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40 Cards in this Set

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Koch's postulates is a method of establishing what?
Establishing specific microbes cause specific diseases.
What are the 4 requirements of Koch's postulates?
1. Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

2. Pathogen must be isolated in pure culture

3. Isolated pathogen must cause the same disease in a healthy lab animal

4. Pathogen must be REISOLATED from the infected animal and shown to be identical to the original.
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 1st one?
1. Viruses and some bacteria cannot be grown on artificial media.
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 2nd one?
2. Some diseases are caused by multiple/variety of microbes
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 3rd one?
3. No suitable experimental host
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 4th one?
4. Disease might result from more than one causative agent acting in unison
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 5th one?
5. Some pathogens cause several different diseases
Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 6th one?
Ethical considerations (e.g. human pathogens)
Define a symptom, in regards to diseases.
Subjective changes in body functions (e.g. headache, pain)
Define signs, in regards to diseases
Measurable (objective) changes in then body (swelling, WBC increase)
Define diagnosis, in regards to diseases.
Identification of disease based on signs and symptoms.
What is a syndrome?
A specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease.
What is a communicable disease?
TRANSMITTED directly or indirectly from one host to another (e.g. chicken pox, STD's)
What is a contagious disease?
Easily spread from one person to another (e.g. chicken pox & measles).
What is a noncommunicable disease?
Microbe that resides outside of the body and only when introduced to the body it will cause a disease outside of its norms (e.g. tetanus)
Which term is used as an indicator of the spread of the disease based on a given time?
Incidence
Which term is used as an indicator of how serious and how long a disease affects a population?
Prevalence
Disease occurrence is based on what 2 factors?
Incidence & Prevalence
Define incidence based on disease occurrences.
Number of contractions of a certain disease based on a given time.

**new cases
Define prevalence based on disease occurrences.
Measurement of ALL individuals who contracted the disease.

**new and old cases
Diseases are classified by the __________ of occurrences.
Frequency`
How often is sporadic?
Occurs occasionally
How often is an endemic?
Constantly present in a population

Example: Malaria is an endemic in Africa.
How often is an epidemic?
Many people get sick in a short period of time

Example: Flu outbreak
How often is a Pandemic?
Global epidemic

Example: AIDS
What are the 4 terms that describe the scope of a disease?
1. Acute
2. Chronic
3. Subacute
4. Latent
What is the scope of an "acute" disease?
Develops rapidly and has a short duration
What is the scope of a "chronic" disease?
Continual and recurrent
What is a "latent" pathogen?
Inactive & dormant pathogen that has the potential or will cause a disease.
What is a "herd immunity"?
Immunity of a disease in most of population

Example: Americans and Tetanus
What is the range of a local infection?
Affects a small area of the body

Example: cysts
What is the range of a systemic infection?
Spreads throughout the body via circulatory system,.
What is a secondary infection?
Another infection that occurs after the host is weakened from the primary infection
What is a sub-clinical/inapparent infection?
Contraction of a disease but does not display any signs of the disease.
What is a predisposing factor?
A factor that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease.

Example: age, sex, race, level of FATIGUE, IMMUNOCOMPROMISED
What is an incubation period?
Time interval between the initial infection and the firs appearance of signs and symptoms.
What is a prodromal period?
Characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms
What is the "period of decline"?
Signs and symptoms decrease
What is the "period of convalescence"?
Body returns to its prediseased state and health is restored
What are the 5 periods of the development of a disease?
1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal period
3. Period of illness
4. Period of decline
5. Period of convalescence