Therio Horse

Front 1

as the days grow longer, what happens to estrus? what happens to the luteal phase?

Back 1

estrus gets shorter
luteal phase doesn't change

Front 2

which phases of the cycle does a horse have?

Back 2

estrus (follicular phase) and diestrus (luteal phase)

Front 3

when does estrus get shorter?

Back 3

june/july

Front 4

how long does DE last and when does a mare stop showing estrus behavior?

Back 4

14-15 days
-when P4 > 1-2ng/mL

Front 5

when does the mare ovulate?

Back 5

the day before the end of estrus

Front 6

how many follicular waves does the mare usually have? what happens if they have more?

Back 6

1
-if they have 2, sometimes the dominant follicle from the first wave will ovulate during DE

Front 7

what is the average incidence of double ovulation?
-what breeds have the highest incidence?

Back 7

16%
-thoroughbreds, warmbloods, draft horses

Front 8

when does LH rise and peak?

Back 8

continues to rise after ovulation and peaks later

Front 9

size of horse ovulatory follicles?

Back 9

large, 30-70mm in diameter

Front 10

the luteal phase begins with what?

Back 10

the formation of the corpus hemorrhagicum

Front 11

what does the CL secrete and what does it do?

Back 11

secretes P4 which generally inhibits receptive behavior int he mare independent of follicular activity and size

Front 12

how does PGF reach the ovaries?

Back 12

it enters the venous drainage and the general circulation and reaches the ovaries by systemic route

Front 13

after PGF2a is released, how long does it take for P4 to drop below 1ng/mL? what does this cause?

Back 13

up to 40 hrs
-LH secretion is unblocked and behavioral signs of estrus are seen

Front 14

what can cause failure of normal luteolysis (deviations in the length of DE)?

Back 14

-pregnancy recognition
-acute endometritis (shortens DE)
-manipulation of uterine lumen causes luteolysis
-persistent luteal fn (prolonged DE)

Front 15

how does the change in day length influence the reproductive cycle in horses?

Back 15

changes in day length --> retina --> optic nerve --> pineal gland (controls melatonin secretion, which is thought to control seasonality through GnRH in the hypothalamus)
-decr day length --> incr melatonin --> inhibits GnRH (*melatonin is "dark" so as it gets darker out, more melatonin is released)
-incr day length --> decr melatonin --> incr GnRH

Front 16

why are horses referred to as "long day breeders?"

Back 16

they like to breed when the days are longer

Front 17

the horse is a ___ breeder? likes to breed when?

Back 17

seasonal
-summer

Front 18

explain the four seasons thru horse cycles

Back 18

1. peak fertility - surrounds summer solstice
2. transition - around autumnal equinox
3. anestrus - around winter solstice (85% of mares in N hemisphere experience winter anestrus, though some are passive to stallion and may permit mounting)
4. transition - surrounds vernal equinox

Front 19

seasonally, what regulates reproductive activity?

Back 19

photoperiod

Front 20

what happens in the spring transition?

Back 20

-erratic signs of estrus behavior, sometimes prolonged estrus
-follicles growing and regressing (difficult to predict ov)
-breeding would require inseminations every other day for many weeks

Front 21

best way to adjust breeding/cycling times
-how long until this takes effect?
-on which animals can this be used?

Back 21

elongating photoperiod - add light either at end of day or split between beginning and end of day
-may require 8-10 weeks
-mares, pregnant mares ( to stop them from going into anestrus), stallions (may advance seasonal incr in sperm prod'n though they never stop producing)

Front 22

what is a maiden mare?
-age
-good age for fertility

Back 22

mare that has never been bred or never conceived
-any
-young usually have excellent fertility

Front 23

problem w/old maiden mares

Back 23

mares w/repeated pregnancies seem to develop endometrial changes (that interfere w/maintaining pregnancy) slower than aging maiden mares

Front 24

what is a foaling mare?
-fertility
-what can delay its return to normal fertility?

Back 24

mare that foaled during the current breeding season
-high
-dystocia or postpartum conditions

Front 25

what is a barren mare?
-possible reasons?

Back 25

a mare bred that previous season that did not foal
--breeding management
--previous foal born too late
--fault of stallion
--pathological condition

Front 26

name the different categories of % chance of pregnancy and term foal (4)

Back 26

Category I: normal, > 80% chance
Category IIA: abnormal, 50-80% chance (inflamm = treatable)
Category IIB: abnormal, 10-50% chance (periglandular fibrosis and/or lymphatic lacunae -- suggests ongoing future difficulty w/carrying foal to term)
Category C: abnormal - less than 10% chance (little normal glandular tissue remaining)

Front 27

two drugs that are used to try and bring a mare into ovulation during late transition period

Back 27

Deslorelin - requires multiple txs
GnRH - attempts to bring anestrus mares into heat but many injections needed

Front 28

if trying to advance normal cycling period, when do we want it to begin?

Back 28

February

Front 29

what seems to be the best way to use P4, altrenogest, or progesterone and estrogen txs to advance cycling and ovulation during late transition?

Back 29

use these in combination with lighting

Front 30

what can be used to try and advance cycling and ovulation during late transition?

Back 30

P4, altrenogest, or P&E txs

Front 31

during late transition, how long after it's given does hCG cause ovulation

Back 31

~48 hrs (though sometimes won't ovulate or will ovulate then go back into anestrus)

Front 32

if trying to induce ovulation w/hCG, how big should the follicle be and when does it occur?

Back 32

35mm
-36-48 hrs after injection (IM or IV - not approved)

Front 33

two brand names for deslorelin

Back 33

Ovuplant or Biorelease Deslorelin inj

Front 34

what is ovuplant?
-what is it used for?
--problems?
---how to prevent problems

Back 34

a sustained release implant (pellet) of deslorelin
-inducing ovulation
--mares failing to get pregnant may have extended interovulatory intervals
---removal of implant after TWO DAYS or after ovulation prevents this (implant placed in vulvar mucosa so it can be located)

Front 35

which is better, ovuplant or hCG, and why?

Back 35

ovuplant bc it doesn't activate antibody formation like hCG does

Front 36

when does ovuplant take affect?
--how can it be exacerbated?

Back 36

41-48 hrs after ovulation
--if given PGF2a in DE

Front 37

difference between ovuplant and biorelease deslorelin injection

Back 37

no need to take out biorelease bc it's not an implant
-biorelease has never been approved so need a Rx for each patient

Front 38

when does PGF2a work?

Back 38

causes luteolysis in CL that is at least 6 days postovulation

Front 39

when is it basically too late to give PGF2a when trying to short-cycle a mare?

Back 39

injection more than 9 days post ovulation does not significantly shorten interovulatory interval

Front 40

how do you use PGF2a to synchronize mares

Back 40

2 injections, 14 days apart - not perfect but most mares will ovulate 2-10 days after 2nd injection

Front 41

what is one of the main determining factors of when a mare will come into heat after given PGF2a? explain

Back 41

follicular size
-the smaller the size, the more days to estrus
-the larger the size, the less days to estrus

Front 42

what is Regumate and what is it used for?

Back 42

a progesterone (altrenogest, oral)
-synchronization of estrus

Front 43

how is progesterone or Regumate (Altrenogest) used to synchronize estrus?
--when does estrus and ovulation occur?

Back 43

-give 14-15 days
--estrus 4-7 days after stopping treatment
--ovulation 7-12 days after last treatment

Front 44

what can progesterone and estradiol combination be used for?

Back 44

to advance cycling and synchronization

Front 45

What is a portal system?

What are the (3) major portal systems?

Back 45

Portal systems don't follow a normal vascular parallel arrangement. The vascular arrangement is in series such that blood from the capillaries of one organ is transported to the capillaries of another organ by a connecting vein or veins.

1) Liver - direct arterial supply from hepatic artery but ~70% of supply comes from hepatic portal vein (from gut & spleen - adv. being digestive products processed further in liver)
2) Kidney - Afferent arterioles supply glomeruli and efferent take it away which supply kidney tubules
3) Hypothalamus to pituitary gland w/ functions to transport hypothalamic hormones to pituitary

Front 46

w/foal heat, when are pregnancy rates higher?

Back 46

-in mares that ovulate after 10 days postpartum
-in mares w/little or no fluid present in uterus

Front 47

gestation length

Back 47

11 months

Front 48

when does foal heat occur?

Back 48

around 10 days post-foaling

Front 49

1 problem with foal heat

Back 49

some mares to not express estrus, possibly due to distraction of the foal

Front 50

what can help with ovulation during foal heat?
-how long after does ovulation occur?
-when should you breed?

Back 50

treatments w/Deslorelin (short acting)
-ov w/i 48hrs
-normal pregnancy rates when breeding occurs on day of tx

Front 51

what does PGF2a do in a mare?

Back 51

-induced abortion (if given BEFORE 35 days)
-bring into heat

Front 52

when must PGF2a be given to induce abortion

Back 52

before 35 days

Front 53

what is used to delay foal heat beyond the normal 10 days post-partum?

Back 53

P4 and estrogen

Front 54

what is Deslorelin?

Back 54

synthetic GnRH

Front 55

Foaling before 300 days is considered...

Back 55

abortion

Front 56

a premature (nonviable) foal is born before ___ days?

Back 56

320

Front 57

normal gestation length in the mare

Back 57

335-342 days

Front 58

long gestation is when a foal is born ...

Back 58

>360 days

Front 59

most long gestation lengths result in what?

Back 59

normal foalings

Front 60

in which season is gestation length usually longer?

Back 60

winter and spring

Front 61

what influences gestation length?

Back 61

season
sex of the foal
twins vs singleton
toxins

Front 62

which sex is carried longer? and how much longer?

Back 62

males ~3 days

Front 63

how much earlier are twins born?

Back 63

6 days

Front 64

what does acremonium do to gestation length?

Back 64

incr average gestation length by 2 weeks to 20 days

Front 65

define: premature foal

Back 65

underdeveloped foal born early (300-320 days)

Front 66

define: dysmature foal

Back 66

birth of a foal at normal gestation length but foal is immature and undersized despite normal GL

Front 67

what is meant by "mobile embryonic vesicle of early pregnancy?"

Back 67

in order for the mare to recognize pregnancy, the embryonic vesicle must move from one end of the uterus to another

Front 68

what is the maternal recognition of pregnancy?
---what is it mediated by?

Back 68

Embryo MUST migrate through the uterus
-contact is achieved by mobility of embryonic vesicle
-uterine contractions move the embryonic vesicle from one end of the uterus to the other
---mediated by fetal-endometrial contact

Front 69

what is "fixation," when does it happen, and what is it caused by?

Back 69

-the embryonic vesicle stops moving and becomes fixed in place at the base of the horn
-by day 16
-caused by enlargement of embryonic vesicle and tone of uterus
---fixation is NOT fetal-maternal attachment

Front 70

fetal-maternal attachment: what happens by day 25?

Back 70

close association between chorion and endometrium

Front 71

fetal-maternal attachment: what happens by day 38-40?

Back 71

interdigitation between trophoblastic (chorionic) microvilli and endometrium

Front 72

fetal-maternal attachment: what happens by day 45?

Back 72

fetal amcrovilli appear as rudimentary structures

Front 73

fetal-maternal attachment: what happens by day 150?

Back 73

there is full placental attachment in the form of microplacentomes (microcotyledons/microcaruncles)

Front 74

difference between the microplacentomes of the ruminant and the mare

Back 74

microplacentomed of the mare are microscopic (grossly, the mare is considered to have diffuse placentation)

Front 75

how are endometrial cups formed and when?
--what do they look like

Back 75

day 25 - embryo forms chorionic girdle (band)
day 38 - trophoblastic cells from the girdle invade uterine epithelium to form pale, irregular (circular/horseshoe-shaped) outgrowths of the uterine luminal surface

Front 76

function of endometrial cups

Back 76

-secrete eCG (PMSG) --> incr P4 secretion from primary CL --> may be necessary to maintain primary CL out to 120 days
-assist in formation of supplementary CLs

Front 77

when is eCG first detectable from endometrial cups?
-when does it peak?
--when is it nondetectable?

Back 77

35-42 days
-55-65 days
-100-150 days

Front 78

What are the clinical implications of the endometrial cups?

Back 78

-if pregnancy is lost or a mare aborts after 36-40 days, she will not return to estrus until the cups regress
-w/forced estrus, often she won't ovulate
-eCG can be detectable after pregnancy loss
-lack of formation of supplementary CLs cause abortion between 70-150 days (inadequate P4 bc less eCG bc no supplementary CLs bc no endometrial cups)

Front 79

at what point would an ovariectomy NOT cause abortion?

Back 79

after 100-140 days

Front 80

the progestins of fetoplacental origin appear in mare circulation when? increase until when?
---this means what?

Back 80

-30-60 days
--300 days
---the support of the pregnancy shifts from the CL to the fetoplacental unit

Front 81

how do you maintain pregnancy in ovarectomized mares?

Back 81

exogenous P4 (many can maintain pregnancy w/o exogenous P4 after 100 days)

Front 82

4 ways to diagnose pregnancy

Back 82

palpation per rectum
U/S
hCG
Estrogens

Front 83

on palpation per rectum during pregnancy, what size bulge will you feel:
1. Days 25-30
2. Days 35-40
3. Days 45-50
4. Days 60-65

Back 83

1. hens egg (prominent uterine tone)
2. tennis ball
3. grapefruit/softball
4. cantelope

Front 84

what will you see on ultrasound during pregnancy at:
1. 9-10 days
2. 20-21 days
3. 24-26 days
4. 60-70 days

Back 84

1. embryonic vesicle detectable
2. embryo
3. heartbeat
4. sex determination

Front 85

during pregnancy, when you you detect hCG?

Back 85

between 40-120 days (look in notes, pg 23)

Front 86

false negatives of hCG detection during pregnancy are common when?

Back 86

when mares are carrying mule fetuses

Front 87

during pregnancy, when does the estrogen concentration in the blood and urine exceed that of estrus?

Back 87

by day 60-100

Front 88

during pregnancy, when does circulating estrogen peak?

Back 88

180-240 days

Front 89

during pregnancy, where will estrogens present?

Back 89

in feces and milk

Front 90

at 4 months of pregnancy, what shows up in the urine which is unique to the mare?

Back 90

equilin and equilenin

Front 91

what 3 things are used to predict foaling

Back 91

1. change in udder size and secretion (mammary gland notable in last month, filling of teats near parturition, udder engorged in the last few days, "wax" accumulates on end of teats last 1-4 days, milk leakage)
2. monitor milk secretions (fluid changes from thin yellow to milky, colostrum forms (yellow-orange), Ca and Mg incr)
3. mechanical/electronic monitoring
(pg 24)

Front 92

what concentration of Ca carbonate says foaling will happen soon?

Back 92

300-500ppm

Front 93

if Ca carbonate is <200ppm, how sure are we that foaling won't happen w/i the next 24 hours?

Back 93

99%

Front 94

is Ca carbonate is >200, we are ____% sure that foaling will happen ___?

Back 94

97% sure it will happen in the next 72 hours

Front 95

how long until Oxytocin induces delivery?

Back 95

15-90 minutes

Front 96

what 2 drugs can be used to induce foaling?

Back 96

oxytocin and prostaglandin

Front 97

what is "premature placental separation" and when does it occur?
--what else is is called?

Back 97

when the chorion separated from the uterus and red, velvety surface appears at vulva rather than white amnion
-occurs most commonly during parturition
--"red bag"

Front 98

how do you fix "red bag?"

--what may occur?

Back 98

cut the chorion and allow allantoic fluid to escape --> deliver foal w/o having to remove the chorion with it
--fetal hypoxia/anoxia

Front 99

what can cause red bag:
1. midgestation
2. during parturition

Back 99

1. death of a twin, abortion
2. placental edema from late gestational stress, placental edema by fescue.endophyte toxicity caused by ingestion in the last 45 days of gestation (pg 26)

Front 100

when is a placenta considered retained?

Back 100

when it is not expelled w/i 3 hours

Front 101

what is a partial retained placenta?
--where is it more likely to occur

Back 101

when a major portion is expelled w/a torn piece left in uterus (examine expelled placenta to determine it is complete)
--in the nongravid horn

Front 102

what contributes to retained placenta?

Back 102

dystocia, uterine trauma/myometrial exhaustion, placentitis, fetomaternal endocrine dysfunction (too little oxytocin or response to oxytocin)

Front 103

what can a retained placenta cause?

Back 103

metritis, septicemia/toxemia, laminitis, delayed uterine involution

Front 104

how to treat a retained placenta

Back 104

oxytocin
distention of chorioallantoic cavity w/warm saline
systemic/local antibiotics
uterine lavage
laminitis tx/prevention (cyclooxygenase inhibitors - flunixin meglumide)

Front 105

uterine prolapse: common or rare?

Back 105

rare (pg 27)

Front 106

postparturient emergencies

Back 106

uterine prolapse (rare)
invagination of the uterine horn
uterine rupture
internal hemorrhage

Front 107

when is invagination of the uterine horn suspected?
-what might it be associated with?

Back 107

when postpartum mare has mild colic that is unresponsive to analgesics

-retained placenta (or partial)

Front 108

when does uterine rupture usually occur?
-what might it result from?
--what does it cause/signs?

Back 108

during 2nd stage labor

-from dystocia or manipulation

--hemorrhage and pain, colic signs, depressed, febrile, blood loss, peritonitis

Front 109

how do you diagnose uterine rupture?

--how do you treat it?

Back 109

palpation per vagina (uterus too large to palpate all of it), abdominocentesis

--laparotomy and surgical repair

Front 110

what might cause internal hemorrhage postparturition?

-more common on which side?

-- more common at what age?

Back 110

rupture of uterine artery or utero-ovarian artery (less common is the external iliac artery)

-right side

-- >10 years old

Front 111

signs of internal hemorrhage?

treatment

-what may be found on subsequent prebreeding examinations?

Back 111

severe colic, sweating, evidence of hemorrhagic shock, or no CS at all

difficult (control activity/excitement) - analgesics, corticosteroids for shock, blood transfusion

-hematomas on the broad ligament

Front 112

many twin pregnancies result in abortion of both twins around what time?

Back 112

6-8 months (anywhere from 4 months to term)

Front 113

after a double ovulation, with a 50% conception rate, what % chance does the horse have of conception of:
1. no embryos
2. one embryo
3. twins

Back 113

1. 25%
2. 50%
3. 25%

Front 114

when can twin pregnancies be determined by U/S?

Back 114

14-18 days after ovulation

Front 115

if both twins are in the same horn (unilateral), what is the % chance of elimination of 1 twin?

Back 115

85%

Front 116

the majority of twin elimination occurs when?
--what happens if neither twin aborts before this time?

Back 116

before 40 days
--they will most likely both be carried until abortion occurs later in pregnancy

Front 117

what is pinching and when should it be done? why?

Back 117

the way to eliminate one twin
--should be done by U/S at 14 days before the embryos are fixed at day 16
---to eliminate the waiting game to see if they will become unilateral or bilateral

Front 118

what do you do if twins are present at 32 days?

--what do you do if you want to breed the mare again next season?

Back 118

either abort both before endometrial cups form or let them go to see if one will be aborted w/i the next month

--abort at 32 days

Front 119

if this is the last breeding season of the mare and twins are still present at 32 days, what do you do?

Back 119

watch them as far as 60 days to determine if one will be eliminated --> if not eliminated, abort to eliminate the possibility of damage from alter abortion

Front 120

methods of eliminating one twin in later gestation

Back 120

-aspirating fluid from one fetal sac
-intrafluid/intracardiac inj of KCl using a transvaginal U/S guided needle

Front 121

signs of impending abortion

Back 121

-vaginal discharge
-bagging up of the udder
-perineal relaxation
-U/S evidence

Front 122

Tx for impending abortion/premature parturition

Back 122

-Progestagens (Altrenogest, oral, SID)
-antibiotics (Trimethoprin sulfa)
-Isoxsuprine (prevents uterine contractions)
-stall rest, intranasal O2, constant monitoring for signs

Front 123

organisms commonly involved in ascending placentitis

Back 123

Strep spp
Staph spp
E. coli
Pseudomonas spp
Klebsiella spp
Aspergillus spp
Mucor spp
-rare: Candida

Front 124

ascending placentitis is more common in mares w/ ?

Back 124

poor perineal conformation, small cervical tears that relax toward the end of pregnancy
-can also occur in assoc w/colic sx

Front 125

bloody vulvar discharge at end of pregnancy can mean: (2)

Back 125

-ascending placentitis
-in older mares, often due to a vaginal varicosity !!

Front 126

true or false: always do a vaginal exam on a pregnant mare

Back 126

FALSE: unless in active labor, avoid vaginal exam since this may result in ascending placentitis or abortion in an otherwise healthy mare

Front 127

define: hydrops

--happens during what time?

Back 127

excessive fluid accumulation usually w/i the allantoic or amniotic cavities (relatively rare)

-6-10 months

Front 128

signs of hydrops

Back 128

-dramatic abdominal enlargement w/i a 2 week period
-difficulty moving around/getting up/lying down
-marked ventral edema
-dyspnea, incr HR
-NORMAL temp

Front 129

what might you find on a transrectal palpation of hydrops?

Back 129

enlarge uterus w/dorsal wall protruding over the level oft he pubis
-usually can't palpate the fetus
-more progressive enlargement than twins (d/dx)

Front 130

what will usually happen w/hydrops

Back 130

will usually abort spontaneously (though should terminate bc could cause rupture)

Front 131

what occurs in congestive brain swelling?

Back 131

vasodilation of capillaries and venules, hypercapnia

Front 132

w/hydrallantois (hydrops allantois), why is the prognosis usually guarded?

Back 132

believed to be hereditary so try a different stallion next time

Front 133

which is more rare: hydrallantois or hydramnion?

--which usually results in a more dramatic incr in fluid?

Back 133

hydramnion

-hydrallantois

Front 134

the equine rhinopneumonitis virus is a ___ virus

Back 134

equine herpes virus (EHV-1)

Front 135

most common cause of infectious abortion in the mare during the last half of gestation ***

Back 135

EHV-1 (equine rhinopenumonitis virus)

-usually after 9 months, but can cause abortion as early as 5-6 months

Front 136

what can EHV-1 cause? ***

Back 136

abortion, respiratory dz, neonatal mortality, neurological dz

Front 137

EHV-2 causes

Back 137

respiratory dz in foals

Front 138

EHV-3 causes

Back 138

equine coital exanthema (venereal herpes)

Front 139

EHV-4 causes

Back 139

respiratory dz and sporadic abortion

Front 140

How is EHV-1 transmitted?

-route

Back 140

inhalation/contact w/infected secretions --> initial replication in URT --> viremia --> endometrial invasion --> placental edema + separation of the chorioallantois --> fetal anoxia/death (fresh at expulsion w/minimal autolysis)

Front 141

EHV-1 can is a ____ virus?

Back 141

recrudesce (resting) virus - can cause a latent infection bc may reactivate and shed during stress

Front 142

clinical presentation of EHV-1
--presentation in fetus
---what will you see histologically and microscopically in the fetus

Back 142

abortion in an otherwise healthy mare, though it can cause respiratory infection in young horses

--icterus, SQ edema, scattered petechiae, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, pul edema
---greyish necrotic foci in liver, adrenals, spleen, thymus, lnn; viral eosinophilic intranuclear inclusiong in nectoric foci of organs

Front 143

EHV-1: when does abortion occur?

Back 143

usually in late gestation

Front 144

EHV-1: how do you diagnose this?

Back 144

-paired sample 2-4 weeks apart, with a 3-4 fold incr
-neutralization/ELISA of fetal sample
-viral ID from nasal swabs of fetal tissues (IFA or PCR)
-gross path & histopath

Front 145

EHV-1: how do you prevent? when? problem?

Back 145

-vaccination @ 5, 7, and 9 months using killed or modified live vacc --> problem: not 100% effective and short-lived
-pregnant mares should be kept stress free, isolated from incoming horses
-isolate those w/respiratory dz and who've aborted
-clean and disinfect areas

Front 146

EVA (equine viral arteritis): endemic in which breeds? who is the carrier?

Back 146

-standardbreds and warmbloods

--stallion is the carrier (can carry the virus in semen from weeks to years)

Front 147

EVA: transmission, signs

Back 147

-inhalation or venereal (tropism for endothelial cells) --> edema & hemorrhage
-in pregnant, will also spread to the uterus --> necrotizing myometritis --> placental detachment --> fetal death (fetus not always infected by the time abortion occurs)

Front 148

EVA: when does abortion occur?

Back 148

usually 7-10 days after infection and is most common in 2nd half of pregnancy

Front 149

EVA: diagnostics

--lesions

Back 149

-REPORTABLE in many states

-same serology as EHV-1 (paired titers)
-viral ID from nasopharyngeal swabs and fetal lung and spleen by IFA
-histopath: necrotizing myometritis from endometrial biopsy

--lesions rare in fetus (if present, usually necrotizing vasculitis)

Front 150

EVA: CS

Back 150

(most asymptomatic)

fever, nasal discharge, dyspnea, diarrhea, etc

Front 151

EVA: prevention

Back 151

-mainly by vacc (modified-live) - don't like this bc will test (+) from vacc then can't be shipped internationally
-all stallions should be tested before mating

Front 152

EVA: what does a negative serology mean?

Back 152

-assumed not to be carriers and can be vaccinated (booster annually if <1:4)

Front 153

EVA: what does a positive serology mean for a stallion?

Back 153

-should be tested for shedding (virus isolation from semen)
-shedding stallions should be vaccinated and retested to determine if status has changed

(pg 37)

Front 154

CS of leptosporosis in pregnant mare

Back 154

-rarely seen in aborting mares: pyrexia, icterus, anorexia, depression

Front 155

what does lepto cause in pregnant mare? which serotype?

--most common non-host adapted serovars in N America

Back 155

-sporadic abortion, (stillbirths, premature live births)

-Bratislava (horse = maintenance host)

-- kennewicki (Pomona-type), grippotyphosa (raccoons), hardjo (cattle), canicola, icterohemorrhagiae, sejroe

Front 156

w/Lepto, when are abortions seen?

Back 156

abortions 1-3 weeks after CS (if CS are present)

most commonly in late fall (Nov, Dec) in wet conditions

> 6mo of gestation

Front 157

when was the last time Salmonella abortus equi was diagnosed?

Back 157

not since the 1930s

Front 158

diagnoses and prevention of lepto

Back 158

-serology of serum or fetal fluids, lepto from urine

--no vaccines, isolate and clean

Front 159

CEM (contagious equine metritis): being eradicated where?

Back 159

N america

--recognized in Europe in mid-70s, in USA in late 70s

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CEM: organism causing dz

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Taylorella equigenitalis (small coccus, grows microaerophilically)
--not routinely picked up in standard cultures bc requires 5% CO2

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CEM: signs in stallions

--where can it be found?

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none

--can persist in repro tract for months-years (particularly in urethral fossa and the associated sinus)

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CEM: signs in the mare ***

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-very high morbidity (almost every mare mated to infected stallion gets it)
-no mortality seen
-purulent discharge from vulva 48hrs to 14 days after (most infn's apparent @ 10-14 days)
-severe endometrial inflamm (most apparent 14ds after infn)
-short cycling (luteolysis)
-conception failure

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CEM: control features that require vet interveition

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-MUST BE REPORTED
-testing mare/stallion genitalia when imported
-clitoral sinus removal (harbors T. equigenitalis and can withstand tx in sinus)
-fastidious, so complicated detection (some us PCR in eradication programs)
-susceptible to disinfectants
-NO vaccine

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be able to list additional viral/bacterial/parasitic dz of the repro system in horses:

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-EIA: can cause abortion associated w/the acute febrile dz in pregnant mares
-Trypanosoma equiperidum can causea venereal dz called Dourine (eradicated in europe and N america
-Coital exanthema (EHV-3 venereal dz) not usually assoc w/abortion/infertility but characterized by vesicles and ulcers on vulva and penis
-Salmonella abortus equi not a factor in recent history (used to cause abortions a century ago)
-Strep zooepidemicus found in external genitalia (mares and stallions) - common cause of vaginitis, cervicitis, and metritis - Streptococcal placentitis can lead to abortion

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pathological changes in: endometritis

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inflamm !!! (if there is no inflamm, there is no endometritis)
-neutrophils
-elevated lymphocytes
-eosinophils in tissue or lumen

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pathological changes in: periglandular fibrosis and nesting of endometrial glands

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-uterine glands age and degenerate (surrounded by collagen laid down by fibroblasts
-glands nest together, dilate, atrophy
-irreversible fibrosis assoc w/incr prabability of embryonic death
-cystic glandular distention

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in which pathological change of the endometrium will you find cystic glandular distention?

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periglandular fibrosis and nesting of endometrial glands

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What are lymphatic lacunae?

Back 168

-pathological changes in the endometrium - distension of the lymphatic ducts
-not sure of the effect on fertility

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when will you see edema of the endometrium?

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normal in estrus

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when will you see atrophy of the endometrium?

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-normal in anestrus
-old mares that have stopped cycling
-mares w/gonadal dysgenesis

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list some pathological changes you may find on an endometrial biopsy

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endometritis
periglandular fibrosis & nesting of endometrial glands
lymphatic lacunae
atrophy of the endometrium

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reasons why a physical clearance of bacterial contamination in the uterus may be difficult after persistent mating

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-delay of myometrial activity
-bad angles between vulva, cervix, and uterus
-repeated contamination
-uterine lymphatic drainage impaired
-endometrial vasculature degeneration

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most young mares clear infections of Strep zooepidemicus. What happens w/barren infertile mares after persistent matings?

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unable to clear infection --> prolonged inflamm reaction --> baggy, thickened uterus on palpation per rectum

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persistent matings: problem w/uterine secretions in the mares and bacterial contamination?

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the secretions interfere w/efficienct of neutrophil phagocytic function

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persistent matings: what is a big factor of physical contamination clearance impairment?

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age (called a "delay in uterine clearance")

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how to diagnose endometritis induced by persistent matings

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-history, poor perineal conformation, mare accumulates fluid after mating, vaginal speculum exam, uterine cytology, culture, and biopsy

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two ways to treat endometritis induced by persistent matings

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1. remove intrauterine fluids after breeding (lavage 4 and 12 hrs after breeding, oxytocin IV, clopsostenol)
2. antibiotics (intrauterine is controversial) - saline lavage and PGF2a gave superior results

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pyometra in the mare is defined as

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an accumulation of large quantities of inflammatory exudates in the uterine lumen causing uterine distension (not the same as in a dog or cow)
-there could be interference w/normal drainage of fluid from the uterus
-open or closed

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what can occur during pyometra?

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normal cyclicity may continue or CL life may be altered by early PGF2a release (due to endometrial inflamm) or failure of luteolysis (due to endometrial pathology)

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treatment of pyometra

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luteolysis
lavage of uterine lumen
antobiotics
--if nonresponsive --> hysterectomy

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most common ovarian tumor

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granulosa cell tumor

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what cells does the GCT (granulosa cell tumor) come from?

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theca cells

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what c/s will you see w/a GCT

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-unusual behavior - stallion-like
-anestrus
-constant estrus

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GCT: what will the ovaries look like?

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-atrophy of contralateral ovary
-enlargement or absence of the ovulation fossa in the affected ovary
-on U/S - honeycomb appearance (multilobulated interior)

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GCT: what will you see diagnostically?

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-testosterone high (in 50%)
-incr inhibin
-low progesterone

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how do you treat a GCT?

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ovariectomy

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rare ovarian tumors?

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teratoma, arrhenoblastoma, serous cystadenoma

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where may a hematoma of the ovary form?

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in anovulatory follicle

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when are large follicles nonpathological?

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-transition follicles may get large and fail to ovulate
-follicles in pregnant mare
-normal estrus follicle

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congenital abnormalities causing infertility

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turner's syndrome, ovarian hypoplasia, testicular feminization

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components of a Stallion Breeding Soundness eval

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-ID, Hx, PE, test for viral dzs (EIA Coggins, EVA serology or virus isolation on semen)
-semen collection and eval of libido, mating ability
-semen eval (total sperm [vol x conc], motility [total & progressive, velocity, extended motility, longevity [both raw & extended])
-morphology (neg stained prep, wet fixed prep)

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why are two sample ejaculates collected for eval?
--what qualifies a set of ejaculates as "representative"?

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second should have 50-60% of sperm of the first

--if the ratio is "typical," the ejaculates are "representative"

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how long must you collect ejaculates to get the Daily Sperm Output (DSO)?

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daily for at least a week

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how many mares does a stallion breed normally? how many can be bred w/AI?

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-40 mares

-120 mares

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what two bacteria are you mainly looking for on a stallion culture?

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-pseudomonas aeruginosa
-klebsiella pneumoniae

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culture sites

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-urethra pre-ejaculate
-urethra post-ejaculate
-semen (plus EVA culture for shedders)

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what does Taylorella equigenitalis cause? how do you culture for it?

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-Contagious Equine Metritis

--swab prepuce, urethra sinus, fossa glandis
---it is REPORTABLE (US is free of dz at present) - culture must be sent to state/fed diagnostic lab

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expected BSE results:

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PAGE 45-6 !!!

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most common neoplasia of the penis

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SCC

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an inguinal cryptorchid is aka ?

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high flanker

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hormone assays used to tell if there is a cryptorchid horse or if it has been castrated

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1. testosterone (<40pg/mL - no testicles, >100pg/mL = testicular tissue)
2. hCG (10,000units hCG admin, serum/plasma testosterone conc incr 2-3 fold = testicular tissue present)
3. estrogen in horses 3 yrs or older (>400pg/mL - testicular tissue present)

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how to tx cryptorchidism

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complete castration