Tourism 219 L9, 10, 11, Whistler Guest Lecture:

Front 1

L9: The socio- cultural impacts of tourism

Back 1

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Front 2

What is a socio-cultural impact?

Back 2

- Outcomes particular kinds social relationships between host and tourist. Affects both.

eg: Give $ to beggar: good for them, profound for you.

Front 3

What are the 5 main categories of socio-cultural impacts?

Back 3

a) Demographic (pop size/age)

b) Occupational (seasonal)

c) Economic (change price/consumption)

d) Physical enviro (crowding: stretched infrastrucutre)

e) Cultural- change in traditions.

Front 4

How is tourism neocolonialism?

Back 4

-Corporate colonialism (power): profits to overseas owners-explout locals.
-Tst behaviour exaggerated holidays
-Tsm employment dehumanisisng

Eg: Demonstration effect= Tst introduces new ideas, hosts adapt and lack unique they once were.

Front 5

What are the main 5 factors influencing the scale of socio-cultural impacts?

Back 5

a) Volume tourist arrivals (depends on their behaviour too)

b) Types tsm activity: sex tsm vs lye beach

c) Difference between socio-cultural characteristics tsts and locals.

d) Structure host community (planned/not)

e) Package vs independent tourist

What are types of tourist: Explorer (low #, accepts local norms) vs charter (large #'s , demands western amenities)

effects different- depends on duration stay etc.

Front 6

What is Doxeys irridex, adn what are the 5 different stages of the curve from top of it?

Back 6

Curve shows over time the happiness/ satisfaction within community concerning tourism there.

1) Euphoria: Happy

2) Level apath

3) level irritation

4) level antagonism

5) Final level

Front 7

What is the role of images in socio-cultural impacts?

Back 7

-promotes culture/creates myths
-Places =commodities-produced/consumed: new images constructed create demand- also cause 'othering' -home/ away seems inferior.

Front 8

how are images of socio-cultural aspects of destinations presented?

Back 8

Brochures:

-Representation
-Visual persuasion
-Pull factoes
-Selective/partial
=ROMANTICISE/SIMPLIFY.

Front 9

What is the mirror effect concerning tourist?

Back 9

-Tourist looks world of another whilst reflects on self - see fortunate.

+: People aware past/culture

-: Reduces meaning traditions/customs.

Front 10

What is culture commodification? what are positive and negative effects of this?

Back 10

-Marketing to create myths: tourists expect culture/ product-consumed.

Problem: Hard to know if culture real or not (dictated tourist/natural)

eg: Positive effect: Bali=revitalised culture, identity, crafts-Bali :
Tourism strategy- increase cultural devt-profit promotes culture, controlled cultural heritage.

Negative:
Funerals rescheduled request high paid tourists:
Sulawesi= village tourists objects/fake culture for $.

Front 11

How do we manage socio-cultural issues?

Back 11

-Local ownership tsm (reduce outside investment/employment)
-Community members managers

-Community helps plan policy:
a) Consult
b) Local ownership
c) Research

Front 12

L10 and L11 : Economic Impacts and Multiplier Analysis

Back 12

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Front 13

What are some figures surrounding tourism worth in the world (GDP, earnings etc)?

Back 13

2013: $1.3 Tril

Tsm receipts= 6% worldwide export
Consume 1/8 free $ world

Front 14

What is value of tourism to N.Z. economy? give example of Rotorua tsm value to their economy?>

Back 14

-3.3% to GDP
-120,000 jobs direct, 90 000 indirect (10% workforce)
-Partial industrialisation (4 to other sectors)

Intal tsm:
Source FX (direct, indirect, induced)

Rotorua:
-1m L milk, 650k beef/pork/lam.
-Tsts mostly international

Front 15

What was the impact of the Americas Cup (2000) and Rugby World Cup (2011)?

Back 15

a) Americas Cup (2000):
-$640m N.Z. Economy (most Auckland)
Main expenditure: construction, transport, accommodation.

b) rugby World Cup:
-Transprot service=export $
-Approx $387m spent

Front 16

What is international tourism inbound money called?

Back 16

Export (foreign exchange)

Front 17

What is tourism used for in nations economically?

Back 17

1) Develop nations (FOREX)-post industry
2) Regional economies (transition)
3) Rejuvenate urban
4) Remote communities (source $-Chatham Is.)
5) rural: diversify economy from farms.

Front 18

What was international toursit spend in N.Z. in 2010?

Back 18

-$NZ 5.4 B for 2.6 intal: av $2300/stay.Depends stay time and type tourist (backpacker vs tour grp)

Front 19

how did tourism compare to dariy industry in export earnings?

Back 19

tsm=$9.8B
Dairy industry=$10B

Front 20

What is economic and general benefit of domestic tourism?

Back 20

-Adds eco redistribution
$14B (March 2013)

+: Less seasonal than international-helps isolation

Front 21

how many trips were outbound by N.Z.ers in 2012 , and what is something that has reduced internaitional travel in the past?

Back 21

-2m trips
Tsars, 9/11: Domestically forced people travel-$ stay here.

Front 22

What is an economic benefit of tourism in regards to bettering society?

Back 22

-Income, infrastrcture
-Stimulates regional economies-reduce eco disparities

Front 23

What are some economic costs of tourism?

Back 23

a) Incident costs: Rubbish/health costs

b) Opportunity costs: Tsm golf course-better for famring land productive

c) Overdependence-tsm: all business focused tsm

d) Inflation/land prices: Tsm demands land built-lots $$

e) Leakage (RWC-import $ gone)

f) Seasonality: Cost layoff labour

g) Cost tsm management: Develop, market, operate

h) eco failure: Not all $
Leakage.

Front 24

NEW SUB LECTURE: THE MULTiPLIER

Back 24

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Front 25

What is the multiplier?

Back 25

-calculates respend $/incomes/ create other incomes=multiplier effect.
-Measure: increased eco activity geenrated in economy by tourist influx
-Inversely related to leakage

Front 26

What are the main uses of multiplier figures: ACRONYM: PASEC

Back 26

a)Policy make/plan
b) Analyse national/ regional effects invest tsm
c) Stimulate eco impact for devts
d) Examine impacts-diff tsm types
e) Compare tsm other sectors.

Front 27

What are the 4 different types of methodological apporaches to multiplier analysis?

Back 27

a) base theory
b) keynesian multiplier model
c) ad-hoc models
d) input -output models

Front 28

Describe base theory?

Back 28

Assume stable relationship between export and local sectors- economy. Neagtives: oversimple, rarely used.

Front 29

Describe Keynesian multiplier models?

Back 29

-Measure income by additional unit tst expenditure.
Problem: Comlex, not-detailed, policy/plan.

Front 30

Decribe ad-hoc models:

Back 30

Specific to study (simplest)

Front 31

Describe input-output model?

Back 31

math model-flows $ b/w sectors

Front 32

How do we calculate basic Keynesian model multiplier?

Back 32

Multiplier= 1/ (MPS-Marginal propensity to save+ MPI- Marginal propoensity to export)

Front 33

What is the tourism income multiplier (TIM)?

Back 33

TIM= (1-TPI: tsts propoensity import/ buy import goods/ services)/ (MPS + MPI)

Ratio total income generated to total initial spent:

Multiplier= (primary +secondary_/ Initial expenditure

Front 34

What does leakage vary with?

Back 34

-Country size
-Supply/demand
-Economy
-Type tourism
-Devt stage
-Visitor
-Location

Front 35

What are some common sources of leakage?

Back 35

a) Overseas promotion
b) Consumables
c) Foreign loans
d) Import materials

eg: thailand: 70% earnings overseas.

Front 36

What is the difference between import and export leakage?

Back 36

Import:
-Tst demand stds-equipment and food: must import outside countries-improve and get up to good standard.

Export leakage:
-Intal investors -$ taken back home.

Front 37

How do we calculate the economic impact of tourist?

Back 37

Economic impact tourist= (# tourists) x av spend/visitor x multiplier.

Front 38

To assess impact new tourism devt:

Back 38

a) estimate change # tourists area
b) Estimae av spend locally
c) Apply change spend to regional model- see secondary effect

Front 39

Are regional and national multipliers and leakages the same?

Back 39

NO:
Leakage=60% island, 10% developed
Multipler: N.Z. 2.4, Antigua =0.88

Front 40

Why are national multiplrs usually bigger than regional?

Back 40

Large economic base/decreased leakage

Front 41

What are the 3 different spending types?

Back 41

Direct: Initial expenditure

Indirect: Spend businesses as buy inputs so meet visitor demand: Pay wages.

Induced: Wages//salaries used elsewhere-groceries.

Front 42

What are the different multiplier types?

Back 42

a) Sales/transaction multiplier
b) output
c) emplyment multiplier

Front 43

What does sales/transaction multiplier calculate?

Back 43

Increase business turnover created tourism spend.

Front 44

what does output multiplier calculate?

Back 44

Addition to sales generation- change level inventories

Front 45

What does employment multiplier calc?

Back 45

ratio: Direct/secondary employment generated addition tsm spend to direct employment

Front 46

What is difference between types 1 and 2 multipliers?

Back 46

Type 1: Initial effect/ industrial support effect
Type 2: These two and consumption.

Front 47

What are weaknesses of multipliers?

Back 47

Data deficiencies= lack 2ndary data b/c to timely and expensive
-Partial industrialisation
OVERALL:

-Restrictive assumptions, supply constraints, static model nature.

Front 48

When are models misused?

Back 48

-Lack accurate data

ie: Zinder Report (1970's Caribbean):
-Failed allow for leakage
-Varies with tourist type- Edinburgh (1977)

Front 49

What was the multiplier analysis investigation survey on visitor Spending in Rotorua, and what were its findings?

Back 49

Included: 820 people. $ spend per day, accommodation/food/retail/souvenirs.

Study desing: Pop stratified activity/size=random

Problems: -Confidentiality and time
-Only gave 1st round spend- used national patterns/regional businesses for rest.

Findings:
a) Direct visitor spend: $310M/yr
b) Visitor dependent spend=$464 M/yr

Front 50

What was found concerning analysis of rail trail income in Aussie?

Back 50

3 rail trails studied (East Gippsland, Murray to mountains, Warburton), 454 questioned.

Direct expenditure: $/per/day:

Overall: 1 day =$141.59, total=$132.33
E.Gippsland: $176.50
Murray to Mtns=$147.15
Warburton-$103.92

Front 51

SUBSECTION: Case study of Catlins tourism:Economic impact tsm.

Back 51

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Front 52

Waht was methodology of study?

Back 52

-2002/3 visitor survey
-677 visitors(204 dom, 472 intal)

Front 53

what were main results of spending in Catlins as compared to national average too?

Back 53

Spent most on accommodation, then petrol/gas, then groceries

Compared national average=much lower: accommodation=$89.34 compared to national=$321

Front 54

What were overall results of visitor survey?

Back 54

Toatal expenditure: $69, 847

mean /day/visitor: $43.82

Domestic vs international spend:
Dom: $55.66/person (Acommodation/gifts)
Intal: $42.21 (more $ on transport, admission fees)

Spend compared national av: (internationals)
$43.82 compared to $160 elsewhere in nation averaged.

Front 55

What are visitor expenditure categories?

Back 55

Spent most accommodation, little food/groceries/fuel
-Spend fees, gifts.

Ca

Front 56

Why is Catlins different to national average spendin patterns?

Back 56

2/3 (NATIONAL) goes on accommodation, transprot, food
Catlins=90% -less diverse range do tourists-more relaxed.

Front 57

What is approximate spend of toruists in Catlins?

Back 57

$2.25m: direct spend

-Suppliers goods/services-accommodation, food outlets, tour operators, retailers-increase $ too.

Front 58

How to calculate monetary effects in Catlins>?

Back 58

a) calc multipliers=applied to direct expenditure
b) Estimates-total impacts: regions GDP

Front 59

How do we undertake a calulation of the effects/expenditure for area?

Back 59

a) Distinguish direct, indirect, induced expenditure-value added (businesses coutns to regions GDP. proportion used import goods etc doesnt coutn value)

b) value added: calc as share direct spend: Av between Otago/Southland=0.50 geog and eco mix

c) direct spend approx $1.125m

d) value added type 2 mltiplier applied: estimate eco impact flow visitor spend: figure 2.1

e) Apply figure- total tourism value=$2.36m.

Front 60

CASE STUDY: WHISTLER LECTURE

Back 60

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Front 61

What is the geography and features of Whistler?

Back 61

-Near Vancouver (In Canada)
-5 different lakes
-3 golf courses
- Function junction (service based area)

Front 62

What is the history of Whistler?

Back 62

Population: 10,000
-2 m tourists

Started 1910- founders Philips couple: go there for honeymoosn/fishing resort.
a) Railway developed (log industry)
b) 1970's: Resort development
c) 1975: Resort municipality- gave people lived/owned 2nd home input community devt.
d) 1980's: Open other mountains (friendly comp and 2 companies merged)
e) 1990's: Visits famous royal family
b) 50 yrs build summer tourism

Today:
-Garibaldi: host Winter olympics 2010-develop si fields allow this.
-Gondola 1 mtn to another.
Went from summer, to winter, to 4 seasons resort.

Front 63

What is natural step ?

Back 63

-Sustaianbility method- single individual to national type plans.
-18 different countries: long term sustaianbility an got companies, individuals all over world.
-Early adopters: 3 seminars to bring key businesses together enable best outcome.

Front 64

Who was the founder of Natural Step and what made Natural Step so successful-implementation wise?

Back 64

-Karl Henrick Robert

-Tried to get all businesses to co-operate with theory to enable most successful outcome (translate experts from each field or aspect tourism industry so all could follow and implement it)

Front 65

What is the natural step?

Back 65

4 steps to care for earth. Decrease dependence on nature/earths services. Apply all parts life and tourism operation.

Front 66

What is Whistler 2020?

Back 66

Plan for sustaianbility into future-how get from here to there and reach fgoals along way: plan.

Front 67

What is Whistler like presently?

Back 67

-Very young community and unique
-Pedestrian part in centre, natural community: scouts, schools etc.
-national Parks
-priviledges of large city, feel small town.
-Bike trail throughout town.
-Vibrant and exciting.
-Lots young in population.

Front 68

What is goal of Whistler 2020?

Back 68

have sustaianble and preserved community into future.
-Set goal and have indicators prove if successful- leaders meet top down and bottom up approaches.

Front 69

What are strengths of Whistler 2020?

Back 69

-Transparent and accountable:less toop down
-Proactive
-Carry capacity considered
-Helps use resources well, decrease $ paid by local community.

Front 70

What are problems with Whistler 2020?

Back 70

-Lost momentum.
-Median income struggling in community

Front 71

What is Whistler Village 3.0?

Back 71

-Initiative make each area whistler own destination: sustaianble in own right.
-Workshops run: word cloud direct strategy-get ideas: ie: fire pit-ski instructors go through ring fire enhance area.

ALL AREAS COMBINE=SUSTAIANABLE.