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440 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
normal range length of a nonpregnant cow cycle
|
18-24 days
|
|
proestrus in a cow lasts ___?
|
3-4 days
|
|
PE begins with the completion of ___?
|
luteolysis
|
|
units Progesterone is measured in
|
nanograms/mL
|
|
units estradiol is measured in
|
picograms/mL
|
|
pregnancy recognition in a cow has to happen when?
|
before end of the luteal phase (day 17)
|
|
what happens to LH during PE
|
baseline concentration increases
|
|
LH peak in a cow occurs when?
|
at the onset of estrus
|
|
in a cow, estrogen induces what?
|
ovulatory surge of LH
|
|
in most mammals, ovulation occurs when?
|
30 hrs after LH peak
|
|
how long does the LH surge last in a cow?
|
8-12 hrs (less than a day)
|
|
how long does the progesterone stage last in a cow?
|
12 days (from day 5 to day 17)
|
|
how long does estrus last in a cow?
|
12-18 hrs
|
|
onset of estrus in a cow coincides with what?
|
the peak of estrogen and LH surge
|
|
what happens during estrus in a cow?
|
-estrogen declines
-clear mucus vaginal discharge |
|
when does ovulation occur in a cow
|
24-30 hrs after the onset of estrus (after estrus is over)
|
|
in the cow, metestrus lasts how long?
|
3-4 days
|
|
metestrus is considered what?
|
period of the corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) (corpus hemorrhagicum = immature CL)
|
|
in what phase is the corpus luteum of a cow not responsive to PGF2a?
|
during metestrus
|
|
what happens after ovulation?
|
corpus luteum develops
|
|
what happens to the hormone levels in a cow when the CL develops?
|
-low blood concentrations of estradiol
-low LH levels -slow rise in progesterone (P4) |
|
what is the formal definition of ME?
|
the period following estrus and ovulation during which the CL achieves mature function (progesterone production)
|
|
clinical definition of ME?
|
the period following ovulation during which the immature CL will not respond to a pharmacological dose of PGF2a by undergoing luteolysis
|
|
ME lasts until what day of the cycle?
|
day 5
|
|
what do you see during ME clinically?
|
bloody vaginal discharge
|
|
bleeding during ME comes from where in the cow?
|
uterus
|
|
what is the difference in the uterine bleeding between the cow and the dog?
|
cow - the bleeding is believed to be due to estrogen withdrawal
dog - proestrus bleeding is due to estrogen stimulation |
|
cow- the luteal phase refers to what part of the cycle?
|
ME + DE
|
|
cow - diestrus is sometimes used as a synonym for what?
|
luteal phase
|
|
DE lasts how long in a cow
|
from day 4-5 to day 16-18
|
|
what happens in a nonpregnant cow around day 16-17?
|
pulses of PGF2a are secreted by the uterus for approx 36 hrs causing an immediate drop in progesterone concentration
|
|
what prevents the PGF2a surge in a cow?
|
the presence of an embryo
|
|
cow - granulosa cells differentiate into what cells?
|
large luteal cells (LLC)
|
|
cow - LLC are ____% steroidogenic but secrete ___% P4
|
30, 70
|
|
cow - true or false: LH is required for LLC progesterone secretion
|
false - LH is NOT required
|
|
cow - what receptors do LLC have and what do they do?
|
LLCs have most of the PGF2a receptors and produce oxytocin
|
|
cow - theca cells differentiate into what?
|
small luteal cells (SLC)
|
|
cow - SLC are ___% steroidogenic and secrete ___% progesterone
|
70, 30
|
|
cow - what is required for maximum progesterone production in SLCs (unlike with LLCs)
|
LH
|
|
cow - progesterone stimulates what?
|
progesterone receptors and accumulation of phospholipids in uterine epithelium
|
|
cow - what does the accumulation of phospholipids in the epithelium of the uterus do?
|
can liberate arachidonic acid for synthesis and secretion of PGF2a
|
|
cow - during the early luteal phase, progesterone and it's receptors block the expression of what?
|
estrogen receptors and oxytocin receptors (this makes sense bc continual progesterone should mean the animal is pregnant and you don't want the uterine contractions these would cause)
|
|
cow - what happens during the early luteal phase?
|
-the CL develops from the folilcle walls after ovulation
-progesterone stimulates P and it's receptors -P & it's receptors block both estrogen and oxytocin receptors |
|
cow - what happens during the late luteal phase in a nonpregnant cow?
|
-long exposure to P downregulates P receptors, increases estrogen receptors, and then increases oxytocin receptors
-oxytocin binds to oxytocin receptors to stimulate prostaglandin secretion |
|
cow - where does the oxytocin come from in the late luteal phase?
|
the pituitary and CL
|
|
cow - where are the oxytocin receptors located?
|
ont he uterine luminal epithelium and superficial uterine gland duct epithelium
|
|
cow - what are the only uterine cells that express COX-2?
|
the cells with the oxytocin receptors ont he uterine luminal epithelium and superficial uterine gland duct epithelium that secrete prostaglandin
|
|
cow - what initiates luteolysis?
|
endometrial PGF2a secretion
|
|
cow - when does uterine venous PGF2a increase?
|
days 16-17 of PE
|
|
cow - what can happen to the normal cycle if PGF2a is given during DE (day 6-17)?
|
shortened
|
|
cow - how does PGF2a reacht he ovaries?
|
ipsilateral route
|
|
cow - what happens when you give PGF2a when you have a mature CL?
|
causes luteolysis and the onset of PE (follicular phase), leading to estrus and ovulation in 3-4 days
|
|
cow - if PGF2a is given to a group of cows, which will respond?
|
only those in DE
|
|
cow - after the first dose of PGF2a, how long will it take for the cows to all be in DE?
|
11 days
|
|
cow - what will happen after the 2nd shot of PGF2a? all at the same time?
|
all the cows will come into estrus together in 3-5 days
-not at exactly the same time (it will be timed so that most can be bred w/i a 2 days period) |
|
cow - in a nonpregnant cow, how does PGF2a from the uterus reach the ovary and CL?
|
via the ipsilateral uterine vein and ovarian artery
|
|
cow - hysterectomy early after ovulation prevents what?
|
luteolysis
|
|
cow - what 3 things delay luteolysis?
|
-removal of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary that contains the CL
-destruction of the endometrium -ligation of the uterine vein ipsilateral to the ovary that contains the CL |
|
cow - source of luteolysin and the route to the CL
|
endometrium, local/ipsilateral via uterine vein
|
|
in which spp is PGF2a NOT transferred from the uterine v to the uterine a (bc they are wrapped together) - cow, mare, sow, ewe?
|
mare
|
|
cow - is the influx of PGF2a to the CL rapid or slow?
|
rapid
|
|
mare - how does PGF2a reach the ovary?
|
systemic route
|
|
mare - how much PGF2a is needed to cause luteolysis?
|
only 1mg given IM
|
|
what hoofed spp is most sensitive to PGF2a?
|
mare
|
|
cow - how many mg of PGF2a is required in the cow for luteolysis?
|
25mg IM
|
|
in most spp, where is PGF2a destroyed?
|
by one pass through the lungs
|
|
what is the "maternal recognition of pregnancy?"
|
the physiological process whereby the conceptus signals its presence to the maternal system and prolongs the lifespan of the CL (prevents PGF2a)
|
|
cow - what do we believe to be the recognition of pregnancy?
|
the conceptus elongates from a spherical --> tubular and then --> filamentous form to contact the entire lumen of the uterus and produce interferon-tau which prevents development of the luteolytic mechanism
|
|
cow - at what point must the embryo by in the uterine horn to prevent luteolysis? what horn?
|
-day 16 post estrus
-ipsilateral to the ovary that contains the CL |
|
cow - what is the pregnancy recognition signal secreted by the elongating conceptus? what does it act on?
|
-interferon-tau
-the endometrium to suppress PGF2a release |
|
cow - what are the cells that synthesoze and secrete IFN-tau?
|
conceptus trophectoderm (the cells on the outside of the fetus)
|
|
possible mechanisms for IFN-tau in ruminants
|
-suppresses transciption of estrogen receptors thought to be necessary for expression of oxytocin receptors OR IFN-tau directly inhibits oxytocin receptor expression --> prevents endometrium from releasing luteolytic PGF2a pulses
-IFN-tau my steer prostaglandin metabolism towards PGE rather than PGF2a (downregulate enzymes that convert PGE to PGF2a during early pregnancy) |
|
PGF2a is derived from ___? produced in ___?
|
-arachidonic acid
-the uterus |
|
LH - large or small molecule that comes from where?
|
-large molecule
-comes from the pituitary |
|
progesterone - what is it and where is it produced? How is it used sometimes?
|
-steroid
-produced by the CL, placenta, and all steroid producing tissues -pathway for prod'n of most steroids |
|
estrogen - what is it and where is it produces?
|
-steroid
-ovary and many other steroid producing tissues |
|
oxytocin - what is it, where is is produced, and where is it stored/released from?
|
-peptide fragment
-produced from neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus -stored/released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary (and by the CL in the cow) |
|
cow ovary - what will you find on palpation during PE?
|
Cl will be regressing (feels harder than developing follicles
|
|
cow ovary - what will you find on palpation during estrus?
|
-CL regressed further and probably non-palpable
-soft follicles |
|
cow ovary - what will you find on palpation during early DE?
|
-early CL feels soft and roughened
-regressed CL non-palpable -wave of follicles to day 5 then atresia at days 10-11 |
|
cow ovary - what will you find on palpation during mid-late DE?
|
-CL usually easily palpable (can be 25% errors in detection
-no significant follicles |
|
cow uterus - what will you find on palpation during PE?
|
tone developing
|
|
cow uterus - what will you find on palpation during estrus?
|
-marked tone (esp heifers)
-engorged uterus |
|
cow uterus - what will you find on palpation during early DE?
|
tone declining as edema reduces
|
|
cow uterus - what will you find on palpation during mid-late DE?
|
-no significant tone
-flaccid uterus |
|
cow cervix - what will you find on palpation during estrus?
|
-open external os
-congested and edematous |
|
cow cervix - what will you find on palpation during mid-late DE?
|
closed
|
|
cow vagina - what will you find visually during PE?
|
-hyperemia
-some "tacky" mucus |
|
cow vagina - what will you find visually during estrus?
|
-congested, edematous mucosa
-smooth, glassy mucus: "Bulling string" |
|
cow vagina - what will you find visually during early DE?
|
-little mucus
-ME bleeding in heifers and some cows |
|
cow vagina - what will you find visually during mid-late DE?
|
pale
|
|
cow vulva - what will you find visually during PE?
|
slight swelling (not really noticeable)
|
|
cow vulva - what will you find visually during estrus>
|
swollen, soft
|
|
cow vulva - what will you find visually during early DE?
|
-perhaps dried mucus
-signs of mounting on rump of cow |
|
cow - what behaviors will you see during PE?
|
none
|
|
cow - what behaviors will you see during estrus?
|
-restlessness
-tail swishing -vocalisation -mounting and standing to be mounted |
|
cow - what behaviors will you see during mid-late DE?
|
none
|
|
cow - what hormone changes will you see during PE?
|
-falling progesterone
-rising estradiol |
|
cow - what hormone changes will you see during estrus?
|
estrogens
|
|
cow - what hormone changes will you see during early DE?
|
rising progesterone
|
|
cow - what hormone changes will you see during mid-late DE?
|
plateau of progesterone
|
|
Lutalyse is a brand name for what?
|
Dinoprost Tromethamine - a native PGF2i
|
|
if "prost" is in a generic name, what will most likely be the drug?
|
a prostaglandin
|
|
Name 3 other prostaglandin products
|
-estrumate (cloprostinol - synthetic analog)
-bovilene (fenprostalene) - synthetic analog -prostamate (dinoprost tromethamine) |
|
what are prostaglandins used for in veterinary medicine?
|
-luteolysis (shortens duration of DE)
-abortion (via luteolysis) -treatment of pyo-, muco-, or hydrometras (via luteolysis) in a cow -induction of parturition (cow & sow) |
|
what safety issues are there with handling prostaglandins?
|
no women of child bearing age should handle prostaglandin bc of a possible interference with pregnancy
|
|
luteolysis in a mare is called?
|
short cycling
|
|
if used for abortion, when should prostaglandins be given?
|
before day 35 (don't work well after that)
|
|
what structure is GnRH , where is it produced, where is it transported, and what does it do there?
|
-decapeptide produced in the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary gland where it stimulates FSH and LH release
|
|
what is the most common use in veterinary medicine for GnRH?
|
To induce ovulation or erlease LH for luteinization of follicles and luteotrophic effects
|
|
true or false: GnRH is identical in all mammals?
|
true
|
|
name the 6 functions of GnRH
|
-stimulate the release of FSH/LH
-initiate and maintain follicular growth (via FHS/LH) -stimulate ovulation -act as a luteotrophic agent -maintain spermatogenesis and angroden levels (via LH) -as a drug, downregulation of gonadotrophin release |
|
what does GnRH treat?
|
cystic ovarian disease
|
|
what does GnRH stimulate/help with?
|
-stimulates follicular development (breeding management)
-stimulates ovulations to match breedings by AI -aid in causing additional ovulations and maintenance of the CL for timed AI (so PGF2a can be used effectively) -increase spermatogenesis and libido in males |
|
Common drug used for commercial GnRH
|
Cystorelin (a Gonadorelin - natural mammalian GnRH)
|
|
other GnRh products
|
-Gonadorelin (Cystorelin & Factrel)
=buserelin (receptal) -Desorelin (Ovuplant) -Leuprolide (Lupron - neoplasia in ferrets) |
|
What is the structure of oxytocin?
|
peptide composed of nine amino acids
|
|
where is oxytocin synthesized?
|
hypothalamus, as well as the CL and endometrium
|
|
where is oxytocin transported, stored, and released?
|
it is transported to the posterior pituitary, stored in the Herring Bodies there, and released into the general circulation from nerve terminals
|
|
what will and overdose of oxytocin cause?
|
antidiuretic effect
|
|
what does oxytocin do?
|
causes myometrial contractions, milk let-down, participates in luteolysis, and influences social, sexual, and maternal behavior
|
|
what is oxytocin used for?
|
-stimulate uterine contractions during parturition
-empty uterus of fluid after parturition -initiate parturition (esp in equine) -stimulate milk let-down (esp in sows) -dystocia -stimulate sexual arousal and cause passage of sperm accumulation blocking the ampulla in males (mainly equine) |
|
where is oxytocin stored?
|
Herring Bodies in the pituitary gland
|
|
what is oxytocin used for in a horse?
|
induction of parturition
|
|
two good things about generic oxytocin products
|
inexpensive and good shelf life
|
|
3 generic brands of oxytocin
|
oxytocin, vetocin, and pitocin
|
|
what are two key hormones that influence pair bonding and monogamy in some species?
|
oxytocin and vasopressin
|
|
which hormone influences female monogamy?
|
oxytocin
|
|
which hormone stimulates male monogamy?
|
vasopressin
|
|
how many carbons does testosterone have?
|
19
|
|
how many cabrons does progesterone have?
|
21
|
|
how many carbons does estradiol (E2B) have?
|
18
|
|
can estrogen be metabolized to progesterone?
|
no
|
|
can progesterone (P4) be metabolized to estrogen?
|
yes
|
|
what is the pathway from cholesterol to estradiol?
|
choloesterol --> pregnenolone --> progesterone --> testosterone --> estradiol
|
|
drugs with "gest" in them are usually what type of hormone?
|
progesterone ("gest"ation)
|
|
why are there so many synthetic oral progesterone?
|
bc natural progesterone does not build up an effective systemic concentration when administered orally
|
|
name two synthetic oral progesterones and tell what each drug is used for in which spp
|
1. Megastrol acetate: Ovaban (dog)
-used to postpone estrus -used in cats for dermatological conditions 2. Regu-Mate (altrenogest; allyl trenbolone) (horse, pig) |
|
what is a brand name for medroxyprogesterone acetate, what is it, and why is it no longer used in dogs in the USA? In what spp is it used and for what?
|
-Depo-Provera, a synthetic injectable progesterone, and bc it gives dogs pyometra
-used in cats for behavior modification |
|
how often is natural injectable progesterone given?
|
every day when a 10-14 day effect is desired
|
|
what are the uses for progesterone?
|
-mimic luteal phase
-contraception -support pregnancy when P4 deficiency is suspected -induced lactation in dairy cows: combination of drugs |
|
how is progesterone mimicking the luteal phase helpful?
|
delays heat, synchronizes estrus, and treats anestrus, cystic ovarian dz, and puberty
|
|
hwo does progesterone act as contraception?
|
delays estrus (or prevents ovulation in humans - birth control pills)
|
|
what combination of drugs induces lactation?
|
P4, estradiol, dexamethasone, and reserpine
|
|
where are estrogens produced?
|
the ovarian follicle and placenta
|
|
what happens in the absence of progesterones?
|
estrogens cause estrus behavior in females, changes int he uterus and vagina
|
|
what do peaks of estrogen concentration during estrus cause?
|
release of GnRH and LH leading to ovulation
|
|
what are estrogens used for?
|
to precipitate the release of GnRH, LH, and prostaglandin, to mimic estrus, to replace estrogen when deficiency is suspected, and to terminate pregnancy
|
|
what two drugs are usually combined to form birth control pills?
|
estrogen and progestin
|
|
what is DES?
|
diethylstilbestrol - a non-steroidal estrogen
|
|
how are many racing dogs kept out of heat?
|
doses of testosterone
|
|
true or false: giving testosterone/androgens to racing dogs is one of teh safer ways to keep a dog out of heat?
|
yes
|
|
what happens when a dog who has been given androgens to delay heat is taken off the androgen?
|
never know when the dog will come into heat again: could be 2 weeks, could be 2 years.
|
|
what is the more androgenically active form of testosterone in male organs?
|
dihydrotestosterone (a hormone produces by 5a-reductase acting on testosterone)
|
|
what are testosterone and androgen drugs used for?
|
suppress estrus, enhance libido (teaser animals), and replace testosterone when deficiency is suspected
|
|
what else do androgens do? (hint: think sports)
|
enhance muscle growth and speed recovery from injury
|
|
when given in its natural form, testosterone is usually linked to what?
|
an ester
|
|
3 forms of injectable testosterone
|
cypionate, enanthate, and propionate
|
|
name 4 ways testosterone is used in vet medicine.
|
-to make teaser cows/steers for estrus detection - testosterone ester given as an initial loading dose and re-administer every 10-14 days
-keep racing Greyhound femals out of heat - give methyl-testosterone orally 2x/wk or testosterone ester IM 1x/2wk -testosterone-responsive urinary incontinence in castrated dogs -can help avoid uterine dz or mammary tumors |
|
basically every racing greyhound hs been given what to keep them out of heat?
|
androgen
|
|
neurosteroids
|
metabolites that are still active, produced in the brain
|
|
one of the main modulators (the gabba receptor in the brain)
|
allopregnenolone (metabolite of progesterone)
|
|
neuroactive steroids
|
act instantaneously as a neurotransmitter -
|
|
what is 3a-androstenol?
|
a neurosteroid that is basically a pheromone produced by many mammals. it is an immobilizer and hypnotic
|
|
most common form of estrogen
|
birth control pills
|
|
what is ECP and what was is used for?
|
an injectable estrogen (estradiol cypionate) - was used in cattle for uterine infection or pyometra --> while fixing some things, it prolongs other conditions
|
|
what is synchro-mate B?
|
used to synchronize cattle
-a progestin with some estrogen in it |
|
when are estrogens used?
|
whenever we want to enhance heat signs (abortion, luteolysis, etc)
-mismate injection (dog/cat) -enhance uterine motility and clearance of uterine infection, esp cattle (can incr. uterine pathology in dog) -enhance estrus expression -tx urinary incontinence in spayed dogs & cats (DES) -cause luteolysis and abortion (cow though prostaglandin is better) -initiate PE and estrus in dog (can mimic the slow progression) |
|
problem with using estrogens in dogs
|
-overdose can cause bone marrow suppression (it is severely toxic)
-high risk of uterine pathology |
|
Name 2 reasons the use of estrogens has been decreasing over time
|
-questionable efficacy in reproductive tx
-availability of more specific drugs to treat conditions |
|
most important single fact to remember about estrogens
|
can be very toxic in dogs
|
|
true or false: LH and FSH have the same structure in all spp
|
false: they differ somewhat
|
|
what type of molecule is FSH?
|
a large protein molecule w/ alpha and beta subunits
|
|
true or false: the beta subunit is the same between FSH, LH, and TSH
|
false: the alpha subunit is the same between FSH, LH, and TSH. the beta subunit determines the activity
|
|
where is FSH produced?
|
the anterior pituitary
|
|
secretion of FSH is inhibited by ___?
|
inhibin-A and inhibin-B
|
|
secretion of FSH is augmented by ___?
|
activin
|
|
follistatin controls ___?
|
activin and inhibin activity
|
|
what are the two functions of FSH?
|
-initiates maturation of pre-antral follicles
-initiates Sertoli cell function for spermatogenesis |
|
What do we use FSH for in vet med?
|
-stimulate ovarian function
-superovulation for ambryo transfer -promote spermatogenesis |
|
true or false: FSH use if limited in vet med
|
true: when looking for the FSH affect, we usually choose another type of drug rather than FSH itself
|
|
FSH, LH, hCG, and eCG are produced by what tissue?
|
chorionic tissue
|
|
true or false: FSH, LH, hCG, and eCG are all small molecules
|
false: they're all large molecules
|
|
main hormone for detecting pregnancy
|
eCG ? detecting the presence of fetal membranes
|
|
eCG used to be called ___?
|
PMS: pregnant mare serum
|
|
main hormone for detecting pregnancy in dogs?
|
relaxin
|
|
what is FSH used for in human medicine?
|
-assisted reproduction (superovulation)
-polycystic ovary syndrome (ovulation) |
|
what does LH do?
|
acts on follicles to cause oocyte activation, ovulation, and luteinization
|
|
how does LH stimulate testosterone prod'n
|
through Leydig cells
|
|
traditional pharmeceutical products w/LH activity have been made from ___?
|
pituitary glands and pregnant human urine
|
|
LH drugs are used for ___?
|
-tx of follicular cysts
-induction of ovulation |
|
what type of molecule is LH?
|
glycoprotein
|
|
where can you get an LH assay?
|
only available in specialized labs
|
|
what do you use a canine in house assay for?
|
it is semi-quantitative, available for timing AI
|
|
true or false: LH assays are routinely run in cattle and swine
|
false
|
|
what is special about the recombinant LH hormone on the market?
|
the recombinant is the only one that is single strand
|
|
where is LH produced?
|
anterior pituitary
|
|
what inhibits the release of LH?
|
low concentrations of P & E
|
|
what stimulates the release of LH?
|
estrogen spike
|
|
where does LH bind? what does it do there?
|
-to receptors on follicles, CL, and Leydig cells
-stimulates the production of steroids using these cells |
|
function of LH
|
-stim progesterone prod'n by CL
-stim testosterone prod'n by testis -stim. ovulation -activated pre-ovulatory oocyte -involved in puberty and seasonal cycles |
|
what is LH used for in mares?
|
to induce ovulation
|
|
what is LH used for in cows? is this common?
|
to tx cystic ovarian disorder
-not common, but recombinant form is NOT used |
|
name some products used in vet med that have LH activity
|
-hCG: horses
-pituitary extracts (but not much since GnRH is available) |
|
name the LH product used by male athletes as a bidy-builder
|
Pregnyl
|
|
What hormone does the equine placenta produce with LH activity?
|
eCG (Equine Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
|
|
eCG was formerly known as ___?
|
PMS or PMSG (Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophin)
|
|
when is eCG used in other animals?
|
when FSH effects are desired bc it has strong FSH activity in animals other than the horse
|
|
what hormone are you testing for when testing for pregnancy in the mare?
|
eCG
|
|
what does eCG do during pregnancy?
|
-stim luteinization of follicles
-maintain CL activity 0promote production of progestins |
|
in spp other than the horse, what is eCG used for?
|
-stim follicular development
-shorten anestrus -induce ovulation -superovulation |
|
what type of molecule is eCG?
|
glycoprotein w/an amino acid sequence identical to eLH - beta subunit is coded by the same gene as eLHbeta
|
|
true or false: the molecule for eCG is the same as LH
|
false: bc they are produced by different cells, the molecules are different but the amino acid sequence is the same
|
|
true or false: eCG has a longer circulating halflife the LH
|
true
|
|
eCG is extracted from what?
|
the serum of pregnant mares
|
|
true or false: eCG has FSH-like activity in all spp
|
false: eCG has LH-like activity in all other spp EXCEPT the horse
|
|
mainy activity of eCG in the mare
|
LH-like activity (luteinization)
|
|
what is eCG used for in pigs?
|
to reduce post-partum anestrus
|
|
what is eCG used for in small ruminants?
|
to increase ovulation rate
|
|
what is eCG used for in dogs?
|
to induce estrus
|
|
what is eCG used for in exotic mammals?
|
induce estrus
|
|
what is eCG used for in cattle?
|
superovulation
|
|
what is eCG used for?
|
induction of puberty
|
|
what is PG600?
|
a combination of eCG and hCG
|
|
where can you get generic PMSG?
|
either from a chemical supplier (comes as a biochemical) or from a drug company (as a pharmeceutical agent) - can buy a powder and formulate your own
|
|
name the gonadotrophin produced by the human placenta that has FSh and LH activity
|
hCG: human chorionic gonadotrophin
|
|
when is hCG used?
|
when LH affects are desired
|
|
what does hCG do during human pregnancy?
|
-maintain CL activity
-promote the prod'n of progestins |
|
how is hCG used in mares?
|
used for timed ovulation
|
|
how is hCG used in cattle?
|
used to treat cystic ovarian disease
|
|
what are you testing for with OTC pregnancy tests in women?
|
hCG
|
|
hCG is what type of molecule?
|
has an alpha-subunity that consists of 92 amino acid residues and is encoded by a single gene
|
|
the LH/hCGbeta gene cluster has what?
|
one LHbeta gene and 6 hCGbeta genes
|
|
what is hCG used for?
|
used extensively in all domestic spp to induce ovulation
|
|
hCG works particularly well in what spp?
|
horse
|
|
what happens with repeated use of hCG int he same animal?
|
-may result in reduced effectiveness w/the later administrations
-has the potential to trigger reactions in animals that have received it previously |
|
problems with FSH, LH, hCG, and eCG
|
create special problems in manufacture, handling, storage, and biological response bc of their type, size (large), and origin
-degrade rapidly if kept in soln at room temperature (typically lyophilized or frozen) -capable of generating an immune response (Ab response at minimum) -repeated use may result in reduced effectiveness |
|
purity of preparation of FSH, LH, eCG, and hCG is in question because ___?
|
these products are derived from animal tissue or blood and there is a possibility of the presence of other biologically active substances or infectious agents
|
|
dog - which dog breed(s) have a single annual seasonal ovulation (ovulate once a year)
|
Basenji and wild canids
|
|
which dogs have a cirannual prolactin rhythm?
|
dogs housed outdoors
|
|
dog - when do coyotes and wolves breed?
|
in the spring in the northern hemisphere
|
|
dog - when will you find bloody vaginal discharge?
|
first day of PE
|
|
dog - what marks the beginning of anestrus?
|
P4 returning to basal levels
|
|
dog - how long should anestrus in a dog be to promote normal fertility at the subsequent estrus?
|
a couple of months (usually 4-5)
|
|
dog - when is anestrus?
|
from the end of the luteal phase (or pregnancy) to the beginning of PE
|
|
dog - what does anestrus look like?
|
it is the quiescent phase of the cycle, behaviorly and clinically
|
|
dog - what is the level of P4 at anestrus (numbers)?
|
1-2ng/mL
|
|
dog - what happens during the last two months of AE before estrus?
|
FSH and estrogens rise
|
|
dog - what is included in the interestrus interval and how long does it last?
|
-anestrus and the luteal phase
-6-7 months |
|
dog - how many times does estrus occur?
|
slightly less than 2xs annually
|
|
dog - what influences the interestrus interval?
|
breed
-SLIGHT trend: the bigger the dog, the longer the interestrus interval (exceptions: GSD, rott, basset, cocker, lab) |
|
dog - interestrus intervals are shrinking in what breed?
|
german shepherd
|
|
dog - minimum normal interestrus - why?
|
4 months - endometrium needs time after the luteal phase for repair
|
|
dog - if interestrus is less than 4 months?
|
tends to result in infertility
|
|
dog - what may be needed for maintaining the length of anestrus?
|
prolactin (prolactin suppressors shorten AE)
|
|
dog - average length of PE
|
9 days
|
|
dog - what is PE usually defined by?
|
blood passing from swollen vulva (bloody discharge)
|
|
dog - what is the behavior during PE?
|
may attract males but is NOT receptive to mating
|
|
dog - what happens endocrinologically during PE?
|
-estrogen peak rises before estrus begins
-FSH has already decreased -P4 starts rising when LH peak begins -increasing percentage of "superficial" cells in vaginal cytology |
|
dog - what happens behaviorly during PE?
|
increasing likelihood of observing sexual reflexes seen in estrus
-winking vulva -stance in response to stimulation of the vulva -"flagging" of tail |
|
dog - average duration of estrus
|
9 days
|
|
dog - behavior during estrus
|
standing to be mounted
|
|
dog - what does the discharge during estrus look like?
|
less bloody than PE
|
|
dog - what happens endocrinologically during estrus and what does it cause?
|
-rising P4 and LH peak seems to cause more receptivity to male
-LH peak used to define first day |
|
dog - what defines the first day of estrus endocrinologically? is this correct?
|
LH peak
-onset can actually be from 3-5 days after LH peak -temperament of male and female may cause variation |
|
dog - what does a vaginal smear look like with a dog in estrus?
|
-greater than or equal to 90% superficial cells (cornification)
- |
|
dog - when does cytological estrus start in relation to the LH peak?
|
can range from 6 days before to 4 days after the LH peak
|
|
dog - how long might the LH surge last?
|
24-96 hrs
|
|
dog - how long after the LH surge does ovulation occur?
|
2-3 days
|
|
dog - oocytes are ovulated as what?
|
primary oocytes
|
|
dog - when does fertilization take place in relation to PE, estrus, LH peak, etc?
|
-after the first meiotic division
-48-72 hrs after ovulation -5-6 days after first day of estrus and LH -13-15 days after first day of PE |
|
dog - when are single matings fertile?
|
anytime in the first half of estrus
|
|
dog - how long can spermatozoa live in the uterus during estrus?
|
7-8 days
|
|
dog - what do you get with good timing of insemination?
|
higher fertility
-higher percentage of conception rate -larger litter size |
|
dog - when does vaginal cytology change to parabasal cells?
|
8-9 days after LH
|
|
dog - what does a vaginal cytology smear show 8-9 days after LH?
|
parabasal cells
|
|
dog - do females still stand for mating 8-9 days after LH?
|
yes
|
|
dog - is fertility high or low after parabasal cells appear?
|
low
|
|
true or false: the luteolysis mechanism in canines is similar to the mechanism in hoofed animals
|
false: there is not mechanism for luteolysis
|
|
dog - the first day of cytological DE usually occurs when?
|
when the female is still in estrus
|
|
true or false: in the dog, false pregnancy is not considered a disease
|
true
|
|
dog - length of DE
|
approximately the length of gestation
|
|
dog - when does the luteal phase begin
|
ovulation
|
|
dog - when is the P4 elevated?
|
before ovulation (with LH)
|
|
dog - when does the early luteal phase take place?
|
during estrus
|
|
dog - true or false: estrus and ME happen at the same time
|
true: estrogen rises and the CL starts developing to maturity at the same time
|
|
dog - what happens on the first day of cytological DE?
|
-sharp decr in % of superficial cells, incr in parabasal cells
-P4 is elevated so chance of conception is greatly reduced -5-7 days post ovulation |
|
dog - cytological DE can be used for what?
|
-retrospectively to evaluate timing of breeding
-to predict day of whelping (in 57 days) |
|
dog - when does progesterone peak?
|
-30 days after LH surge
|
|
dog - when does progesterone decline?
|
gradually for 5-6 weeks
|
|
dog - true or false: P4 profile is similar in pregnant, unmated, and hysterectomized animals?
|
true
|
|
dog - when do LH and prolactin increase?
|
during 2nd half of DE
|
|
dog - what is one main hormone difference in pregnant and nonpregnant dogs?
|
relaxin - high in pregnant
|
|
dog - where does relaxin come from?
|
primarily of placental origin
|
|
dog - define galactorrhea
|
false pregnancy or pseudopregnancy
|
|
dog - when does galactorrhea commonly occur?
|
at end of luteal phase
|
|
dog - list out the typical/idealized estrus
|
-PE lasts 9 days
-estrogen peak and LH peak are close to the 1st day of estrus -ovulation: 3rd day of estrus -oocytes ready to be fertilized on 5th day of estrus -breedings anywhere from day 1 to day 6 of estrus (or day 10-15 after PE bleeding is first noticed) - results in high conception rate (~90%) -2 breedings separated by 2 days anytime in the first week of estrus - likely to be successful if both male and female are normal |
|
dog - what do you do if the bitch won't bleed?
|
requires starting smears on a weekly basis
|
|
dog - in normal matings, how long is the period of potential fertility?
|
10 days
|
|
dog - when is the period of high fertility?
|
from the day before the LH surge to 6 days after
|
|
dog - the ideal piece of info for breeding managment
|
LH
|
|
dog - an accurate method for determining breeding times
|
peripheral plasma concentration of LH
|
|
dog - two tests used to determine peripheral plasma concentration of LH
|
-radioimmuniassay (impractical)
-ELIZA |
|
dog - why is it important to know when the LH peak is when doing AI with frozen semen?
|
the peak doesn't stay around lone and there is a 24hr window to hit
|
|
dog - why is the RIA test for LH impractical?
|
turnaround takes too long
|
|
dog - what does the ELIZA test for LH do? what does it require?
|
-can identify LH surge w/i 1-2 days
-usually requires a daily sampling |
|
dog - decr in estrogen and progesterone often mean what for LH?
|
incr in LH
|
|
dog - how is P4 used to determine LH surge time?
|
P4 concentration exceed 2ng/mL the day of or after LH surge
|
|
dog - when breedings require critical timing (AI), when can they be performed?
|
one day after P4 exceeds 8-10ng/mL
|
|
dog - what does it usually mean when P4 exceeds 8-10ng/mL?
|
these values are typically seen the first day of oocyte readiness for fertilization
|
|
dog - what are two tests available for P4 concentration evaluation?
|
RIA and ELIZA
|
|
dog - which is better, RIA for P4 or LH?
|
P4 - fast turnaround
|
|
dog - what is the breeding time for normal dogs using LH and P4?
|
-day of LH surge to 5 days after
-day P4 exceeds 2ng/mL to 4 days after |
|
dog - what is the breeding time for dogs requiring critical timing using LH and P4?
|
-4 or 5 days after LH surge
-3 days after P4 exceeds 2ng/mL or 1 day after P4 exceeds 8-10 ng/mL |
|
dog - estrogens/estradiol is ___ during late PE, and ___ during estrus?
true or false: estrogens are considered a practical assay for determining LH surge |
elevated, not-elevated
false |
|
dog - true or false: U/S imaging is a well-developed technique for use in determining timing of breeding
|
false: no well developed for use in general practice, but you could potentially observe ovulation (follicles to CL)
|
|
dog - 2 diseases to test for
|
-brucella canis
-canine herpesvirus |
|
dog - how do you test for B. canis?
|
serology (NOT culture) is the best
|
|
dog - true or false: want all dogs to be sero(-) for canine herpesvirus
|
false: all dogs should be exposed bc at some point bc it's hard to quarantine them during pregnancy or breeding
|
|
dog - if the female has a negative herpes titer, what does it mean? how do you handle it?
|
-the female is susceptible
-isolate her the last 3 weeks of gestation and the first 3 weeks following whelping |
|
dog - true or false: most bitches will have a positive culture for some bacteria
|
true: it's NORMAL
|
|
dog - true of false: there is no uniformity between the bacteria cultures of dogs in the same kennel/household
|
false
|
|
dog - name some of the typical aerobic isolates you'll see in a vaginal bacterial culture
|
-E. coli
-coagulase (+) & (-) Staph -a-hemolytic & B-hemolytic strep -pasteurella -proteus -bacillus |
|
dog - true or false: sperm is produced throughout the entire ~20 minute ejaculation
|
false: all the sperm is produced w/i the first few minutes
|
|
dog - is the whole ejaculate used in AI or just the sperm-rich fraction?
|
the whole ejaculate, though it can be diluted to 4-5cc with prostatic fluid
|
|
dog - where is the semen deposited in AI?
|
the fornix of the vagina
|
|
dog - how long can chilled semen be transported for AI?
|
up to 48 hrs in semen extender
|
|
dog - how does frozen semen present?
|
in pellets or straws
|
|
dog - two techniques for AI with frozen semen
|
-transcervical (skandinavian technique)
-surgical - semen is injected by nedle and syringe into lumen of uterine body and horns |
|
dog - at what day of a pregnancy will you be able to see spines/skulls on an x-ray (aka when do the bones calcify)?
|
day 45
|
|
dog - what does oxytocin induce in a horse?
|
parturition
|
|
dog - how long past ovulation does estrus often last?
|
1 week
|
|
dog - what does this coincide with in other animals?
|
metestrus
|
|
dog - what happens to estrogen and P4 during most of estrus?
|
estrogen is low, P4 is rising
|
|
dog - at what point can the thick layer of superficial cells in the vaginal epithelium no longer be supported?
|
8-9 days post-LH peak
|
|
dog - what happens cytologicall in late strus?
|
superficial cells are lost and parabasal/intermediate cells predominate
|
|
dog - why are there no neutrophils/polymorphonuclear cells in a vaginal smear during most of estrus?
|
superficial cells (cornified layer) prevent them from entering the lumen
|
|
dog - why are PMNs/neutrophils in the smear during the end of estrus?
|
with the loss of the dead cell layer (superficial cells), they can now migrate thru the epithelium to kill bacteria
|
|
dog - estrus is defined by ___?
|
behavior - some dogs start standing well before LH or estrogen peaks (some dogs continue standing for 10-12 days after LH peak while others refuse to stand after less than a week post-LH)
|
|
dog - days with the highest conception rate
|
days 4* and 5 before DE (closer to DE)
|
|
dog - groups of days with the highest conception rate
|
from days 4-10 before day 1 of cytological DE
|
|
dog - canine sperm can live for how long in the estrus canine uterus?
|
1 week
|
|
dog - optimum fertilization/survival rate for single matings occur when?
|
4 days before cytological DE
-aka 5 days after LH peak |
|
dog - conception rate is still over 90% how many days after LH peak
|
6
|
|
dog - conception rate is over 90% for a period of how many days? when does this period being?
|
-8 days
-begins 10 days before cytological DE (aka the day before LH peak) |
|
dog - when does fertilization rate of oocytes w/embryo survival peak?
|
4 days before day 1 of cytological DE
|
|
dog - true or false: after fertilization rate peaks 4 days before cytological DE begins, the rate stays high for another few days before dropping
|
false: there is a rapid reduction of fertility rate one day later (3 days before DE)
|
|
dog - true or false: gestation begins with breeding
|
false: gestation begins with fertilization
|
|
dog - why are whelpings groups closely around 57 days of DE (or 64-66 days after LH peak)?
|
bc fertilization is presumed to be about 4 days before DE
|
|
dog - when marked against LH peak of day 1 of cytological DE, small litters have short or long gestation lengths?
|
long
|
|
dog - when marked against LH peak or day 1 of cytological DE, large litters have short or long gestation lengths?
|
short
|
|
dog - pregnancy and non-pregnancy pattern are similar for what hormone? what is the one exception?
|
-progesterone
-exception: the abrupt decline just before parturition |
|
dog - what is the difference between non-pregnancy and pregnant total estrogens?
|
-nonpregnant: constant during DE
-pregnant: elevated last 3 weeks of pregnancy |
|
dog - what estrogen is higher in non-pregnant dogs than in pregnant?
|
estradial-17B
|
|
dog - which estrogen is higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant dogs?
|
estrone
|
|
dog - where is relaxing produced?
|
placenta (possibly ovaries and uterus
|
|
dog - in what phase/animals is relaxin not detectable?
|
-males
-nonpregnant DE -anestrus |
|
dog - when does relaxin peak in pregnant females?
|
2-3 weeks before parturition
|
|
dog - is prolactin low or high during DE?
|
low in nonpregnant
|
|
dog - when is prolactin elevated?
|
late pregnancy and lactation
|
|
dog - when does LH increase?
|
in the late luteal phase
|
|
dog - true or false: LH increases in the late luteal phase of pregnant animals but not in non-pregnant
|
false: it increases in the late luteal phase of both pregnant and non-pregnant animals
|
|
dog - at what day is there a difference between pregnant and non-pregnant concentrations of FSH?
|
day 16 following the LH surge
|
|
dog - after day 16 following the LH surge, what is the FSH concentration difference between pregnant and non-pregnant bitches?
|
there are higher concentrations of FSH in pregnant vs non-pregnant
|
|
dog - when can you dx pregnancy with abdominal palpation?
|
days 25-35 post-breeding
|
|
dog - when can you see fetal calcification on radiographic imaging?
|
43-46 days after LH peak
|
|
dog - when can you first observe pregnancy on an ultrasound?
|
20 days after LH peak
|
|
dog - what do you see on an ultrasound 20 days after LH peak?
|
fluid-filled vesicle
|
|
dog - around what day of gestation can fibrinogen be used to detect pregnancy? at what concentration?
|
-21-30 days
-greater than 250mg/dl |
|
dog - at what concentration is fibrinogen considered a 98% accuracy? at what point is it considered 100%?
|
- >280mg/dl
- >300mg/dl |
|
dog - why is fibrinogen a test used to detect pregnancy? is it used often?
|
-bc fibrinogen (or acute-phase proteins) incr with inflammation
-not often used |
|
dog - when does relaxin rise?
|
at 20-30 days of gestation
|
|
dog - what test can be used to detect relaxin? when can it be used? what do you do if it's negative?
|
-ELISA (ReproCHEK)
-after 21 days of gestation -recheck negatives in 7-10 days |
|
dog - what happens to hormones in initiation of parturition?
|
-fetal ACTH incr
-fetal adrenal cortisol incr -estrogen incr -PGF2a incr -progesterone dec -oxytocin incr |
|
dog - true or false: oxytocin can either initiate or assist in parturition in the dog?
|
false: oxytocin is used to assist in parturition but NOT to initiate
|
|
dog - true or false: there is no palpable difference between pregnancy and pseudopregnancy
|
true
|
|
dog - why is induction of parturition rarely done in a dog?
|
there's rarely call for it
|
|
dog - name three drugs that can be used to induce parturition in a bitch
|
-glucocorticoids
-prostaglandins -oxytocin |
|
dog - what glucocorticoid is used to induce parturition? when is it used? what happens to the pups?
|
-Dexamethasone
--prior to 51 days - pups born alive and die --at 57-58 days, parenterally causes parturition in 1-2 days |
|
dog - what are prostaglandins mostly used for?
|
inducing luteolysis - not really studied for the purpose or parturition
|
|
dog - in what breed is oxytocin used for mostly?
|
parturition in the mare - not really studied in the dog
|
|
dog - what is considered a prolonged gestation?
|
over 65 days after ovulation
|
|
dog - normal gestation length
|
57-72 days
|
|
dog - all bitches more than ___ days POSTBREEDING is considered prolonged
|
72
|
|
dog - with known day of CYTOLOGICAL DE, normal carrying is ___ days. what is considered prolonged?
|
-57
-60 |
|
dog - the known level of what hormone during estrus changes the "normal" gestation period?
|
P4
|
|
dog - what is the normal gestation period of a bitch whose P4 levels were between 1-1.9ng/mL during estrus?
|
65 days
|
|
dog - what is the normal gestation period of a bitch whose P4 levels were between 2-3.9ng/mL during estrus?
|
64 days
|
|
dog - what is the normal gestation period of a bitch whose P4 levels were between 4-10ng/mL during estrus?
|
62-63 days
|
|
dog - what is true about the correlation between P4 levels during estrus and gestation period?
|
the higher the P4 levels during estrus, the shorter the gestation period
|
|
dog - small litters are often associated with ___?
|
dystocia and prolonged gestation
|
|
dog - dystocia can be associated with ___?
|
small litters and singletons
|
|
dog - when is a litter considered "overdue?"
|
with delayed parturition more than 24 hrs beyond temperature drop
|
|
dog - what are some ways to assess the normality vs abnormality of gestation period?
|
pseudopregnancy vs pregnancy, known P4 levels during estrus, known day of cytological DE, singletons or small litter size, delayed parturition after temperature drop, primary uterine inertia due to oversized litter
|
|
dog - what is the MOA of steroids
|
presumed negative feedback on pituitary and hypothalamus, suppressing estrus byt GnRH, FSH, and LH release
|
|
dog - what do progestins do?
|
mimic luteal phase and prevent estrus
|
|
dog - what is Promone and what is the problem with it?
|
progestin (Depo provera), injectable medroxyprogesterone
-caused pyometras |
|
dog - what is Ovaban? when is it given?
|
megestrol acetate, oral progestin
-only progestin approved for estrus suppression -also used to suppress concurrent PE -given once daily |
|
dog - what is the only progestin approved for estrus suppression?
|
Ovaban
|
|
dog - How long is Ovaban approved for? future problem?
|
32 days
-don't give it to dogs you want to breed |
|
dog - what is medroxyprogesterone acetate? when is it given? what are the problems with it?
|
-long acting progestin
-given every 3-6 months (DURING ANESTRUS) -elevated urterine and mammary dz, return to estrus is variable (1.5-26 months) |
|
dog - what is Proligestone? when is it given? what is the efficacy?
|
SQ progestin
-given every 5 months (DURING ANESTRUS) -95-99% |
|
dog - what two progestins must be given during anestrus?
|
proligestrong & medroxyprogesterone acetate (both used outside the US)
|
|
dog - what is the only androgen approved in the US for contraception? oral in injectable?
|
Cheque drops (mibolerone)
-oral |
|
dog - what is mibolerone? what is it used for?
|
aka cheque drops
-androgen approved for contraception in dogs -to keep dogs out of heat if coming into heat too often (long AE & PE) |
|
dog - what is most often given to female racing greyhounds to keep them from coming into heat?
|
oral and injectable forms of testosterone
|
|
dog - testosterone proprionate is used for? how often is it given?
|
injectable - racing greyhounds to keep them out of heat
-once every 2 weeks |
|
dog - what is methyltestosterone and what is it used for? when is it given?
|
oral testosterone given to female racing greyhounds to keep them out of heat
-given twice a week |
|
dog - safest and most reliable steroids used for contraception
|
testosterone/androgens
|
|
dog - what hormone is the basis for the "morning after' pill?
|
estrogens
|
|
dog - when estrogens are used for early termination pregnancy, they are aka ___?
|
mis-mate shot
|
|
dog - MOA of estrogens
|
-movement of ova through oviduct is impaired
-delays uterine gland prod'n of proteins necessary for embryo survival (normally P4 would be the main steroid influencing uterine fn) -impairs implantation |
|
dog - side effects of giving estrogens for pregnancy termination
|
-overdose could cause bone marrow suppression
-CEH and pyometra are long-term effects on uterus |
|
dog - what estrogen products are approved for pregnancy termination?
|
none
|
|
dog - what is estradiol cypionate (ECP) used for? is a small or large dose required? when is it usually administered?
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the most available for of estrogen used for termination of pregnancy
-larger dose needed for efficacy -during estrus (bc dog breeds during estrus) |
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dog - 3 estrogen products used for contraception/pregnancy termination
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-ECP
-estradiol benzoate -oral DES |
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dog - true or false: oral diethylstilbestrol has a high efficacy for pregnancy termination/contraception
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false: many doses not effective
-also not available in food animals bc we don't want it in the food chain |
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dog - true or false: prostaglandin use for is not approved in the bitch
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true: it is only used for abortion bc it is not a physiological agent in pregnancy
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dog - what does PGF2a cause? small dose or large? when does it not work? when does it work?
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-luteolysis (thought not a NATURAL mechanism)
-large dose (bc the CL is quite refractory) -does not work if given at 1-5 days of DE (no change in P4) -works if given at days 5-8 and later in DE (causes P4 to decline) |
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dog - what does PGF2a cause physically?
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contraction of uterine muscle
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dog - side effects of PGF2a beginning w/i 5-15 minutes of administration, long range sideeffect
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-vomiting, hyperpnea, hypersalivation
-shortened interestrus interval/luteal phase (dog comes into heat a lot sooner than would have expected) |
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dog - single or multiple doses of PGF2a are used?
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multiple bc single dose needed is too close to the lethal dose
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dog - dosage protocols for PGF2a
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-give small doses every 8 hrs for 2 days, followed by doubled dose every 8 hrs until pregnancy terminated (no more discharge)
OR -cloprostenol: give 3 doses, every 48 hrs |
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dog - what can you add to reduce the dosage needed of PGF2a?
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other abortifactive agents
-cabergoline -bromocriptine -dexamethasone |
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dog - what do prolactin inhibitors help with?
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abortion and pseudopregnancy (bc prolactin can induce pseudopregnancy)
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dog - agents used for abortion in the dog
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estrogen, PGF2a, prolactin inhibitors, dexamethasone, mifepristone, aglepreistone, epostane
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dog - agents used for contraception/estrus control
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androgens/testosterone, progesterone
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dog - what is prolactin?
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a luteotrophic agent
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dog - if given after midgestation, what can prolactin inhibitors do?
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interfere w/normal prolactin prod'n and release causing luteolysis, reduced P4, and pregnancy loss
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dog - name 3 prolactin inhibitors
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bromocriptine, cabergoline, metergoline (Contralac)
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dog - side effects of bromocriptine
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vomiting and anorexia (human drug)
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dog - what is cabergoline, how is it given, what is it used for in europe, and when is it most effective?
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-prolactin inhibitor
-given orally and injection -pseudopregnancy -when used as a sole drug, most effective in late pregnancy |
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dog - another name for metergoline
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contralac
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dog - what is Dexamethasone used for, how is it given? what are some side effects?
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-used to terminate pregnancy
-given 2-3 times daily for 5-10 days, sometimes on tapering dose (usual for steroids) -PU/PD |
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dog - what is mifepristone? what does it do? when is it given? how is it given?
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-prolactin inhibitor (RU486)
-acts by binding competitively with P4 receptors, therefore terminating pregnancy -after 32 days of pregnancy -either bid orally for 4.5 days or single treatments with much higher doses |
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dog - what is aglepristone? what is it used for? when is it used? how is it given?
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-anti-progesterone used to successfully initiate parturition
-used from 0-45 days after mating -2 injections give 24 hrs apart |
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dog - what is epostane used for? MOA?
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-used to terminate pregnancy or as a contraceptive
-acts by inhibiting 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes pregnenolone --> P4 |
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dog - what is mifepristone? what does it do? when is it given? how is it given?
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-prolactin inhibitor (RU486)
-acts by binding competitively with P4 receptors, therefore terminating pregnancy -after 32 days of pregnancy -either bid orally for 4.5 days or single treatments with much higher doses |
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dog - what is aglepristone? what is it used for? when is it used? how is it given?
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-anti-progesterone used to successfully initiate parturition
-used from 0-45 days after mating -2 injections give 24 hrs apart |
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dog - what is epostane used for? MOA?
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-used to terminate pregnancy or as a contraceptive
-acts by inhibiting 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which catalyzes pregnenolone --> P4 |