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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Freud
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Father of Psychoanalysis
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Alfred Adler
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created Individual psychology
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Carl Jung
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created analytic psychology
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Rollo May
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prime mover in existential counseling movement
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Berne's Transactional Analysis has three ego states:
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1) the Child 2) the Adult 3) the Parent
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Freud's structural theory consists of three parts:
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1) id 2) ego 3) superego
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In transactional analysis the _______ is the conscience or ego stated concerned with moral behavior.
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the Parent
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In Freudian theory, the ____________________ is concerned with moral development
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superego
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Successful resolution of the Oedipus complex is identified by
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identification with the aggressor or the parent of the same sex
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Freudians refer to the ego as
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the administrator of the personality and the reality principle.
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Thanatos
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greek word for death
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id
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present at birth, never matures, operates out of awareness to satisfy instinctual needs according to the pleasure principle
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ego
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the reality principle
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superego
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the ego ideal, perfection rather than pleasure.
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free association
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instructions to say whatever comes to mind, used in therapy sessions
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All associated with the analytical movement
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Freud, Jung, Adler
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Joseph Wolpe
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developed systematic desensitization, behavior therapy to weaken a client's response to anxiety producing stimuli
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Little Albert
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a famous case associated with John Broadus Watson who pioneered American Behaviorism, little Albert had a fear of furry objects
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Classical psychoanalysis
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lengthy process, 3-5 sessions a week for several years, costly
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Psychodynamic Counseling
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utilizes fewer sessions, does not utilize the couch, performed face to face
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Catharsis/Abreaction
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talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions
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Rogerians
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do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice
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Conscious mind
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is aware of the immediate environment
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preconscious mind
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is capable of bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty
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unconscious mind
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is composed of material which is normally hidden or unknown from the client.
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ego defense mechanisms of the unconscious mind
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These minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands. Therapists agree that these mechanisms also deny or distort reality.
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Repression
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According to Freudians the most important defense mechanism
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All of the Defense Mechanisms
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Rationalization, compensation, repression, projection, reaction formation, identification, introjection, denial, displacement
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Reaction formation
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occurs whena person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner.
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denial
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a conscious act, to refuse to think about something also called suppression
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sublimation
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is present when a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way, example an aggressive person becomes a boxer or football player.
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sour grapes rationalization
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underrates a reward
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sweet lemon rationalization
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overrates an award
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resistance
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is a client's tendency to inhibit or fight against the therapeutic process
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Freud's psychoanalysis
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is the oldest major form of therapy
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purpose of interpretation
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to make the clients aware of their unconscious processes
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organ inferiority
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relates to the work of Alfred Adler's individual psychology
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insight
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when a client becomes aware of a factor in his or her life that was unknown, Wolfgang Kohler, The Mentality of Apes
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Jung (analytic psychology said men operate on logic or the ....
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LOGOS principle
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Jung (analytic psychology said women are intuitive, operating on the the ....
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EROS principle
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Mandalas
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drawings used by analytic psychologist Jung, balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients and his dreams. mandala is a Hindu symbol of meditation, magic protective circle of unification
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eidetic imagery
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the ability to remember the most minute details of a scene or a picture for an extended period of time
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Adler (individual psychology)
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emphasized the drive for superiority or will to power, a thirst for perfection that motivated behavior
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constructivist therapy includes
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brief therapy and narrative therapy...as helpers we need to understand the client's view
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Alfred Adler said that
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sibling interaction may have more impact than parent/child interaction
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Neo-Freudians such as Adler, Horney, Erikson, Sullivan and Fromm
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stressed the importance of cultural/social issues and interpersonal (social) relations
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Baseline
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behaviorist term that indicates the frequency that behavior is manifested in the absence of treatment
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Behaviorists and analysts are
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rivals
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unconditional positive regard
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Rogerian (Carl Rogers) concept of caring for a client even when the counselor is uncomfortable or disagrees with the client's position
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introversion (Jung)
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a turning in of the libido, his or her own source of pleasure, shys away from social situations
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extroversion (Jung)
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the tendency to find pleasure and satisfaction in people
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MBTI Myers Brigs Type Indicator
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most widely used measure of personality preferences and dispositions
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4 scales for MBTI
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extroversion/introversion
sensing/intuition thinking/feeling judging/perceiving |
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Rudolph Dreikurs
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student of Adler, first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice
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TAT
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Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test in which the client is shown a series of pictures and asked to tell a story, introduced by Henry Murray
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social connectedness
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Adler believed that people wish to belong
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collective unconscious
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(Jung) implies that all humans have collected universal inherited unconscious neutral patterns
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anima (Jung)
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feminine side archetype
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animus (Jung)
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masculine side archetype
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archetype (Jung)
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a primal universal symbol that means the same thing to all men and women (ex the cross)
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the persona archetype (Jung)
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the mask or role we present to others to hide our true self
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the shadow archetype (Jung)
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the mask behind the persona which contains id like material, denied yet desired
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confrontation
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to illuminate the discrepancies between the client's and the helper's conceptualization of the situation
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accurate empathy
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when a counselor is able to experience the client's point of view in terms of feelings an cognitions
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empathy
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subjective understanding of a client's here and now
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symptom substitution
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psychoanalytic concept if you deal with the symptom another symptom will manifest because the real problem is the unconscious mind
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eclectic counselor
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uses theories and techniques from several models of intervention, Frederick C. Thorne felt that it was rigidly scientific
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lifestyle, birth order, family constellation
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Adler...lifestyle is a predictable self-fulfilling prophesy based on our psychological feelings about ourselves, long for feelings of belonging and strive for perfection
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John Locke
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Associationism asserts that ideas are held together by associations
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BF Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on
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Edward Thorndike's law of effect which asserts that response accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated
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Lazurs and Wolpe
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B-behavior including acts, habits, and reactions
A-affective responses such as emotions, feelings,mood S-sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell I-images, self perception, memories, dreams C-cognitions thoughts I-interpersonal relationships D-drugs, legal, illegal, diet and nutrition |
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Classical Conditioning
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Pavlov
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conditioned
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learned
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unconditioned
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unlearned
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operant conditioning
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also called instrumental learning
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respondent behavior refers to
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reflexes
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all reinforcers
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tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur
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positive punishment
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is said to occur when something is added after a behavior and the behavior decresases
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negative punishment
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takes place when a stimulus is removed following the behavior and the response decreases
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negative reinforcement
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is not used as often as positive reinforcement and is not the same thing as punishment
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Punishment
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decreases the probability that a behavior will occur
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In Pavlov's experiment the bell is the
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Conditioned stimulus/neutral stimulus
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The meat is the
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unconditioned stimulus/reinforcing or charged stimulus
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The most effective time interval between the CS and the UCS is
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.5 or 1/2 second
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The USC before the CS means
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no conditioning occurs
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stimulus generalization or irradiation
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occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus (the bell) produces the same reaction (car horn, etc)
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stimulus discrimination
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the learning process is fine tuned to respond only to a specific stimulus
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experimental neurosis
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when the differentiation process becomes too tough because the stimuli are almost identical
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extinction
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the conditioned stimulus (CS) is not reinforced via the unconditioned stimulus (The salivating stops)
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spontaneous recovery
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the conditioned response will reoccur automatically if the subject is given a bit of rest
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John Watson is associated with
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Little Albert case, fears are leaned not the result of unconscious conflict
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extinction
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sometimes the behavior gets worse before it gets better, response burst. Ignoring the behavior is a common method for extinction
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Time out
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is extinction
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chaining
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a behavioristic term that means , a series of operants joined together by reinforcers
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Behavior modification
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Operant/Instrumental/Skinner
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Behavior therapy
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Respondent/Classical/Pavlovian
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Neal Miller
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did the first studies on animal conditioning to control autonomic processes
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baseline
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charting the occurrence of behavior prior to any therapeutic intervention
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Mary Clover Jones
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demonstrated that learning could serve as a treatment for a phobic reaction
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NLP-Neurlinguistic Programming
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professor John Grinder and John Bandler
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depth psychology
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based on Freud's topographic hypothesis
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counseling pardigm
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a treatment model
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concreteness
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specificity
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a suggestion made by the counselor
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directive
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a bathroom scale is a
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biofeedback device, doesn't change the client, provides biological information
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genuineness or congruence
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the counselor's ability to be himself or herself
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empathy
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the ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client
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Robert Carkhuff
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5 point scale to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness, and respect
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when something is adding following an operant it is called
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a positive reinforcer
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when something is taken away it is called a
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negative reinforcer
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higher order conditioning
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when a new stimulus is associated or paired with the Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
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EMG Feedback
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Electromyogram is used to measure muscle tension
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EEG
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Electroencephalogram is used to monitor brain waves
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EKG
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electrocardiogram provides information on the heart
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Jacobson Method
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alternating tensing and relaxing muscle groups all over the body
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Premack Principle
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an LPB (lower probability behavior) is reinforced by a HPB (higher probability behavior
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continuous reinforcement
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the reinforce is given every time a desired response occurs
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ratio schedules
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based on number of responses
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interval schedules
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based on time elapsed
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variable ratio
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most difficult to extinguish
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SUDS
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(Wolpe) Systematic Desensitization Subjective Units of Distress Scale
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Yerkes Dodson Law
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a moderate amount arousal actually improves performance
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secondary reinforcement
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a stimulus which accompanies a primary reinforce takes on reinforcement properties of its own
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back up reinforcer
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an item or activity which can be purchased using tokens
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aversive conditioning
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an aversive stimulus given to reduce the satisfaction of the old behavior (Antabuse which causes nausea when paired with alcohol)
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systematic desensitization
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starts with the least anxiety arousing and builds up (calling about flight reservations leads up to an actual flight eventually)
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fixed role treatment
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George Kelly, CT reads a script to act think and verbalize like the person in the script
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role playing combined with a hierarchy of situations in which the CT is normally non assertive...
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assertiveness trainers call this behavioral rehearsal
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