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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Other DD's for OP toxicity signs?
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Carbamates, nicotine
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Is nicotine an acid or a base?
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It is a base
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how to we trap nicotine in the urine to excrete it more quickly
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We acidify the urine with ammonium chloride
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why do we see muscarinic signs with nicotine toxicity?
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The nicotinic receptors are stimulated, and then in turn, stimulate the muscarinic receptors
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What is the difference between a low dose and a high dose of nicotine?
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At a low dose you will see NM excitement. A a high dose, you will see NM blockade
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What are the clinical signs you would see with nicotine toxicity?
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Tremors, parasympathetic signs. NM stimulation is transient, as we will see a secondary depression
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What do carbamates, op's, and nicotine all have in common?
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They are all CNS stimulants, but ALSO have parasympathetic effects. Other CNS stimulants do not have that
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What 3 toxic agents cause CNS stimulation and parasympathetic effects?
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CON! (as in they are trying to con you into thinking they are only stimulants) Carbamate, OP's, Nicotine
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What insecticide is the most likely cause of tremors?
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Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
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With pyrethroid toxicity, are there parasympathetic signs?
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No
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What drug is found to be best when treating tremors?
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Methocarbymol
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what do we find pyrethrin in?
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Topical flea/tick treatments and chrysanthemum
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Of the two types of pyrethroids, which one is more toxic and why?
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Type 2 is more toxic because it contains alpha cyanomoiety
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Advantage is a flea product. What is added to it to make it 'advantix'
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pyrethrin
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What specie is most sensitive to pyrethrins?
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Fish and some birds
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What do we add to pyrethrins to slow down its metabolism (and therefore making it more toxic)
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Piperonyl butoxide
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What it piperonyl butoxide added to?
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Pyrethrins
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What is the MOA of pyrethrins?
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It opens Na channels, so you get a repeated firing of the neurons in the CNS. This causes tremors. After time, it becomes desensitized and you get a CNS depression
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What toxins act on sodium channels and keep them open?
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Pyrethrins and chlorinated hydrocarbons that are DDT (Diphenyl aliphatics)
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What is the MOA of Diphenyl aliphatics
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These are organic chlorines, and act by keeping the sodium channels open. You gget repeated firing of neurons in the CNS, then subsequent CNS depression
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what is a type one allergic reaction?
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It is associated with histamine release and is mediated by IgE
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What are other DD's for tremors in dogs?
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Tremorgenic mycotoxins such as moldy compost
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What was rotenone originally used for?
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To be put on arrowheads to kill fish, and as a pesticide in water to kill fish
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What animal is resistant to rotenone?
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Chickens
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What animal is most sensitive to rotenone?
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Fish
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What form of rotenone has the highest toxicity?
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The emulsified form
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MOA of rotenone
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It inhibits NADH from becoming NAD. We need NAD for the electron transport chain. Without NAD, we are inhibiting this chain, therefore decreaing energy production.
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Does rotenone respond well to enzyme inhibitors?
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Yes, it does. Rotenone undergoes lethal synthesis, so we want to slow down metabolism
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What are the clinical signs associated with rotenone toxicity?
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GIT (vomiting) and neurologic (ataxia, CNS depression, tremors and possible seizures and Hypoglycemia!
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If you see hypoglycemia and CNS depression, what toxic agent can you assume is the culprit?
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Rotenone
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how is the prognosis with rotenone
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Excellent
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In what species is amitraz used?
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Swine and cattle and dogs
tick collars |
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In what species is amitraz never used?
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Horses, as it causes GI stasis
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What is the MOa of amitraz?
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it is an alpha 2 agonist - so it works similar to xylazine and domitor
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Where is amitraz metabolized?
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Liver
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what are the clinical signs of amitraz?
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CNS depression due to alpha 2 stimulation, and potentially seizures due to alpha 1 stimulation. Bradycardia, vasodilation
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Antidote to amitraz?
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Alpha 2 antagonists such as yohimbine or antisedan
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What toxin is in the preventick collars?
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Amitraz
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With DEET, what are the neurological signs?
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Tremors, excitement, ataxia and seizures. It causes CNS excitement
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What is the specimen of choice with DEET?
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Stomach contents
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what animals should not be treated with Selemectin?
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Collies and dogs with white feet
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MOA of macrocyclic lactones
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Ivermectin is a macocyclic lactone --> it is a GABA agonist. therefore you get CNS depression
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Antidote for ivermectin?
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Picrotoxin
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What is the "sink" organ of chorinated hydrocarbons
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fat
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What is the specimen of choice with organochlorine toxicosis?
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Brain
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How does DDT work?
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It keeps the Na channels open, causing a rapid continuous firing of the nuerons in the CNS
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what is the major issue with organochlorines?
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They persist in the environment for a very long time and can bio accumulate in food chains
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If something has a high risk factor does it have a lot of risk associated with it?
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No, there isnt a lot of risk associated with it
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How does lindane work?
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GABA inhibitor
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How do cyclodienes work?
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Don't know
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Do we see stimulation or depression of the cns with organochlorines?
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stimulation
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"cattle walking backwards" think...
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organochlorines
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Antidote for organochlorines?
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Nope
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What are 2 causes of bounding pulses?
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Anemia and shock
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what are 3 causes of anemia
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Destruction of RBS's, decreased production of RBC's, blood loss
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What causes heinz bodies?
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Oxidation of RBC's
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What does oxidation of iron in RBC's cause?
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Methemoglobinemia
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What does napthelene smell like?
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Moth balls
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What rbc changes will be seen with nathalene toxicity?
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methemoglobinemia and heinz body formation
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What are the clinical signs of napthelene toxicity?
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GI (salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, etc) RBC destruction, and secondary renal/liver injury
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What inseticide is known for skin lesions?
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D-Limonene
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What is a good first line antibiotic to treat skin lesions associated with D limonene?
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Ampicillin
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What causes the sepsis related to d-limonene toxicity
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The skin lesions
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D Dimer vs FDP
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D dimer shows breakdown product that has already formed a thrombus. FDP can be breakdown product before a thrombus forms. D Dimer is a more reliable test for DIC
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When do we usually see D-limonene toxicity
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When dog products are used on cats.
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With which toxin can we see reactions that resemble erythema multiforme? (necrosis with inflammation) or toxic epidermal necrosis (necrosis with minimal inflammation)
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D-Limonene
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SIRS
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Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
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What are the sings of SIRS?
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Increase or decrease in heart rate, dec in resps, dec in wbc's, toxic changes, left shift, severe inflammation. If you have 2 of these things, its considered SIRS
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How is the progosis in animals with D-Limonene toxicity?
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It is good in most cases unless they have skin lesions. The worse the lesion, the worse the prognosis
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How does warfarin work?
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it inhibits epoxide reductase, and therefore doesnt allow K dependant clotting factors to activate
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Clotting factors that are K dependant
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2, 7, 9, 10
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With Warfarin toxicity, which clotting text would you want to run first?
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PT as it tests factor 7, and 7 has the shortest half life, so if there is a decrease in it, you will notice a prolonged time with this factor most quickly
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Is warfarin a first or second generation anticoagulant?
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First
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Pindone and chlorophacinone are what generation?
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First generation anticoagulant
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Anticoagulants aer derivitives of either -
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hydroxycoumarin or indandione
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What is the the toxic difference between first and second generation anticoagulants?
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First genreation need multiple doses to see clinical signs, where second generation need just one dose
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what animal is most sensitive to anticoagulants?
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Pigs, then dogs
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What factors will decrease toxicity of anticoagulants?
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Pregnancy and enzyme inducers
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in the second phase of blood loss in a dog, what is the PVC and TS?
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The TS drops, but the PCV will remain
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What kind of vitamin K doe we use in anticoagulant toxicosis
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K1 only!!
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what factors does frozen plasma lack?
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Factors 5 and 8
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Bromethalin is not effective in what species?
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Guinea pigs
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Is there bait shyness with bromethalin
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nope. It is green and tasty
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Where are the highest distributions of bromethalin?
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Brain and fat
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How is bromethalin affected by enzyme inducers?
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It is metabolized and becomes more toxic. Lethal sythnesis
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MOA of bromethalin
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Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, resulting in loss of ATP
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How does bromethalin cause cerebral damage?
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Via lipid peroxidation
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What are the clinical signs of bromethalin stoxiciy?
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Acute CNS signs. Tremors, hyper excitability, running fits
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What 2 toxins cause running fits?
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Fluoroacetate and bromethalin
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What 2 toxins cause tremors and seizures that are precipitated by light or noise?
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Bromethalin and strychnine
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Do you see depression or exicitability in Bromethalin toxicity?
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Excitability
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Bromethalin toxicity causes signs that are typical of lesions in which section of the spine?
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T3 - L3
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Antidote for bromethalin?
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Nope
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What is compound 1080?
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Fluroacetate
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What is fluroacetate used for?
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To deter wolves from eating sheep
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What animal is most sensitive to fluroacetate?
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Dogs
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What animal is most resistant to furoacetate?
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Birds
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What animals are very sesitive to strychnine?
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Farm animals
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MOA of fluroacetate
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Tightly binds to aconitase inhibiting the TCA cycle. This inhibits energy production
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What could you look for in bloodwork if you suspect fluroacetate?
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Increase in citrate (as it cant be used in tca cycle while aconitase is bound) and hypocalcemia (due to citrate binding calcium)
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What are the clinical signs of fluroacetate?
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CNS stimulation, running in circles, seizures, then coma
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concerning fluroacetate, what is the general cause of death?
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cardiac or from convulsions/resp failure
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In addition to activated charcoal and emetics, what is something else we can give for decontamination with fluroacetate?
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Limewater. It will precipitate out the fluroacetate, thereby preventing absorption
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Antidote for fluroacetate
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ethanol 50% and acetic acid 5%.
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What is the prognosis of fluroacetate toxicosis
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grave
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Is strychnine an acid or a base?
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Base
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What would we use to change the pH of urine to trap strychnine and excrete it faster?
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Ammonuim chloride
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Who is resistant to strychnine?
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Poultry
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how long does it take for the body to excrete the lethal dose of strychnine?
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24 hours
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MOA of strychnine
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Glycine inhibitor. Glycine is an inhibitor that works at the level of the spine. This is why we see the spine "stretching" so much
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what specimens do we sample from animals with strychnine toxicity?
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urine in live animals, stomach contents in dead animals
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what drug is best for seizures concerning strychnine toxicity?
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Methocarbomol
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What are the clinical signs of strychnine toxicosis?
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ellicitable seizures, opisthotonos
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What can a dog get into to cause vitamin D toxicosis?
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Psoriasis creams, certain plants, cholecalceferol
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what are the top rule outs for hypercalcemia?
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Renal failure, hyperparathyroidism, Vit D toxicity, neoplasia
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Which animals are most sensitive to Vit D toxicity?
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Young animals, and cats
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Can vitamine D be excreted in milk?
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Yes
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What will you see with a vit d toxicity on blood work?
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Hypercalcemia, and hyperphosphotemia
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At what point do we see mineralization of tissues??
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When calcium x phosphorus >70
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Clinical signs of Vit D toxicty
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effects aer due to hypercalcemia on cellular membranes and soft tissue mineralization. - GIT, anorexia, **bloody diarrhea** , hyper acidity and ulceration, renal failure, PU/PD, arrythmias, coma and death
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Why do we see a hyper gastric acidity and ulceration in cases of vit d toxicity?
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Hyper calcemia directly stimulates gastrin secretion (gastric acid)
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Why with Vit D toxicty do we see hyponatremia and hypokalemia?
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It competes for reabsorption in tubules with calcium. The body would try to reabsorb as much calcium as possible and would pee out the na and k
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Treatment of Vit D toxicosis
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Pamidronate, saline, low calcium diet
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what toxin smells like rotten fish
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Zinc phosphide
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What animal is most senstive to zinc phosphide?
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Birds
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What system in the body, enhances toxicity of zinc phosphide?
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Gastric Secretion in the GIT
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Do we cause emesis in animals with zinc phosphide toxicity?
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Yes, it reduces absorption even though zinc phosphide can be corrosive
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how is zinc phosphide eliminated from the body
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Most of it is eliminated in gaseous form from the lungs.
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Are people effected by animals that have zinc phosphide toxicity?
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yes. As the toxin is breathed out, people can breathe it in if the are handling the pet
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MOA of zinc phosphide
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interupts oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibits energy production. Ellicitable seizures. Also, corrosive nature of zinc phosphide results in vomiting blood. Barin, heart, lungs, liver, blood vessels all are effected.
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Running in circles
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Fluracetate, zinc phosphide
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Specimen used in zinc phosphide?
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stomach contents, vomitus. maybe see methemoglobinemia in blood
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Acetylene odor?
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Dead fish smell
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CS of zinc phosphide toxicity
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Nonspecific - GI, pulmonary, excitement of the cns and rapid death
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Antidote for zinc phosphide
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Nope
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What are metaldehydes mixed with to create a snail killer?
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Carbamates
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how do metaldehydes react to enzyme inducers?
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Quite well. Decreases toxicity
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MOA of metaldehyde toxicosis
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Causes direct GI irritation and CNS excitement by decreasing GABA, norepi, and serotonin which will lead to seizures
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Clinical signs of metaldehyde
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Convulsive seizures, ataxia, hyperthermia, etc "Shake and bake"
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Why do we give b12 in cns animals?
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It is thought to be neuroprotective
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With which 4 toxins, do we see entero hepatic circulation?
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Chlorinated hydrocarbon, D-Limonene, Bromethalin, Vit D
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What the MOA of Rotenone?
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Stops NAD from changing into NADH --> loss of ATP
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Which 2 toxins have a MOA of uncoupling phosphorylation?
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Zinc Phosphate and Bromethalin (also PCP but we didnt go over it yet)
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What 2 toxins undergo lethal synthesis
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Bromethaline and rotenone (not including OP's bc not all of them do)
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To which 3 toxins are chicken resistant?
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Strychnine, rotenone, and fluroacetate
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Which 4 toxins have ellicitable seizures?
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Strychnine, Zinco Phosphide, bromethalin, metaldehyde
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