Thinking And Language Chapter 9

Front 1

cognition

Back 1

the way in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowing

Front 2

arfitical intelligence

Back 2

the science of creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when the are done by people

Front 3

thinking

Back 3

manipulating information as when we form concepts, solve problems, think critically, reason, and make decisions

Front 4

concepts

Back 4

mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics

Front 5

classical model

Back 5

states that all instances of a concept share defining properties

Front 6

prototype model

Back 6

peope decide whether an item reflects a concept by comparing it with the most typical items of that concepts that they know about

Front 7

problem solving

Back 7

an attempt to find an approprate way of attaining a goal when the goal is not readily avaliable

Front 8

subgoaling

Back 8

inolves setting intermediate goals or defining intermediate problems that put you in a better position to reac the final goal or solution

Front 9

algorithms

Back 9

stategies that guarentee a solution to a problem

Front 10

heuristics

Back 10

strategies or guidelines that suggest, but do not guarentee a solution to a problem

Front 11

fixation

Back 11

involves using a prior problem solving stategy and failing to look at a problem from a new perspective

Front 12

functional fixedness

Back 12

a type of fixation in which individuals fail to solve a problem becuase they are too fixated on a things usual functions

Front 13

mental set

Back 13

a type ot fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that had worked in the past

Front 14

reasoning

Back 14

the mental activity of transforming to reach conclusions

Front 15

inductive reasoning

Back 15

reasoning from the specific to the general

Front 16

deductive reasoning

Back 16

reasoning from the general to the specific

Front 17

decision making

Back 17

invlves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them

Front 18

confimation bias

Back 18

the tendencey to search for and use informaiton that supports, rather than refutes our ideas

Front 19

belief perservarance

Back 19

the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence

Front 20

overconfidence bias

Back 20

the tendency to have more confidence in judgements and decisions that we should based on probability or past occurance

Front 21

hingsight bias

Back 21

the tendency to falsely report, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an event.

Front 22

availability heuristic

Back 22

a prediction about the probability of an event based on the frequency of the events past occurances

Front 23

representativeness heuristic

Back 23

making faulty decisions based on how well something matches a prototype- the common or representative example- rather than on its relevance to the particular situation

Front 24

language

Back 24

a form of communication whether spoken, written, or signed that is based on a system of symbols

Front 25

infinite generaltivity

Back 25

the ability to profuce an infinite number or sentences using a finite set of words and rules

Front 26

phonology

Back 26

a languages second sound system

Front 27

morphology

Back 27

a languages rule for word formation

Front 28

syntax

Back 28

a languages rules for the way words are combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences

Front 29

semantics

Back 29

the meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

Front 30

basic-skill-and- phonetics approach

Back 30

stresses that reading instruction should emphasize the basic rules for translating wtitten patterns and sounds

Front 31

whole- language approach

Back 31

stresses that reading instruction should parallel a childs natual language leaning: so reading materials should be whole and meaningful