)
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Which plant has goitrogenic glycosides? What is the reversal agent?
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Brassicae, reversed with iodine
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What is the treatment for redroot pigweed?
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Mineralocorticoids for hyperkalemia. IV Methylene blue for MetHb by nitrates.
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The dicotyledon (young, green two-leaf seedling) stage of this plant in springtime is the toxic element.
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Cocklebur
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Aimless wandering, excitement, tenesmus, cachexia, and dark urine. Lag time to effects.
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Tansy Ragwort
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Clinical signs of Golden rod?
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Hypersalivation, lip and jaw movement, fasciculations, hyperesthesia, shaking, arched back, collapse
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Cyanogenic glycoside is harmless, but is hydrolyzed by what in the GIT to become hydrocyanic acid?
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beta-glycosides
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What is the genus and toxic principle of ragworts and groundsels?
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Senecio spp., pyrrolizidine alkaloids (jaconine, senecionine)
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Which type of broomweed leaves are more toxic?
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Early leaves are more dangerous.
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What is the toxic principle and mechanism of Horsebrush?
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Tetradymol uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
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What do nitrites do to the blood?
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MetHb (Ferrous to Ferric)
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Clinical signs of onion and garlic toxicity?
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Hemolytic and Heinz body anemia
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Two plants that cause black, tarry feces?
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Cockleburs and Oak (acorn)
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Treatment for Sneezeweeds and Bitterweed?
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Sneezeweeds: No antidote; remove flock and spray, wait 2-4 days.
Bitterweeds: Change to cattle grazing and weed control |
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Systems affected and clinical signs of poison hemlock?
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CNS (stimulation then depression), tremors, ataxia, diarrhea in cattle, abortion, respiratory arrest precedes cardiac signs.
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Systems affected and clinical signs of water hemlock?
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Violent seizures, vomiting in monogastrics, death from asphyxia, death in 1-8 hours
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CNS (stimulation then depression), tremors, ataxia, diarrhea in cattle, abortion, respiratory arrest precedes cardiac signs.
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Poison hemlock
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Violent seizures, vomiting in monogastrics, death from asphyxia, death in 1-8 hours
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Water hemlock
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Treatment for tansy mustard?
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Water and ethanol
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Why are cyanogenic glycoside plants more dangerous in wilted or post-frost plants?
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Hydrolysis to HCN begins before plant has been ingested
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What is the mycotoxin found on rye?
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Ergot
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What is the family and genus for hemlock?
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Apiaceae; Conium and Cicuta
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Which species is/are affected by red maple toxicity?
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Horses! Also maybe ducks and cattle
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You smell a bitter almond odor on an animal's breath. What is your diagnosis?
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Cyanide
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Name four cardiac glycoside plants?
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Oleander (Nerium), Foxglove (Digitalis), Hemp dogbane, Lily of the Valley (Convalleria)
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What is the toxic principle of foxglove?
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Cardenolides
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What is the toxic principle of hemp dogbane?
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Resinoid and cymarine
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What is the toxic principle of oleander?
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Cardenolides
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For which three plants are cardenolides the toxic principle?
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Oleander and Foxglove and Milkweed (broad leaves)
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What is the the toxic principle of milkweeds?
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Narrow leaves: Neurotoxins.
Broad leaves: Cardenolides Alkaloids (less important) |
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Which species are affected by redroot pigweed?
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Pigs, cattle and sheep. Rarely horses.
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What is a post-mortem sign of cocklebur?
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Sprouts in GIT
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On necropsy, you find sprouts of a plant in the GIT. This animal died of exposure to toxic plants. What is your diagnosis?
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Cocklebur
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What part of oleander is poisonous?
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All parts, even when dry.
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Three main plants for hypersalivation?
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Milkweed, White snakeroot, and goldenrod.
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What causes sleepy staggers in the horse?
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Senecio spp.
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The lambs go stiff before the adults show signs of what toxic plant?
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Sneezeweeds
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These plants look like stinging nettle and cause CNS and CVS signs.
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White snakeroot
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What causes Bright Blindness?
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Bracken fern
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What causes chopping jaw?
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Yellow star thistle, organophosphate, brassicae, golden rod
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What type of toxin are aflatoxins?
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Hepatotoxin
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What causes summer slump syndrome?
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Fescue
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What causes winter foot syndrome?
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Fescue
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What causes summer slump, winter foot and equine agalactia?
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Fescue
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What plants contain cyanide?
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Prunus (cherry), Millet (sorghum), Triglochin (arrowgrass), Cassava (manihot), lima beans, vetch, yew, and bamboo
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Clinical signs of nitrate/nitrite toxicity?
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GIT irritation, tachycardia, emphysema, exertion worsens signs, hypovitaminosis A
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What is "Chewing Disease" and what causes it?
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Quidding, dysdipsia, dysphagia, tongue paralysis caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxin
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What is the treatment for oleander toxicity?
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NO CALCIUM; low success rate, treat symptomatically (anticonvulsants, propanolol, atropine)
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What causes hepatic cripples? What are the species differences?
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Senecio spp. (Ragworts and Groundsels)
Chronic form = Hepatic Cripples Cattle = Hepatic Staggers Horses = Sleepy Staggers |
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What three plants can cause the tongue to hang out?
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Fumonisin (LEM in horses with moldy corn)
Tansy Mustard Yellow star thistle |
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What is the irritant oil in mustard?
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Sinigrin in black mustard (a brassicae). But allylisothiocyanate is in mustard (according to Wikipedia)
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Patient has cherry red blood, pink/moist MM, despite apparent dyspnea. What is your diagnosis?
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Cyanide
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What causes "paralyzed tongue"?
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Tansy Mustard
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What is the toxic principle of broomweeds?
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Saponin and selenium toxicity (Broomweeds are facultative selenium accumulators)
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What is the treatment for nitrate/nitrate toxicity?
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IV Methylene blue; ascorbic acid, supportive care; antibiotics may slow antimicrobial activity in the rumen
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What is the treatment for red maple toxicity?
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Methylene blue for MetHb, supportive care, low success rate
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This plant causes thick mucopurulent nasal discharge with crusting around the nares, arched back, abortion, hematuria and constipation/diarrhea.
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Broomweeds
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Who are the only six NFL running backs to rush for 2,000 yards in a single season?
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OJ Simpson, Terrell Davis, Chris Johnson, Jamal Lewis, Eric Dickerson, and Barry Sanders
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Name two plants that cause hemorrhage.
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Sweet clover and Bracken Fern
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What is the family of bracken fern?
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Pteridium
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Who was the last .400 hitter in major league baseball?
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Ted Williams, 1941
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Name three plants that cause hemolysis.
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Red maple, Onions, Brassicae (mustards)
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What are the clinical signs of white snakeroot?
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Trembling, jugular pulsation, CHF, hypersalivation, ketotic odor, dribbling urine
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Who is the only undefeated heavyweight boxing champion?
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Rocky Marciano
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Which species are susceptible to White snakeroot?
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All grazing livestock but horses are more sensitive (die in 1-2d)
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How to horses and cattle differ in clinical signs to white snakeroot?
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Cattle show more neurological effects, horses more cardiac (CHF)
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What is the name of the ship in Herman Melville's "Moby Dick"?
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Pequod
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Who authored "White Fang", "The Call of the Wild", and "To Build A Fire"?
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Jack London
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What four plants are associated with digitalis glycoside poisoning?
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Asclepias (nonwhorled milkweed), Digitalis (foxglove), Nerium (oleander), Taxus (yew)
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Name the eight players to have recorded at least 20 sacks in a single NFL season.
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Demarcus Ware, Jared Allen, Michael Strahan, Mark Gastineau, Lawrence Taylor, Derrick Thomas, Reggie White and Chris Doleman
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Nine plants that cause photosensitization.
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Horsebrush, Hound's Tongue, Brassicae, Tansy Mustard, SJW, Sudan grass, Clover, Buckwheat, Vetches
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Hepatic encephalopathy, hemoglobinuria, stomatitis, photosensitization?
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Hound's Tongue
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Tolerance to this toxic principle can arise in ruminants following adaption of rumen microbes.
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Oxalate but NOT acid oxalate.
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Tolerance to this asteraceae plant after a period of acclimation, but sudden large quantities can cause death.
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Sagebrush
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What is the toxic principle of onions?
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Disulfides
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This plant contains allantoin, which is used as an astringent for wounds, and also contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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Comfrey
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Four players to win a Heisman Trophy and a Super Bowl MVP.
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Roger Staubach, Desmond Howard, Marcus Allen, and Jim Plunkett.
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Which species are affected by onion toxicosis?
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Cattle by getting into wild onions, or dogs by eating human food.
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What is the toxic principle of poison hemlock?
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Coniceine, Coniine (nicotine-like)
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What is the toxic principle of water hemlock?
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Cicutol, Cicutoxin
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What five plants cause gait abnormalities?
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Buckwheat, Locoweed (high stepping gait)
Yellow star thistle, sneezeweed (stiff gait) Horse chestnut (peculiar forelimb gait) |
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Cow has an abnormal gait, as though it is walking on hot pavement. What is the toxic plant?
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Horse chestnut
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What is the treatment for cyanide?
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Sodium nitrite, thiosulfate (most important)
Give NaNO2 first, don't mix for long. |
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What is milk sickness and with which plant is it seen?
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White snakeroot can be excreted in the milk of cows leading to illness in humans or in suckling young.
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What is the difference in syndromes caused by red maple collected before mid-September versus those collected after?
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Hemolytic syndrome vs. peracute syndrome
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Three plants that cause hematuria?
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Broomweeds, Bracken fern, Buttercups
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Three plants that cause hemoglobinuria?
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Brassicae, Senecio (though atypical), Hound's Tongue
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Red-brown urine?
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Red maple
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Dark red urine?
|
White snakeroot
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Weakness, trembling, knuckling, ataxia, hind limb paralysis and collapse?
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Redroot pigweed
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Three plants with thorny fruits?
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Cocklebur, Castor bean, Horse chestnut
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What is the toxic principle of white snakeroot?
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Tremetone, tremetol
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To which plant family do milkweeds belong?
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Asclepsidaceae
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What are the two forms of oxalate?
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Ion and Acid
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What are the clinical signs of oxalate toxicity?
|
Hypocalcemia! Which can lead to coagulopathy. Also hemorrhagic rumenitis, renal damage, twitching, tetany, staggers, convulsions, alkalosis
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What toxicity can cause tongue issues and limb edema and must be differentiated from Yellow Star Thistle?
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Mycotoxin (LEM in horses) can cause protruding tongue and leg edema
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Four plants with digitalis glycoside toxicity?
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Nerium, Digitalis, Taxus, and Asclepias
AKA Oleander, Foxglove, Yew, and Milkweed (non-whorled) |
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What are clinical signs of fumonisin toxicosis in horses?
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LEM, hindlimb paralysis, tongue protruding, pitting edema
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What are clinical signs of fumonisin toxicity in swine?
|
Sudden death
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What causes Chewing Disease?
|
Yellow Star Thistle
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What is the treatment for sneezeweed toxicosis?
|
No antidote, remove from pasture, cysteine may help.
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Which species are susceptible to Senecio toxicity?
|
Horses, Cattle mainly, may be in pigs. Humans from bush tea. Sheep can tolerate senecio well.
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Bush tea toxicity in humans?
|
Senecio spp.
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Human poisonings from BBQ smoke or kabob spits?
|
Oleander
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|
What plant should be left to grow "belly high" on the cow and why?
|
Sorghum (millet) because young or highly fertilized plants will have a higher level of cyanogenic glycoside
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Which species are more and less susceptible to cyanides?
|
Ruminants are more susceptible than horses or pigs because of gastric pH. Monogastrics inactivate the glycosidases in the plant.
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|
Two plants that cause a high stepping gait?
|
Buckeye (horse chestnut) and Locoweed
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|
What is the mechanism of cyanides lacking to disruption of cellular respiration?
|
Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase in cells affects iron binding. Cells become hypoxic despite oxygen-rich blood (cherry red MM)
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|
Name the 12 Asteraceae plants.
|
Sagebrush, Yellow Star Thistle, White Snakeroot, Isocomo spp., Broomweeds, Sneezeweeds, Bitterweed, Iva spp., Senecio spp., Goldenrod, Horsebrush and Cocklebur
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|
|
Clinical signs of cocklebur?
|
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, melena, cachexia/anorexia, spasms, blindness
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|
Which plants contain irritant oils?
|
Cruciferae (mustards), Brassicae (rapeseed), Ranunculaceae (buttercups)
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|
What is the treatment for white snakeroot?
|
No antidote, give CALCIUM, oil purgative or activated charcoal.
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|
What is the toxic principle and mechanism of cocklebur?
|
Carboxyatractloside inhibits oxidative phosphorylation
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What is the treatment for marijuana toxicity?
|
Doxapram, atropine, tannic acid, activated charcoal
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