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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acer spp
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Red Maple
Affects horses, equids Toxic principle: strong oxidants; dried leaves C/S hemolytic anemia, Heinz bodies, MetHb, Icterus, centrilobular hepatic degeneration |
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Allium spp
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Onions
Affects cats > dogs, cattle, horses > sheep Toxic principle: N-propyl disulfide C/S: Heinz body anemia, hemoglobinuria, icterus, onion doro in milk or expired air Tx: blood transfusion, remove source |
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Meliliotus spp
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Sweet Clover
Affects cattle (sheep, horses) Toxic principle: dicoumarol (due to damage/mold of coumarol, a non-toxic glycoside); affects II, VII, IX, X C/S: 3-8wks post-ingestion, subQ swellings, anemia, weakness, hypovolemic shock, massive hemorrhage Tx: blood, vitamin K orally |
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Trifolium subterran
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Subterranean clover
Toxic principle: phytoestrogen Infertility & repro problems |
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Pteridium aquilinum
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Bracken fern
Affects ruminants (mostly cattle), esp. if on sandy/acid soils in shade Toxic principle: ptalquiloside (glycoside) -> aplastic anemia, hematuria, hemolysis; carcinogen?, cyanogenetic glycoside C/S: chronic presentation (ingest 100% BW), hemorrhages, biphasic pyrexia, bone marrow dysfunction (all 3 cell lines), increased cap. fragility Tx: blood, Batyl alcohol |
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Asclepias spp
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Milkweed
Affects: animals on overgrazed pastures Toxic principle: cardiac glycoside (cardenolines & bufadienolides) C/S: neuro & cardiac signs; trembling, rapid/weak pulse, hypersalivation, resp depression, mydriasis, organ congestion Tx: symptomatic, atropine, beta-blockers, oral KCl can have secondary toxicity |
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Baileya multiradiata
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Desert Baileya
Affects sheep on sandy desert soils Toxic principle: unknown; sesquiterpene lactone; all parts are toxic, flower usually ingested (palatable!) C/S: rapid, pounding heart audible w/o scope; anorexia, emaciation, regurgitation, green material around mouth, posterior ataxia Tx: none; TLC, pull off pasture |
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Datura spp
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Jimson weed, Thornapple, Moon Trumpet, Angel Trumpet
Affects: all animals, esp. humans Toxic principle: tropane alkaloids (atropine, scopolamine, hyosine) C/S: parasympatholytic & neuro, primarily cardiac; hyperthermia in ppl, mydriasis, restless, mm. twitching, tachycardia Tx: physostigmine (able to cross BBB) |
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Kalanchoe spp
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Kalanchoe (ornamental plant)
Affects any animal, but esp dogs Toxic principle: bufadienolides (cardioactive glycosides with CNS effects) C/S cardiac + neuro Tx: beta blocker, atropine, oral KCl, diazepam (early) |
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Nerium oleander
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Oleander
Affects all animals, esp. man, horses > dogs, cattle Toxic principle: cardiac glycosides, cardenolides (bitter leaves, until damage & release of sugar) C/S: bradycardia then tachycardia, vasoconstriction, cold extremities, cardiac depression, trembling |
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Taxus spp
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Yew
Affects all, esp. horses, dogs, humans Toxic principle: Taxine (alkaloid) throughout the plant (conc. in seeds, which must first be cracked) that interfere with Na-K transport to prolong AV; also have cyanogenic-glycosides in leaves, antimicrotubule agents C/S: cardio depression, bradycardia, heart stops in diastole, sudden death, V/D, trembling, dyspnea Tx: amiodarone, NaHCO3, resp support, cardiac pacemaker |
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Gossypol (Gossypium spp)
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Cottonseed
Toxic principle: yellow-green polyphenolic cmpd that affects Hb & O2 release and incr pulm membrane Affects monogastrics, humans (can feed whole CS to mature ruminants); swine most sensitive C/S: cumulative toxin; resp & cardiac; weakness, anorexia, dyspnea, paraparesis & stupor in canines, CHF is COD, hemoglobinuria, flabby heart, nutmeg liver Tx: none; prevention more impt |
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"Fog Fever"
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Acute Bovine Pulm Edema & Emphysema
Affects cattle > 2yrs, mostly in cow-calf ops Toxic principle: ingest L-tryptophan -> 3-methylindole -> toxic 3-methyleneindolenine C/S: 50% morbidity, 30% mortality; sudden onset resp distress, salivation; chronic poor doers w/ nasal discharge & pulm abscesses Tx: none good; diuretics, antihistamines, steroids, high protein diet |
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Astragalus emoryanus
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Emory Milkvetch, Red-Stemmed Peavine (type of locoweed)
Affects cattle > sheep > goats Toxic agent: 3-nitro propanol (glycoside), 3-nitro propionic acid (locoweed also has alkaloid Swainsonine) C/S: resp signs; labored breathing, posterior incoordination, weakness, 20% MetHb, death in 4-20hrs or chronic debilitation Tx: none good |
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Cynodon dactylon
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Coastal Bermuda grass
Affects cattle on improved pastures Toxic principle: unknown; fungus? C/S: resp & neuro signs; pulm edema & emphysema, tremors, post. paralysis, hepatic problems (icterus & photosensitization) Tx: remove from pasture |
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Perilla frutescens
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Beefsteak Plant, Perilla Mint
Affects horses, cattle Toxic principle: Perilla ketone, egomaketone, isoegomaketone in leaves, stems, & roots; inc perm in lungs C/S: pulm edema & emphysema, mint-like odor in GI tract, signs of agonal death, flabby heart (due to pulm congestion) Tx: none good |
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Aesculus spp
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Buckeyes
Affects ruminants, horses Toxic principle: Glycosidic saponins (aesculin, fraxin), highest in fruit, but animals eat new growth C/S: GI, neuro; staggering, congested MM, hemolysis, coma Tx: symptomatic |
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Astragalus spp
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Locoweed
Affects equine > bovine > ovine > caprine Toxic principle: Alkaloid swaisonine, Selenium accumulation C/S: progessive sensory & motor loss, hyperexcitable, impaired prioprioception, habituation, emaciation, resp depression (A. emoryanus), abortogenic, teratogenic, Brisket Dz? Tx: none |
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Oxytropis spp
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Locoweed
Affects equine > bovine > ovine > caprine Toxic principle: Alkaloid swaisonine, Selenium accumulation C/S: progessive sensory & motor loss, hyperexcitable, impaired prioprioception, habituation, emaciation, resp depression (A. emoryanus), abortogenic, tertagoenic, Brisket Dz? Tx: none |
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Brunfelsia spp
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Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow
Affects mostly dogs; maybe cattle Toxic principle: Alkaloids Brunfelsamidine, hopeanine C/S: excessive salivation, clonic-tonic convulsions, GI Tx: pentobarbital, empty stomach |
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Centaurea spp
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Yellow star thistle, Russian knapweed
Affects horses Toxic principle: unknown; maybe sesquiterpene lactone; nitrate accumulation C/S: cumulative, but acute onset; impaired swallowing, inability to prehense food, head pressing, hypertonic head mm; Equine Nigropaladial Encephlomalacia Tx: none |
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Cicuta spp
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Spotted Water Hemlocks
Affects all, esp. calves Toxic principle: highly unsat. alcohol, cicutoxin (highest in hollow root & stalk) C/S: 15-30 min post-ingest, salivation, tremors, opisthotons, mydriasis, resp failure, fever Tx: usually not fast enough |
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Claviceps purpurea
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Ergot on Rye
Affects mostly cattle Toxic principle: lysergic acid derivatives of indole alkaloids (ergotamine, ergototoxin, paspoline) C/S: neuro & gangrene, convulsions, abortions, lame, necrosis of ear and tail Tx: none |
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Claviceps cinerea
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Ergot on Tobosa
Affects mostly cattle Toxic principle: lysergic acid derivatives of indole alkaloids (ergotamine, ergototoxin, paspoline) C/S: neuro & gangrene, convulsions, abortions, lame, necrosis of ear and tail Tx: none |
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Claviceps paspali
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Ergot on Bahia & Dallis grass
Affects mostly cattle Toxic principle: lysergic acid derivatives of indole alkaloids (ergotamine, ergototoxin, paspoline) C/S: neuro only; convulsions, abortions Tx: none |
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Conium maculatum
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Poison Hemlock
Affects all animals Toxic principle: Piperidine alkaloid, coniine C/S: 1hr post-ingest, ataxia, mydriasis, bradycardia, hypothermia, coma, resp depression, abortion/teratogenic in pig & cattle Tx: none |
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Cycads
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Cycads, Sago Palms
Affects all Toxic principle: carcinogenic glycoside cycasin, hepatotoxic C/S: neuro signs in cattle; liver dysfunction in other species, hemorrhage, jaundice Tx: supportive, contorl hemorrhage & anemia, S. adenosine meth |
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Delphinium spp
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Larkspurs
Affects cattle > equine > sheep (4x resistant) Toxic principle: polycyclic diterpene alkaloid delphinine C/S: sudden death, nervousness, hypersalivation, bloat, colic, irregular tachycardia, resp paralysis; death in 24hrs Tx: procainamide, sternal recumbency to prevent bloat |
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Helenium amarum
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Bitter sneezeweed
non-toxic gives bitter taste to milk |
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Helenium microcephalum
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Small-headed sneezeweed
Affects sheep > cattle, goats, horses Toxic principle: sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin C/S: ataxia, V/D, bloat, hypersalivation, dyspnea, nasal discharge, regurg thru nose Tx: none |
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Helenium hoopseii
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Orange sneezeweed
Affects sheep > cattle, goats, horses Toxic principle: sesquiterpene lactone, helenalin C/S: ataxia, hypersalivation, V/D, bloat, nasal discharge, spewing sickness Tx: none |
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Hymenoxys spp
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Bitterweed
Affects sheep, goat Toxic principle: sesquiterpene lactone hymenoxon C/S: ingest 1% BW; habitutation, anorexia, depression, rumen stasis, bloat, regurg (green muzzle), affects CNs IX/XI/XII (VII?), colic, chronic wt loss Tx: prevent with high natural protein, high sulfate, ethoxyquine |
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Ipomoea violcea
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Morning Glory
Affects man and other animals Toxic principle: lysergic acid (amide of indole alkaloid) C/S: hallucinations, resp depression Tx: none |
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Organophosphates
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MOA: irreversible inactivation of AChE, acts on serine at esteratic site
C/S: SLUDD, convulsions, ataxia, resp depression ADME: readily absorbed by all routes, liver biotrans, excr in kidney, milk, feces, transplacental Tx:support resp, Atropine, Oximes (2-PAM), diazepam for seizures |
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Carbamates
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MOA: competitive inhibition with AChE, acts at serine at esteratic site
C/S: SLUDD, convulsions, ataxia, resp depression ADME: readily absorbed by all routes, liver biotrans, excr in kidney, milk, feces, transplacenta Tx: support resp, Atropine, Oximes (2-PAM may be contraindicated), diazepam for seizures |
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Succinylcholine
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MOA: depolarization at NMJ
C/S: mm. relaxation, incr intra-ocular P, brady- then tachy-cardia, hypoxia Tx: support resp |
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Rotenone
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Root of Derris spp
MOA: blocks conversion NADH2 --> NADH C/S: emesis, mm. tremors, incoordination, convulsions, resp failure Tx: supportive |
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Pyrethrum
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Chrysantehmum spp
MOA: incr Na conduction, GABA inhibition C/S: musc & nico signs, ventroflexion of neck, aggression ADME: rapid metabolism (add piperonly butoxide) Tx: supportive, Diazepam |
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Limoline
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monocyclic terpene from citrus plants
MOA: HPS in cats C/S: ataxia, mm. tremors, salivatoin, scrotal irritation, acute necrotizing dermatitis Tx: usually self-limiting |
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Organochlorine insecticides
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MOA: decr membrane potential of nerves
C/S: salivation, vomiting, hyper-excitability, spasms, V-fib, tonic-clonic convulsions, resp failure ADME: lipid soluble, little biotrans, excr in urine; stored in adipose, nervous tissue, adrenal medulla Tx: symptomatic, barbiturates |
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Strychnine
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Alkaloid indole derived from Strychnos nux-vomica
MOA: blocks Glycine receptors at Renshaw cells C/S: anxiety, restless, incr resp, mm. tremors, tetanic seizures, acidosis, asphyxia, opisthotonos, extension ADME: slighlty water soluble, good GI absorption, rapid metabolim (80%), rapid elim Tx: induce emesis; Na pentobarbital, Diazepam, Diuresis, Tannic acid, Iodine, K permanganate, support resp |
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Sodium fluoroacetate
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Cmpd 1080 (plant-derived)
MOA: replaces acetate in acetyl-CoA, fluorocitrate blocks TCA cycle C/S: GI in dogs, restless, seizures, myocardial depression in cattle/horse/cat ADME: highly water soluble, rapid GI absorption, excr in urine Tx: none good; Euthanasia, sodium glycerol monoacetate, ethanol & acetic acid orally |
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Warfarin
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Dicoumarol, moldy sweet clover (Melilotus)
MOA: inhibit vit K epoxide reductase, affect facts II, VII, IX, X C/D: hemorrhage, ataxia, lameness, pale MM, hypovolemic shock ADME: rapid GI absorption, highly protein-bound, biotrans, excr in urine & feces Tx: vit K orally, whole lood |
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Bromethalin
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Uncoupling agent
C/S: heat dissipation, anorexia, incoordination, paralysis Tx: diazepam |
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Diethyl Toluamide
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C/S: CNS, mild convulsions, blisters, skin necrosis, erythema, hyper-steatosis
ADME: lipid soluble, skin absorption, detectable for 2wks Tx: wash, Diazepam |
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Amitraz
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MOA: alpha2 agonist, weak MAO
C/S: hypotension, bradycardia, hypoperistalsis, mydriasis, V/D, ataxia, sedation, hyperglycemia Tx: yohimbine, atipamezole |
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Metaldehyde
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C/S: emesis (acetylene odor), tachycardia, tachypnea, incoorindation, cyanosis, convulsions, opisthotonus; secondary liver damage wks later
Tx: Diazepam, Pentobarbital, small quantites of high protein food |
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Methyl Bromide
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C/S: CNS depression, inebriration, myocardial depression; neuropathy
ADME: volatile organic vapor; 27% excr via lungs |
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Phthalmides (Captan, Folpet)
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dyspnea, anorexia, depression, hydrothorax, ascites
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Carbamate derivative fungicides
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MOA: not inhibition AChE
C/S; depression, anorexia, diarrhea, friable liver/kidney; chronic: hypothyroidism, hypertension |
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Uncoupling agents (Bromethalin, DNP, PCP, DNOC)
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MOA: dissipate H+ gradient
C/S: burned buccal mucosal, fatigue, thirst, flushing of skin, restless, V/D, abd pain, convulsions, hyperpnea, tachycardia, pyrexia; late: nephritis, hepatitis, jaundice ADME: rapid GI absorb, protein-bound, excr as conjugate Tx: cool animal |
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Phosphorus (white, yellow)
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MOA: P affects mitochondrial & SER membranes
C/S: biphasic; acute GI signs, later icterus, fatty change in liver, convulsions, coma; chronic cachexia, anemia, & bronchitis ADME: liposoluble Tx: activated charcoal + mineral oil |
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Zinc phosphide
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MOA: release of phosphine gas in stomach
C/S: anorexia, bloody vomit, abd pain, ataaxia, convulsions, rapid resp, terminal hypoxia ADME: insoluble in water Tx: activated charcoal, MgO |
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Cholecalciferol
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MOA: active form vit D, mobilizes Ca, cardiotoxic
C/S: abnormal ECG, calciuria; chronic calcification of soft tissue Tx: Furosemide, calcitonin, P binder |
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Alphanaphthylthiourea (ANTU)
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MOA: increased perm of pulm capillaries
C/S: dyspnea, tachycardia, cyanosis, decr heart sounds ADME: insoluble in water; not found in tissues >24hrs Tx: O2, atropine early |
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Thallium sulfate
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MOA: handled as K
C/S: pantrophic; early neuro, tremors, hemorrhagic GI; acute conjunctiva, lacrimation, resp, hyperemic MM, renal/liver disease; chronic derm ADME: water soluble, absorbed via GI tract and skin, accumulates in kidney, excr in urine Tx: Prussian blue, KCl orally |
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Avitrol (4-aminopyridine)
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Causes alarm behavior in birds
horses: back up, fall down, convulsions cattle: head down, bowed neck, tremor, tenesmus |
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Phenoxy derivatives of fatty acids (2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Agent Orange)
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MOA: unknown; hormonal in nature
C/D: reluctance of move, myotonia, depression, rear limb weakness, clonic spasms, TCC in Scottish terriers; Cattle: rumen atony, emaciation, bright green feed in rumen ADME: ingestion of spray or concentrate |
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Propanil
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MOA: amide compound
C/S: ADR, organ congestion may be toxic at conditions of use |
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substituted urea compounds
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C/D: ADR, incoordination, organ congestion
may be toxic at conditions of use |
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thiocarbamate compounds
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C/S: ADR, mm. spasms, ataxia, chronic alopecia, friable liver
moderately toxic |
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triazines (atrazine, simazine)
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C/S: ADR, anorexia, mm. spasms, ataxia, dyspnea, friable liver, organ congestion
hazardous under conditoins of use |
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Bipyridyl compounds (paraquat, diquat, morfamquat)
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MOA: oxidation reactions to generate oxygen radical
C/S: hyperexcitable, convulsions, resp distress --> chronic fibrinous pneumonia ADME: soluble in water, little GI absorption, excr thrus kidneys; most gone in 48hrs, rest lingers 2-4wks Tx: Fuller's earth, sodium sulfate cathartic |
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Glyphosate
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"Roundup"
safest herbicide available |
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Sodium chlorate
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MOA: combustible oxidizing agent
C/S: GI irritaiton, IV hemolysis, MetHb Tx: methylene blue |
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Equisetum palustre
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Horsetail
Affects equine, bovine Toxic principle: thiaminase, aconitic acid, palustrine (alkaloid) C/S, horse: convulsions, incoordination, mm. twitching, violent tremors C/S, ruminant: lose condition, decr milk production Tx: none |
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Isocoma wrightii
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Rayless goldenrod
Toxic principle: tremotol (alcohol), tremetone (ketone) Bovine: posterior paralysis, knuckling, acetone on breath, urinary incontinence Goats: also liver dysfunction, photosensitizing Equine: cardiac signs, sudden death Tx: remove source, leave alone |
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Eupatorium rugosum
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White snakeroot
Toxic principle: tremotol (alcohol), tremetone (ketone) Bovine: posterior paralysis, knuckling, acetone on breath, urinary incontinence Angora Goats**: also liver dysfunction, photosensitizing Equine: cardiac signs, sudden death Tx: remove source, leave alone |
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Equisetum palustre
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Horsetail
Affects: horses > cattle Toxic principle: thiaminase, aconitic acid, palustrine (alkaloid) C/S, horse: incoordination, tremors, convulsions C/S, ruminant: lose condition, decr milk production Tx: none |
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Kallistroemia spp
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Caltrops
Affects bovine > ovine, caprine Toxic principle: unknown C/S: posterior paralysis, knuckling at fetlocks (sheep on knees), convulsions, death due to resp depression or starvation no CNS lesions Tx: place in shade with food & water, leave alone |
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Karwinskia spp
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Coyotillo
Affects all: caprine > ovine > bovine; newly-introduced animals Toxic principle: Karwinol A (polycyclic alcohol) C/S: trembling, incoordination, debilitation, limber leg, dyspnea, indirect mm. damage, nephritis & hepatitis Demyelination Tx: none |
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Triaryl phosphate, Tri-O-Cresyl Phosphate
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From lubricant, oil fields, feed mills
Affects: young chicks particularly Toxic principle: anti-esterase, biotransformed to more-toxic neurotoxic esterase in spinal cord C/S: rough hair coat, muscular weakness, bloat, dyspnea, posterior paralysis Neuronal vacuolation & demyelination |
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Acacia berlanderii
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Guajillo
Affects sheep, goats Toxic principle: unknown (sympathomimetic amine) C/S: sole diet for 6-9mos; incoordination, wobbles, recumbency, death due to starvation NGL, no neuro lesions Tx: supplement ration |
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Lobelia spp
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Indian tobacoo, Cardinal flower
Affects bovine > caprine, ovine Toxic principle: N-methyl piperidine (alkaloid) C/S: diarrhea, anorexia, lethargy, mydriasis, hypersalivation, nasal discharge, oral ulcers, recumbency Tx: hand feeding, prevent hypostatic congestion, protect from environ |
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Peganum spp
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African rue
Affects bovine > ovine, equine, guinea pigs, humans Toxic principle: alkaloids (vasicine, harmaline, harmine, harmalol--highest in seed) C/S: acute stiffness, trembling, ataxia, PU, hypothermia, hypersalivation; chronic anorexia, listless, hindlimb weakness, knuckling at fetlock Tx: remove from source, provide feed & water |
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Solanum dimidatum
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Potato weed, thread salve
Affects bovine Toxic principle: unknown, posisble glycoalkaloid (indolizidine alkaloid) that causes lysosomal disease C/S: "crazy cow syndrome"; recurrent seizures, extension of head & thoracic limbs, opisthotonus, nystagmus Tx: none; prevent by removing cattle after first frost |
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Sophora secundiflora
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Mountain laureal, mescal bean
Affects bovine, ovine, caprine, human Toxic principle: Cystisine, a quinolizidine alkaloid (highest in seed) C/S: forced exercise stiffens rear legs, tremors, coma; cattle often die, sheep often recover Tx: none; keep animals quiet |
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Strychnos nux-vomica
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Strychnine
convulsion/neuro syndrome |
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Vicia spp
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Vetch
Affects: cattle, horses, poultry, humans Toxic principle: several glycosides, beta-cyano-L-alanine C/S: CNS signs, subQ swelling, Dermatitis (exudative crust), conjunctivitis; convulsions & blindness in poultry; granulomatous lesions in organs Tx: selenium might prevent damage from radicals |
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Zigadenus nuttalli
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Death camas
Affects: ovine, bovine, equine, porcine Toxic principle: Zygacine (steroidal alkaloid; all parts toxic) C/S: hypersalivation, emesis, ataxia, trembling, hyperesthesia, cardiac depression, dyspnea NGL Tx: atropine (for hypotension), CNS stimulants |
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Euphorbia spp
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Poinsetta
Affects: Dogs, children Toxic principle: Euphorbin (irritant) & saponin C/S: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; blistering of lips & tongue; dermatitis Tx: induce vomiting; milk, AlOH |
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Lantana camara
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Lantana
Affects: all (most likely in dogs) Toxic principle: Lantadenes A & B (polycyclic triterpenoids); green berry most toxic C/S: bloody diarrhea, weakness, hypovolemia, anemia, detah in 3-4d; liver dysfunction & cholestasis in dogs; renal involvement in horses Tx: none |
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Phytolacca americana
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Pokeweed
Affects: swine (eat roots), humans Toxic principle: rutin, saponin, tannin, alkaloid; entire plant C/S: bloody vomiting, depression, diarrhea, prostration, convulsions, resp failure Lesions: ulcerative gastritis, swollen liver Tx: symptomatic for shock |
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Phoradendron serotinum
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Mistletoe
Affects: humans, all animals Toxic principle: sympathomimetic amine (beta-phenethylamine, tyramine), smooth mm. stimulants C/S: nausea, V/D, abdominal pain, tachypnea, dyspnea, hypertension, delirium, hallucinations, abortifactent; mydriasis, convulsions, CV collapse Tx: supportive |
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Ricinus communis
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Castor Bean
Affects: all, including humans, esp horses Toxic principle: Ricin (toxalbumin, antigenic protein, affects protein synthesis @ 50S), saponin C/S: severe GI irritation, hemolysis, urticaria, edema, dyspnea; colic, elevated PCV, tumultous HR, terminal convulsions in horses Tx: supportive |
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Sesbania spp
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Rattlebox, coffee senna, Bagpod
Affects: cattle, sheep, humans, horses (unlikely) Toxic principle: unknown saponin (highest in seeds) C/S: 1-2d post-ingestion; depression, diarrhea, tachycardia, weakness, dyspnea, hemolysis, HbUria, hemorrhagic abomasum Tx: supportive DDx: Arsenic |
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Solanum spp
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Potato, Bull Nettle, Nightshade, Tomato
Affects: all spp Toxic principle: steroidal alkaloid (glycoalkaloid, glycoside); cholinesterase inhibitor? C/L: GI and neuro; dyspnea, hypersalivation, apathy, drowsy, trmbling, tachycardia, bloat, lung congestion |
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Xanthium spp
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Cocklebur
Affects: swine, cattle, sheep, chickens, horses; esp. young calves in Texas Toxic principle: Carboxytaracytyloside (sulfated glycoside), esp. in cotyledonary stage C/S: within few hrs post-ingestion; depression, hypothermia, hypoglycemia, weakness, dyspnea, mm. convulsions, rapid pulse; centrilobular necrosis of liver, renal degeneration Tx: supportive DDx: gossypol, alfatoxicosis |
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Amaranthus retroflexus
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Pigweed, Carelessweed
Affects: pigs, cattle, sheep Toxic principle: soluble oxalate, nitrate C/S: summertime or early fall; trembling, ataxia, recumbency, coma, retroperitoneal edema, coag necrosis of PT and DT, possible MetHb in ruminants; acute death due to systemic acidosis DDx: Rumex spp Tx: address MetHb |
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Beta vulgaris
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Beet, Mangel, Chard
Affects: sheep, cattle; possibly pig Toxic principle: soluble oxalate, saponin, nitrate (mostly in leaves) C/S: bloody diarrhea, hematuria, convulsions, death; perirenal edema? Tx: none, supportive |
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Halogeton glomeratus
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Halogeton
Affects: sheep (cattle maybe) Toxic principle: soluble oxalate C/S: depression, colic, dyspnea, acute death in 10hrs due to systemic acidosis, hydrothorax, ascites, hemorrhage |
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Kochia scoparia
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Kochia, Mexican fireweed
Affects: ruminants; horses Toxic principle: soluble oxalate, hepatotoxin, thiamine-responsive polioencephalomalacia C/S: ataxia, muscular spasms, recumbency, hepatopathy, photoS, hyperbilirubinemia, cystitis in mares Tx: none, thiamine in ruminants |
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Sarcobatus vermiculatus
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Greasewood
Affects: sheep (cattle) Toxic principle: soluble oxalate C/S: within 3-5hrs post-ingestion; depression, weakness, prostration, coma, depress resp & CV; death 12-20hrs post-ingest |
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Larrea tridentata
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Texas Greasewood
non-toxic! :) |
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Lilium spp, Hemerocallis spp
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Lily
Affects: cats Toxic principle: unknown C/S: renal failure 48-96hrs post-ingestion; high mortality if untreated, renal tubular necrosis (BM preserved) Tx: within 24hrs; emesis, activated charcoal, fluid diuresis |
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Quercus spp
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Oaks, shin oaks
Affects: mostly cattle, sheep & goats Toxic principle: tannic acid, gallotannin (esp. leaf buds & acorns) C/S: emaciation, edema, constipation or diarrhea, dehydrated, rough hair coat, Turkey Egg Kidney, ascites Tx: prevent with CSM, alfalfa meal, 10% CaOH |
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Plants w/ insoluble oxalates
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Affects: monogastrics
Toxic principle: insoluble oxalates (Ca, Mg) C/S: mechanical damage/irritation, pharyngeal & GI irritation |
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Crotalaria spp
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Rattlebox, Crotalaria
Affects: poultry, cattle, horses, swines Toxic principle: pyrrolizidine alkaloid (monocrotaline) C/S: acute salivation, weakness, GI signs, neuro signs; tenesmus & rectal prolapse in bovine; resp signs in horses; chronic anorexia, inactivity, emaciation, icterus and neuro signs in horses; congested liver |
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Senecio spp
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Tansy Ragwort
Affects: mostly cattle, horses Toxic principle: pyrrolizidine alkaloids (longilobine) C/S: continuous walking, nervous, tenesmus, weakness, may show aggression or die quietly, icterus, photoS, acute hepatic necrosis Tx: none DDx: rabies, hepatoencephalopathies |
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Cycads
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Sago Palms
Affects: all, esp. dogs Toxic principle: cycasin (carcinogenic glycoside) C/S: hepatosis and jaundice; hepatic, renal, or intesitnal neoplasm |
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Hepatic Fatty Cirrhosis
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Affects: all ruminants (sheep > cattle > deer > antelope)
Toxic principle: unknown C/S: retarded growth, rough hair coat, emaciation, hepatoencephalopathy, ascites, icterus & photoS, hyperproteinemia, fatty change in liver |
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Ammi spp
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Bishop's Weed
Affects: cattle, sheep, geese, ducks (esp. seeds) Toxic principle: xanthotoxin, bergapten (furocoumarins) C/S: erythema, pruritis, shaking of head, seeks shade, crackling of skin, secondary infections |
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Cooperia pedunculata
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Rain Lily
Affects: cattle, deer, horses ("sand burn") Toxic principle: unknown C/S: erythema, pruritis, shaking of head, corneal opacity, crackling of skin |
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Thamnosma texana, montana
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Dutchman's Breeches
Affects: cattle, sheep Toxic principle: linear furocoumarins C/S: erythema, pruritis, shaking of head, corneal opacity, crackling of skin, etc. |
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Agave lechuguilla
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Lechuguilla
Affects: sheep, goats; maybe cattle (during drought) Toxic principle: saponin (glycoside) C/S: 2nd photoS, icterus, erythema, pruritis, yellow liver, incr BUN, albuminuria |
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Nolina texana
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Bear grass
Affects: cattle, sheep, goats Toxic principle: saponin C/S: hepatogenous photoS (must eat another source of chlorophyll) |
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Panicum coloratum
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Kleingrass 75
Affects: lambs, kids, horses (not photoS) Toxic principle: saponin (not in all Kleingrass) C/S: hepatogenous photoS, coronary bands involved, lamness, hyperemia |
