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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the top 4 toxic causes of abortions?
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Nitrates, Ponderosa pine, Locoweed, Broomweed
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What are two toxic causes of infertility
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Fescue and locoweed
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When do we more commonly see nitrate toxicity?
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In drought seasons
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What is the toxin in ponderosa pine?
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Isocupressic acid
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How does ponderosa pine cause abortion?
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It causes vaso constriction at the levels of the caruncles
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What toxic plant causes the most economic losses?
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Locoweed
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what toxic plant is more common in the spring?
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Broomweed
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What is the toxin in fescue
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Ergovaline
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What does fescue cause?
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Summer slump
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How long is equine gestation?
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11 months
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At what point does a horses teat distend?
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4-6 days pre-partum
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At what point does a horses udder begin to distend
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2-4 weeks pre-partum
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Stage 1 of parturition in the mare ends with what?
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Rupture of the chorioallantois
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Stage 2 of parturition ends with what in the mare?
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Expulsion of fetus
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Stage 3 of parturition in the mare ends with what?
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Passage of placenta
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at what point is a placenta considered retained in the mare?
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After 3 hours
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What is the 1,2,3 rule with foals?
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at 1 hour - they stand
at 2 hours - they nurse at 3 hours - the placenta is expelled fully |
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What is red-bag?
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A premature placental seperation where the placenta has detached from uterine wall too soon. Must go in and remove foal
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What is the most common vandeplassche position
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Anterior presentation (68%)
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rotation vs version
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Rotation is on a longitudinal
version is on a transverse axis |
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What is normal fetal position
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Dorsosacral, anterior, front limbs extended
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When do we induce a mare?
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Only if it is life threatening to the mare and not sooner then 330 days!
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Haemophilus Somnus, in regards to bovine pregnancy can cause...
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Weak calves and still births more then abortions
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How do we diagnose Haemophilus Somnus?
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Through a pure culture
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Granular vulvovaginitis is cause by what two organisms?
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Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma
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When thinking of viral causes of abortions, what three are thought of?
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IBR, BVD, and Blue Tongue
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What is the virus that causes IBR?
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Bovine herpes virus 1
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What is the most commonly diagnosed cause of viral abortion in north america?
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IBR/Bovine herpes virus 1
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Intranuclear inclusion bodies are typical of what?
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Herpes viruses
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If you have a PI calf, what kind of BVD do they have?
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Non-cytopathic
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If you see arthrogryposis and hypotrichosis what is a top dd in calves?
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BVD
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What test is the gold standard for BVD?
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Virus isolation from buffy coat, serum or tissue
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For control of BVD, what should a control program aim for?
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Detection and elimination of PIs
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What kind of virus is blue tongue
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Orbi virus
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How is blue tongue transmitted?
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Cullucoides
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What is an important cause of protozoal infertility in cows?
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Neospora Caninum
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What is the most important cause of fungal infertility in cows?
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Aspergillus fumigatus
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In the Southern Hemisphere, what is an imporant cause of fungal abortion in cows?
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Mortierella Wolfii
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Why do we take measurements of the testicles
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They are used to determine the estimated daily sperm output (DSO)
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Paraphimosis
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Inability to retract the penis into its sheath
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When do we use chemical ejaculation?
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When the stallion is in pain and refusing to move
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Priapism
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Penile erection in the abscence of sexual stimulation that does not recede
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Where do we take cultures from in the Stallion
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Prepuce (pre-ejeaculate), Urethral fossa, Urethra, semen/seminal plasma, Glans penis.
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What are the four types of AVs?
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Missouri, Colorado, Japanese, and Polish
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2 most common types of external genital tumor
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Sarcoid and SCC
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Which stallions will have a hgher incidence of external genital skin tumors?
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Non-pigmented penis/prepuce
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What is an advantage of using a Missouri AV?
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It is lighter weight and easier to manipulate the stallion through the AV
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What is an advantage of using a Colorado AV?
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They retain heat better (therefore better to use in colder places) and can be placed in a phantom
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What muscle do you feel for contractions in while collecting a stallion?
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Bulbospongiosus
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Most common testicular tumor of stallion?
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Seminoma
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When drugs do we use for chemical ejaculation?
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Imipramine and xylazine
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At what point do stallions begin to show clinical signs of a testicular torsion
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After it has rotated 180 degrees
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How do we test for idiopathic infertility?
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Endocrine testing (resting levels of FSH, inhibin, and Estrogen for 3 consecutive days - FSH is high, but inhibin and estrogen are low)
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What is the bitches cycle like
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3 cycles per 2 years, but is considered monoestrous
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What is the estrous cycle like in the prepubertal bitch
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More likely to show a split heat (no ovulation with signs of estrus) or she may have a silent heat where there is ovulation but no signs of estrus
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How is puberty defined in the bitch?
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Onset of proestrus
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What kind of cells do we want to see to say a bitch is in heat
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90 superficial cornified epithelial
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When do estrogen levels peak in the bitch?
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Just before estrus
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What is a colpotomy
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When you cut through the vagina (generaly to remove a fetal mummy)
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What is the progesterone source in a cow for the first 150d of gestation?
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Luteal origin
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Between what days in the cow does the placenta act as the source of progesterone?
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150-250d
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In the final month of bovine pregnancy, what supplies progesterone?
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Luteal
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How long should you wait to give PGF2a to cause luteolysis
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4-5 days post breeding (wait up to 8 days to make sure) as it has no effect on placental P4
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If you want to reduce placental P4, what drug do you use?
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Corticosteroids
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How many injections of PGF2a do we give to abort pregnancy
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One
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If cow is in the final month of gestation, what drug do we give to induce parturition?
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Dexamethasone or PGF2a alone
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What happens if you induce abortion after 120 in cows?
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80% RFM
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When holding the penis with towel clamps, where do you place them?
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On the dorsal aspect of the penis which is the apical ligament
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When you see a swelling of the preputial sheath in a bull, what are the top differentials
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Hematoma, retropreputial abcess, and urethral rupture, preputial prolapse, preputial laceration
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With a preputial laceration, what do we use as a conservative treatment?
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Petercillin (2g tetracycline powder, 60 ml scarlet oil, and 500g lanolin)
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With preputial laceration, how to we treat it surgically?
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Resect and anastamosis
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Penile hematomas are common in which breed of cow?
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Herefords - lazy sloppy breeders
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Where does the rupture occur in a penile hematoma in a bull
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At the level of the sigmoid flexure at the insertion of retractor penis muscle
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Preputial avulsion is usually due to what?
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AV injury
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What 3 etiologies cause vesiculitis in bulls?
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B. Abortus, A. Pyogens, H. Somnus
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What does gossypol cause in bulls?
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Infertility
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Receptivity of the bitch starts when?
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It is variable
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What test should be done during prebreeding exam in bitches
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Brucella
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What are the limitations of the Brucella RCAT
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Positives can be true or false positives
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How long does LH last in the bitch?
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24 hours
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What is most commonly used to test for estrus in the bitch?
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Progesterone (to figure out when the LH surge occurs)
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What is the minimum suggested breeding dose for male dogs in fresh semen
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200 million
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Gestation in the bitch
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63 days (2 days after LH surge)
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What maintains pregnancy in the bitch?
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The CL
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What are come physologic changes seen in the bitch around one month gestation
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Increased cholesterol and increased plasma protein
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What kind of placentation do bitches have?
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zonary endotheliochorial
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When do we take rads in bitches to tell how many babies are present
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50-55 days post LH peak
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What is the normal fetal heartbeat in the dog
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200-250bmp
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what are 2 important acute phase proteins in bitch pregnancy
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C- Reactive protein and fibrinogen
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What is the pregnancy specific hormone in the dog
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Relaxin
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At what point do we see teeth on rads with dogs
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61 days
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How can we tell if a bitch is going to whelp soon?
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Boy temp drops dramatically - sometimes below 98 degrees
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What is the max amount of time parturition in btiches should last
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average 2-3 hours total but not any longer then 24 hours
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How long between pups when whelping
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20mins to 1 hr usually
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At what point is a bitch considered overdue?
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Past 71 days post breeding
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What drug is contraindicated in cases of obstructive dystocia in the bitch
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Oxytocin
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A retained testicle is how many times more likley to become neoplastic?
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10x
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when you see orchitis, what should be your first thought?
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Brucella Canis
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How do we treat Brucella?
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Castrate and antibiotics (tetracyclines)
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Feminizing paraneoplastic syndrome is seen in which breeds of dogs?
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Boxers and weimeriners
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Sertoli cell tumors can cause what kind of syndrome
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Feminizing paraneoplastic syndrome
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Abdominal testicles usually become what kind of neoplasm?
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Seminoma
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what is the most commonly prostatic disease in dogs
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BPH - benign prostatic hyperplasia
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What is DHT?
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It regulates prstatic growth and secretion
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What causes BPH
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DHT
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What is the primary C/S with BPH
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Sanginous urethral discharge
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With BPH, what are 2 other differentials?
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Prostatitis and neoplasia
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How do we definitively diagnose prostatitis
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Culture fluid or tissue - ejaculate, prostatic wash, or urethral brush. ---No FNA of active infection-- look for coliforms
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what drug decreases DHT
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Finasteride
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most common tumor in castrated dogs
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Prostatic carcinoma
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If you remove the testicles, what disease of the prostate can you still get?
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Prostatic carcinoma
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Phimosis
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Inability to protude penis from prepuce
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The "red pea" is consistent with what issue in dogs?
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Urethral prolapse
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What dicates when a cat hits puberty?
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The season in which she is born
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How young can a kitten get pregnant?
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4 months
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What month do cats begin to cycle?
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Around february
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At what point is a queen accepting to mating?
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Estrus
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What is post-estrus in the cat?
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Interestrus - no luteal phase is not induced to ovulate
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When does diestrus occur?
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After ovulation
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How many times does a queen have to be bred to have 100% ovulation?
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4 times
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how long does post estrus last in the queen?
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8-10d
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How long does estrus last in the queen?
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2-19d
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How long is gestation in the queen?
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65d
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With a psuedopregnancy, how long will it last in the cat?
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40-45d
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When managing the breeding of cats, which cat should move?
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The female should go to the males territory
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What hormone do we use for pregnancy diagnosis in the cat?
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Relaxin
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When is relaxin detectable in the queen?
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Day 25
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Fetal heartbeats are seen on U/S at how many days?
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25d
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Feline herpes virus caues what in the pregnant queen?
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abortion, maceration, placental necrosis, congential fetal infection
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Kitten mortality complex is caused by
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FIP
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FIP is caused by what virus
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Corona virus
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Feline panleukopenia - what do you think of in the kittens born
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Cerebellar hypoplasia
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Is there a drop in temp in the prepartum queen?
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No
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how long does parturition take?
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4 hours for the first kitten, and up to 2 in between each
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What is the most common cause of dystocia in the pregnant queen?
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Primary uterine inertia
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how long after parturition can a queen become pregnant again?
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7-8 days
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Ovarian cysts can cause what clinical signs
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Prolonged signs of estrus
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Intact animals are how much greater at risk at getting mammary neoplasia (malignant carcinomas)
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7x
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What kind of placenta does the pig have
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Diffuse epitheliochorial
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Why does a boar have to be 11 months old before you use him to induce puberty in sows?
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He has developed anough of a sublingial salivary glad to produce phermones
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What kind of estrous cycle does the pig ahve?
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Polyestrus
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When do pigs ovulate
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Towards the end of estrus
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What animal do we flush feed?
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Pigs
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Why do we flush feed
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To try to increase ovulation rates
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What is the minimum number of teats a pig can have
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6 on each side
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Periocular edema and conjunctivitis in pigs is usually due to what disease?
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PRRS - Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
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Mummies and first parous gilts --> think this disease
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Porcine Parvovirus
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What is blue eye disease?
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Rubulavirus (seen in central america)
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What causes cyclops in sheep?
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Skunk cabbage - veratrum californicum
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Subterranean clover and alfalfas cause what issues in sheep?
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Hyperestrogenism, vaginal prolapse, and subclinical repro impairment
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Hairy shaker lamb is caused by what?
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Border disease virus (pestivirus)
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Other then Border disease virus, what other disease is a pesti virus?
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BVD
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B. Ovis causes what?
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Epididymitis in rams - zoonotic
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B melitensis causes what?
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Abortion, weak kids and mastitis in goats - zoonotic
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Campylobacter in sheep does what?
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Fetus fetus - causes large outbreaks of abortions
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What is the most important cause of abortion in sheep in N America?
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Campylobacter fetus fetus
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Target lesions in the liver is due to what?
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Campylobacter
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