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38 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What term is used to describe a continual source of infection?
Reservoir of infection
What are people who have a disease or are carriers of pathogenic microbe called?
Human reservoirs
What are zoonoses?
Diseases in wild and domestic animals that can be transmitted to humans
Where can pathogenic microbes grow besides living things?
Nonliving reservoirs like soil and water

Example: C. tetani
Describe a transmission by direct contact
Requires close physical contact between the source of the disease and a SUSCEPTIBLE HOST.
What is a fomite?
Inaminate objects
Describe a transmission by indirect contact
Contact through fomites
Describe a transmission through droplet.
Transmission via saliva or mucus in coughing or sneezing
Describe a vehicle transmission.
Transmission by a medium such as water, food, or air
Describe an airborne transmission
Pathogens carried on water droplets or dust for a distance greater than one meter
Describe a mechanical or biological transmission.
Transmission through insect vectors or other biological living things.
What is a nosocomial infection?
An infection acquired during the course of stay in a hospital, nursing home, or other health-care facility.
This type of infection causes 5-15% of hospitalized patients.
Nosocomial infections
What type of bacteria are often responsible for nosocomial infections through surgery and catheterization?
Normal microbiota
What general type of microbes are the most frequent causes of nosocomial infections?
Opportunistic, drug-resistant gram (-) bacteria
Compromised hosts have these and are the most susceptible to nosocomial infections?
Burns, surgical wounds, and suppressed immune systems.
Nosocomial infection are transmitted by __________ contact and is transmitted between who?
Direct - Staff & Patients / Between Patients
What can cause nosocomial infections?
Fomites; catheters, syringes, etc
What technique can be used to prevent nosocomial infections?
Aseptic techniques & handgels
Who is responsible for the overseeing of proper cleaning, storage, and handling of equipment and supplies in the hospital?
Hospital infection control
What does EID stand for?
Emerging infectious diseases
What is an EID?
New diseases and diseases with increasing incidences

Example: anthrax, ebola, mad cow
EID's result from what?
1. Antibiotics and pesticides
2. Climatic changes
3. Travel
4. Lack of vaccinations
5. Insufficient case reporting
These are responsible for surveillance and responses to emerging infectious diseases?
Agencies i.e. CDC, NIH, WHO
What does CDC stand for?
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
What does NIH stand for?
National Institute of Health
What does WHO stand for?
World Health Organization
What is epidemiology the study for?
Transmission, incidence, and frequency of disease
When did modern epidemiology begin?
mid-1800's
What are the 3 types of epidemiology?
1. Descriptive
2. Analytical
3. Experimental
What is descriptive epidemiology?
Deals with the FREQUENCY and the DISTRIBUTION OF RISK FACTORS IN POPULATIONS.

Enables to assess the EXTENT of a disease

**data of infected people are studied and analyzed
What is analytical epidemiology?
Research and study risk and protector factors of diseases

**compares a group of infected vs. uninfected group
What is experimental epidemiolgy?
Performs controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses
What is case reporting?
Provides data on incidence and prevalence to local, state, and national health officials
Where does the main source of epidemiologic information come from?
CDC; center for disease control and prevention
What does the CDC publish that gives information about morbidity and deaths?
MMWR; Morbidity and MOrtality Weekly Report
What does MMWR stand for?
Morbidity and MOrtality Weekly Report
What information does the MMWR publish?
Morbidity and deaths