Theories Of Personality

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A ______ occurs when an infant learns that his or her needs are met consistently by a primary caregiver

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Secure attachment

Hint 1

John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed a theory known as attachment theory after inadvertently studying children who were patients in a hospital at which they were working.

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is the goal of Rogers’s actualizing tendency: to be a fullydeveloped person.

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Self actualization

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The blank is a procedure used to determine the type of attachment between an infant and primary caregiver.

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Strange situation

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the English translation of the termused by Freud to describe the part of the mind that is the judge and censor of a person’s life. It is partly conscious and partly unconscious and develops as societal and parental values are taken in by a child and become part of who the child is.

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SUPEREGO

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(German: Übertragung) is a theoretical phenomenon characterized by unconscious redirection (projection) of the feelings a person has about their parents, as one example, on to the therapist. It usually concerns feelings from a primary relationship during childhood.

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Transference

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is a term used by Rogers to describe constant positive regard for another person (although not constant approval of all the person’sactions).

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Unconditional positive regard

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The blank is the part of the mind that is unavailable to a person’s consciousness. The unconscious contains a variety of thoughts, desires, and fears that influence a person’s life, despite the person not being aware that they are present

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Unconscious

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Is the term used by Rogers to describe the innate drive of humans to develop fully and to be flexible, open, and free.

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Actualizing tendency

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Is a form of insecure attachment that develops when an infant learns that a primary caregiver responds inconsistently to his or her needs. It is characterized by excessive clinging mixed with angry resistance to attempts at comforting.

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Anxious/resistant attachment

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is a process of analyzing the antecedents and consequences of a behavior.

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Applied behavioral analysis

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is a complementary set of behaviors between an infant and a primary caregiver that promotes proximity and an emotional bond between them.

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Attachment behavioral system

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Safeguarding tendencies by Adler

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1 excuses

2 aggression

3 withdrawal

4 anxiety

5 exclusions tendency

6 conclusion

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Adler's concept of moving backwards is similar to Freud's concept

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Regression

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To Sullivan the most basic interpersonal need is

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Tenderness

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Two kinds of tension according to Sullivan

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Needs and anxiety

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Imaginary playmate according to Sullivan is

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Eidetic

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Sullivan's Zodiac group served as

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An informal discussion group of professionals interested in the social sciences

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An energy transformation in Sullivan theory can best be described as

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An action or behavior

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The term Sullivan used to describe those behavioral patterns that consistently characterize a person throughout life is

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Dynamism

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This is characterized by the feeling that one is living among one's enemies

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Malevolent transformation

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The process of seeing a cause and effect relationship between two events in closet temporal proximity is

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Paradoxic distortion

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Schedule of reinforcement illustrate in playing a slot machine

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Variable ratio

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Most inefficient schedule of reinforcement according to Skinner

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Continuous

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Adler believed that behavior and personality are shaped by

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Subjective perception

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Also called shock therapy, a treatment used for severely depressed individual that causes a seizure to accure in the brain

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Electroconvulsive therapy ECT

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Freud's therapeutic technique for analyzing an individual's unconscious thoughts

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Psychoanalysis

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Psychoanalytic technique of having an individual say aloud whatever comes to mind

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Free association

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Psychoanalytic term for the client's relating to the analyst in ways that reproduce or relive relationships in the client's life

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Transference

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Psychoanalytic term for the client's unconscious defence strategies that prevent that analyst from understanding the person’s problems

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Resistance

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Therapies that encourage clients to understand themselves and to grow personally

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Humanistic therapies

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Rogers's humanistic therapy in which the therapist provides a warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self concept and encourage the client to gain insight about problem

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Client-centered therapy

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A technique in which the therapist mirrors the client's own feelings back to the client

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Reflective speech

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Bi-monthly salaries are reinforcement working on which schedule

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Fixed interval

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First requirement for self regulation

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Self observation

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When a person compares his test score to others to determine his performance, that person is using which judgement process

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Performance attribution

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A person who minimize her previous accomplishment and exaggerates her past mistake, illustrate...... According to bandura

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Self observation

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Bandura view humans as...

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Cognitive animals

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Rogers labeled all those aspects of one's being and one's experience that are perceived in awareness by the individual as

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Self concept

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A discrepancy between self concept and ideal self for Rogers

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Incongruence

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When a person perceives evaluation from another person l, Rogers’s believe that he or she will

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Experience conditions of worth

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The founder of gestalt therapy

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Frederick Perls

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Frederick Perls

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Several habitual response form a

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Trait

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Brian believes that he intensely dislikes Alicia because his true feelings of love of her are unacceptable to him. Brian is using a defence mechanism called:

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Reaction formation

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Divine is partying too much to get his studying done. She tells herself that she needs a lot of relaxation in order to handle the pressure of school. Divine is using..... As defense mechanism.

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Rationalization

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Freud believe that people are essentially.... Being held together in society only because of their needs

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Asocial (we're not social species)

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Adler's theory explain that _____ is the attitude of relatedness with humanity as well as empathy for each member of humanity community. It is the natural condition of the human species and the adhesive that binds society together.

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Social interest

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Freud's is regression as Adler is to

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Moving backwards

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Called a metatheory

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Psychology of personal construct

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Freud's Unconscious processes originate from two sources:

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(1) repression, or the blocking out of anxiety-filled experiences and (2) phylogenetic endowment, or inherited experiences that lie beyond an individual's personal experience.

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contains images that are not in awareness but that can become conscious either quite easily or with some level of difficulty.

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Preconcious

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three regions of the mind

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Id, ego, superego

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, which is completely unconscious, serves the pleasure principle and contains our basic instincts. It operates through the primary process.

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Id

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secondary process, is governed by the reality principle and is responsible for reconciling the unrealistic demands of the id and the superego.

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Ego

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which serves the idealistic principle, has two subsystems-the conscience and the ego-ideal. The conscience results from punishment for improper behavior whereas the ego-ideal stems from rewards for socially acceptable behavior.

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Superego

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The aim of the Blank instinct is pleasure, which can be gained through the erogenous zones, especially the mouth, anus, and genitals.

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Sexual

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All infants possess blank, or self-centeredness, but the blank of adolescence and adulthood is not universal.

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Primary narcissism, secondary narcissism

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The blank instinct aims to return a person to an inorganic state, but it is ordinarily directed against other people and is called blank.

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Destructive, aggression

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Type of anxiety that stems from the ego's relation with the id;

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Neurotic anxiety

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Type of anxiety that is similar to guilt and results from the ego's relation with the superego

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Moral anxiety

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An anxiety which is similar to fear, is produced by the ego's relation with the real world.

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Realistic anxiety

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, is marked by obsessive thoughts and involves the ego's attempt to isolate an experience by surrounding it with a blacked-out region of insensibility.

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Isolation

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is the ego's attempt to do away with unpleasant experiences and their consequences, usually by means of repetitious ceremonial actions.

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Undoing

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seeing in others those unacceptable feelings or behaviors that actually reside in one's own unconscious. When carried to extreme, projection can become paranoia, which is characterized by delusions of persecution.

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Projection

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take place when people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego to reduce feelings of inferiority.

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Introjection

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complex, which takes the form of castration anxiety, breaks up the male Oedipus complex and results in a well-formed male superego.

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Male castration complex

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Freud hinted at a stage of psychological maturity in which the ego would be in control of the id and superego and in which consciousness would play a more important role in behavior.

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Maturity

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so-called Freudian slips, are not chance accidents but reveal a person's true but unconscious intentions.

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Parapraxes

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abandoned orthodox psychoanalysis in favor of a more socially oriented theory-one that had a more positive view of feminine development.

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Karen horney

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Horney criticized Freudian theory on at least three accounts

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1) its rigidity toward new ideas, (2) its skewed view of feminine psychology, and (3) its overemphasis on biology and the pleasure principle.

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If children repress feelings of basic hostility, they will develop feelings of insecurity and a pervasive sense of apprehension

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Basic anxiety

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People can protect themselves from basic anxiety through a number of protective devices, including:

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(1) affection, (2) submissiveness, (3) power, prestige, or possession, and (4) withdrawa

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Horney identified 10 categories of neurotic needs that mark neurotics in their attempt to reduce basic anxiety

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(1) for affection and approval, (2) for a powerful partner (3) to restrict one's life within narrow borders, (4) for power, (5) to exploit others, (6) for social recognition or prestige, (7) for personal admiration, (8) for ambition and personal achievement, (9) for self-sufficiency and independence, and (10) for perfection and unassailability.

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Horney recognized three aspects of the idealized self-image:

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1) the neurotic search for glory, or a comprehensive drive toward actualizing the ideal self; (2) neurotic claims, or a belief that they are entitled to special privileges; and (3) neurotic pride, or a false pride based not on reality but on a distorted and idealized view of self

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eurotics dislike themselves because reality always falls short of their idealized view of self. Therefore, they learn self-hatred, which can be expressed as

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(1) relentless demands on the self, (2) merciless self-accusation, (3) self-contempt, (4) self-frustration, (5) self-torment or self-torture, and (6) self-destructive actions and impulses.

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The current concept of codependency, which is based on Horney's notion of morbid dependency, has produced research showing that people with neurotic needs to move toward others will go to great lengths to win the approval of other people.

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Morbid dependency

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he believed that humans have been torn away from their prehistoric union with nature and left with no powerful instincts to adapt to a changing world

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Fromm

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because humans have acquired the ability to reason, they can think about their isolated condition-a situation Fromm called

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Human dilemma

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Fromm identified five of these distinctively human or existential needs

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Relatedness, rootedness, sense of identity, frame of orientation, transcendence

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Form of relatedness

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Submission, love, power

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the ability to unite with another while retaining one's own individuality and integrity, is the only relatedness need that can solve our basic human dilemma

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Love

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Being thrown into the world without their consent, humans have to transcend their nature by destroying or creating people or things. Humans can destroy through malignant aggression, or killing for reasons other than survival, but they can also create and care about their creations.

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Transcendence

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the need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the world

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Rootedness

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an awareness of ourselves as a separate person. The drive for a sense of identity is expressed nonproductively as conformity to a group and productively as individuality.

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Sense of identity

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Fromm meant a road map or consistent philosophy by which we find our way through the world. This need is expressed nonproductively as a striving for irrational goals and productively as movement toward rational goals.

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Frame of orientation

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the only animal possessing self-awareness, humans are what Fromm called

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Freak of the universe

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Three mechanism of escape:

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: (1) authoritarianism, or the tendency to give up one's independence and to unite with a powerful partner; (2) destructiveness, an escape mechanism aimed at doing away with other people or things; and (3) conformity, or surrendering of one's individuality in order to meet the wishes of others.

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which is the spontaneous activity of the whole, integrated personality, and which is achieved when a person becomes reunited with others.

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Positive freedom

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believe that the source of all good lies outside themselves and that the only way they can relate to the world is to receive things, including love, knowledge, and material objects

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Receptive orientation

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also believe that the source of good lies outside themselves, but they aggressively take what they want rather than passively receiving it.

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Exploitative orientation

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try to save what they have already obtained, including their opinions, feelings, and material possessions.

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Hoarding orientation

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see themselves as commodities and value themselves against the criterion of their ability to sell themselves. They have fewer positive qualities than the other orientations because they are essentially empty.

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Marketing orientation

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the love of death and the hatred of all humanity

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Necrophilia

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belief that everything belonging to one's self is of great value and anything belonging to others is worthless

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Malignant narcissism

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an extreme dependence on one's mother or mother surrogate.

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Incentous symbiosis

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someone with , necrophilia, malignant narcissism, and incestuous symbiosis.

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Syndrome of decay

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extended Freud's developmental stages downward to the first 4 to 6 months after birth.

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Klein

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Object relations theory differs from Freudian theory in at least three ways:

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(1) it places more emphasis on interpersonal relationships, (2) it stresses the infant's relationship with the mother rather than the father, and (3) it suggests that people are motivated primarily for human contact rather than for sexual pleasure.

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refers to any person or part of a person that infants introject, or take into their psychic structure and then later project onto other people

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object in object relations

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Klein assumed that very young infants possess an active, unconscious fantasy life. Their most basic fantasies are images of the "good" breast and the "bad" breast.

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Fantasies

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The struggles that infants experience with the good breast and the bad breast lead to two separate and opposing feelings: a desire to harbor the breast and a desire to bite or destroy it. To tolerate these two feelings, the ego splits itself by retaining parts of its life and death instincts while projecting other parts onto the breast. It then has a relationship with the ideal breast and the persecutory breast. To control this situation, infants adopt the paranoid-schizoid position, which is a tendency to see the world as having both destructive and omnipotent qualities.

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Paranoid schizoid Position

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Klein meant the anxiety that infants experience around 6 months of age over losing their mother and yet, at the same time, wanting to destroy her. is resolved when infants fantasize that they have made up for their previous transgressions against their mother and also realize that their mother will not abandon them.

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Depressive position

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as the fantasy of taking into one's own body the images that one has of an external object, especially the mother's breast. Infants usually introject good objects as a protection against anxiety, but they also introject bad objects in order to gain control of them.

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Introjection

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The fantasy that one's own feelings and impulses reside within another person is called

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Projection

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Infants tolerate good and bad aspects of themselves and of external objects by splitting, or mentally keeping apart, incompatible images. Splitting can be beneficial to both children and adults, because it allows them to like themselves while still recognizing some unlikable qualities.

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Splitting

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he psychic defense mechanism whereby infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project them onto another object, and finally introject them in an altered form.

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Projective identification

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Bowlby observed three stages of separation anxiety

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: (1) protest, (2) apathy and despair, and (3) emotional detachment from people, including the primary caregiver. Children who reach the third stage lack warmth and emotion in their later relationships.

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, believes that the key to understanding personality is the mother-child relationship.

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Otto kernsberg

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emphasized the development of the self. In caring for their physical and psychological needs, adults treat infants as if they had a sense of self. The parents' behaviors and attitudes eventually help children form a sense of self that gives unity and consistency to their experiences.

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Heinz kohut

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developed her theory of object relations from careful observations of infants as they bonded with their mothers during their first 3 years of life

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Margaret mahler

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which covers the first 3 to 4 weeks of life, a time when infants satisfy their needs within the all-powerful protective orbit of their mother's care.

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Normal autism

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when infants behave as if they and their mother were an omnipotent, symbiotic unit

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Normal symbiosis

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from about 4 months until about 3 years, a time when children are becoming psychologically separated from their mothers and achieving individuation, or a sense of personal identity.

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Separation indivation

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was to reduce depressive anxieties and persecutory fears and to lessen the harshness of internalized objects

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Kleinian therapy

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emerges only after first splitting itself into two parts: those that deal with the life instinct and those that relate to the death instinct.

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Unified egp

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based on children's fear that their parents will seek revenge against them for their fantasy of emptying the parent's body.

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Oedipus complex according to Klein