Tissues - Connective (Ch. 4)

Front 1

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Back 1

They all have cells, protein fibers and ground substance.

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Functions of Connective Tissue

Back 2

Physical Protection, Support and structural framework, Binding of structures, Storage, Transport, Immune Protection.

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Three Broad categories of Connective Tissue

Back 3

1. Connective Tissue Proper
2. Supporting Connective Tissue
3. Fluid Connective Tissue

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Three Types of Fibers in Connective Tissue Proper

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1. Collagen fibers: Strong, flexible and resistant to stretching.
2. Elastic fibers: Allow things like skin, lungs and arteries to return to normal after being stretched.
3. Reticular fibers: Interwoven structure that is very strong and protects areas from outside damage.

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connective tissue proper

Back 5

- those connective tissues that have a variable mixture of both connective tissue cell types and extracellular protein fibers within a vicous ground substance.

Two Types: Loose connective tissue and Dense connective tissue

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resident cells

Back 6

-permanently contained within the connective tissue
- support, maintain and repair extracellular matrix

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wandering cells

Back 7

- move throughout the connective tissue
- involved in immune protection

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types of resident cells

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Fibroblast: abundant large flat cells that produce fibers and ground substance components.

Adipocytes: Fat cells.

Fixed macrophages: large irregularly shaped cells that consume damaged cells or pathogens

Mesenchymal: stem cells that divide to repair damages.

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types of wandering cells (leukocytes)

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Mast cells: Small cells found near blood vessels that secrete heparin and histamine to dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow

Plasma Cells: Create antibodies.

Free Microphages: migrate out of blood stream into connective tissue to consume bacteria, foreign material or damaged cells.

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tendon

Back 10

binds muscle to bone

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ligament

Back 11

holds bone together

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fibrous

Back 12

holds the epidermis to the connective layer

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types of fibrous connective tissue

Back 13

Loose and Dense fibrous connective tissue

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Loose connective tissue

Back 14

Majority of space is occupied by ground substance. Fibers loosely arranged.

3 types:

Areolar, Reticular, Adipose

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Areolar Tissue

Back 15

Contains many fibroblast cells; lesser amounts of collagen and elastic fibers and viscous ground substance.

Location: surrounds nerves, vessels; subcutaneous layer

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Adipose tissue

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Known as "fat" is composed of primarily adipocytes which are filled with lipids.

Located throughout the body as packing, cushioning and insulation.

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Reticular tissue

Back 17

A meshwork of reticular fibers
found in lymph nodes, spleen, tthymus and bone marrow.

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Dense Connective Tissue

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collagen densely packed together and dominated by fibroblast cells. lower amount of ground substance.

3 types:

Regualr connective, irregular connective, elastic connective

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Dense Regular Connective tissue

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Densely packed collagen fibers that are parallel to the direction of stress.

Makes up tendon and ligaments

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Dense irregular connective tissue

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Densely packed collagen fibers are irregularly interwoven in all directions.
This provides strength in all directions.

Found in the dermis

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Elastic Connective Tissue

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Composed of elastic and collagen fibers arranged irregularly.

Makes up walls of arteries.

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Supporting Connective Tissue

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Two types: bone and cartilage. These form strong durable framework for support and protection.

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Cartilage

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3 types - Hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic. Cartilage starts as chondroblast and secretes an extracellular matrix that forms a shell called lacunae. Once shell is formed chondroblast is called chondrocyte. Cartilage is avascular and recieves nutrients and dispells waste through diffusion.

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chondroblast

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cells that form cartilage

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lacunae

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the extracellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes

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Chondrocyte

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what a chondroblast is called once the lacunae is formed.

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Hyaline Cartilage

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Clear and glossy looking made of a fine mesh of collagen fibers. Found in joints and acts as a lubricant in the joint. sheathed in pericondrium.

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Elastic cartilage

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found in your ear and nose. Very flexible elastic support structural tissue. Sheathed in pericondrium

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Fibrocartilage

Back 29

A coarse supportive connective tissue. Makes up the intervertebral discs and the miniscus (disc in your knee). Also found where tendon enters bone.

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Perichondrium

Back 30

A dense irregular connective tissue that sheaths hyaline and elastic cartilage.

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Bone

Back 31

known as Osseous connective tissue. The source of stem cells in bone marrow that is important to blood cell reproduction.

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Spongy Bone

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Located at the head of the bone and has a "spongy" appearance.

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Compact Bone

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Arranged into cylinders around Haversian/Osteonic canals through which blood vessels and nerves run though.
The matrix of the bone is deposited like a tree trunk in rings called Lamellae

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Lamellae

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The circular rings of the bone matrix that surroung the osteonic canals.

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Osteon

Back 35

The osteonic canals and Lamellae together are called this.

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Osteocytes

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Mature bone cells that lie between each Lamellae ring.

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Canaliculi

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Canals that connect Lamellae together and allows osteocytes to communicate.

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Blood

Back 38

Fluid connective tissue that transports cells, nutrients, waste between organs and tissues. Consists of ground substance (plasma), cells (red blood cells, leukocytes, ect.) and cells fragments (platelets)

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Erythrocytes

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Red blood cells. These form the largest population in blood, transports oxygen and has no nuclei.

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Leukocytes

Back 40

White Blood Cells. These move in and out of organs/tissues, between blood and lymph. These spend most of their lives in one connective tissue.

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Platelets

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cell fragment that are vital in forming blood clots.

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Types of Leukocytes

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Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

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Neutrophils

Back 43

Pathogen first responders. Will kill anything that does not belong in body.

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Eosinphils

Back 44

Turns pink in "eosin" stain. Contains granules of cytotoxic proteins and are important in allergy response. Will attack anything not naturally in body.

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Basophils

Back 45

Important for allergy Response. Histamine Secretors.

Soecific purpose

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Lymphocytes

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T-Cells, natural killer cells, b-cells that make antibodies.

Specific purpose

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Monocytes

Back 47

Phagocytic cells that eventually mature into macrophages (mega-eaters)

Will consume anything not naturally found in body.