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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydrocarbons from Solvents are potent |
CNS depressants |
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Founder of science of toxicology |
Paracelsus |
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Toxicology is both a science and an art. Explain |
As a science, it involved the use of scientific methods and observational skills to gather information and a database As an art, it involves ythe use of these obtained information and database to PREDICT toxic risks |
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Teratogens |
Are agents that CAUSE CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES in children (just like teratoma of embryonic origin are congenital) |
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What is risk management |
It is the process of identifying the toxic effects(hazards) of a substance and devising means to curb/control and minimise such effects |
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Steps of risk management |
●Hazard Identification ●Dose-response assessment ●Exposure Assessment ●Risk characterization "H.E.R.D unarranged" Use CO poisoning to explain it to yourself |
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Interactions of Toxicants like drugs produces |
Additive effect Synergistic effect Potentiation effect Antagonism effect Generally, Interaction of substances produces any of these effects, and Toxicants are no exception |
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Chelating agents |
Are chemical compounds (usually organic)that can bind metals ions to form a complex compound called a CHELATE Chelate= metal ion + chelating agent |
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Ligands |
Are compound that bind with another compound/atom(like metals) by covalent bond (ie by sharing electrons). They are usually large compounds . So chelating agents are Ligands. |
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Are chelating agents specific in their binding |
NO. They are nonspecific in their binding and can bind any kind of metal, even the useful metals of the body like Calcium |
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Examples of chelating agents and functions |
●EDTA (Ca2+/Na2+): for Lead poisoning ●Penicillamine: for copper poisoning (copper pennies) ●DesFEROxamine : for Iron poisoning (Fe=iron)
●British Anti Lewisite(BAL)/DiMERCapro: for MERCury and Arsenic poisoning ●Dithiocarbamate: for mercury, arsenic and nickel poisoning ●DTPA (Diethylene Triamine Penta Acetic acid): each component differs from EDTA by 1
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Toxic effects & treatment of Arsenic poisoning |
Toxic effects: "The NHIS" T - Teratogenicity N - Neurotoxicity( C in arsenic for CNS) H - Hypersensitivity reaction I - lIver toxicity S- skin lesion Treatment : BAL/Dimercaprol ; D-penicillamine. Decontamination |
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The 2 Common drugs for most heavy metal poisoning are |
BAL/Dimercaprol D-penicillamine |
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Mercury toxicity causes |
merCuRy C= CNS effect (ataxia , tremor) R= Respiratory effects Treatment is with BAL and D-penicillamine. Decontamination too |
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Lead poisoning effect includes |
L in lead for "bLood"It causes Hemotoxicity, Nephrotoxicity and Neurotoxicity L in lead for "bLood"It causes Hemotoxicity,Nephrotoxicity and Neurotoxicity It's treatment is with EDTA, BAL and D-penicillamine It's treatment is with EDTA, BAL and D-penicillamine |
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Toxic effect of Cadmium |
Ca In cadmium •Carcinogenic (can cause cancer) •Renal disease •GIT effects Treatment is by Decontamination, DMSA Scan may be used to diagnose it (caDMium for DMSA scan) |
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Toxic effect of berylium |
beryLium affects the Lungs causing •Pneumonitis (inflammation of alveolar sac) •Lung carcinoma, etc Treatment is by Decontamination |
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Toxic effect of Chromium |
Carcinogenic(like Cadmium) Treatment is by Decontamination |
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Toxic effect of cyanide |
Recall that cyanide cause histotoxic hypoxia whereby tissue are not able to make use of available oxygen. Due to this hypoxia, it cause : • Anxiety & Confusion for the brain • Respiratory failure (because of increased activity of respiratry organs) • Coma • Paralysis (due to damage of brain tissue) Treatment is with BAL and D-penicillamine |
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Causes of Heavy metal poisoning |
•Eating foods tainted with heavy metal •Drinking liquids tainted with heavy metal •Inhaling dust and fumes tainted with heavy metals •Absorption through the skin or mucous membrane(via jewelries, cosmetics, clothes) Opposite and measures against these are the prevention for metal poisoning |
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Factors affecting the toxicity of metals(their ability to produce toxic effect) |
• The concentration of metal in the tissue• Concurrent exposure with other metal• Age• Lifestyle ( Alcoholism increases absorption of minerals)• Immune status of individual• Lipid solubility of metal |
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Properties of an Ideal chelators |
•Must be water soluble (so it can more freely in circulation to bind metal)• Must be able to locate and bind metal• Must not be metabolised by body (undergo biotransformation)• Must produce no toxic compound in body• Mult have low affinity for essential metals in body like iron, calcium |
