Theoretical Foundations Of Nursing Practice

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Provides the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and the central problems of discipline

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Domain; it is the perspective of a profession

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links science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by the discipline

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paradigm

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What four linkages are included in the Nursing's paradigm?

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the person
health
environment/situation
nursing

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direct the activity of the nursing profession, including knowledge development, philosophy, theory, educational experience, research, and practice.

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nursing's paradigm

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the recipient of nursing care, including individual clients, families, and communities.

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Person

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includes all possible conditions affecting the client and the setting in which health care needs occur

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environment/situation

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Diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems

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Nursing

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conceptualization of some aspect of nursing communicated for the purpose of describing, explaining, predicting, and/or prescribing nursing care.

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Nursing theory

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explains factors within a client's living situation that support or interfere with the client's self-care ability

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Orem's theory

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How do nursing theories work?

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provide nurses with:
perspective to view client situations
a way to organize data, and a way to
analyze and interpret information

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a set of concepts, definitions, and assumptions or propositions to explain a phenomenon

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Theory

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what are the five components of caring according to Swanson's theory?

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knowing
being with
doing for
enabling
maintaining belief

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is an aspect of reality that people consciously sense or experience.

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phenomenon

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In Neuman Systems Model, what is included as a phenomenon?

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all client responses
environmental factors
and nursing actions

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can be simple or complex and relate to an object or event that comes from individual perceptual experiences

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concepts

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According to Neuman Systems Model, what factors are considered to be concepts?

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internal and external environmetal factors: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, and environmental

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How do internal and external environmental factors effect the client?

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it may relate to health and wellness, prevention, stressors, and defense mechanisms.

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uses a system approach to describe how clients deal with stressors in their internal and external environment

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Neuman's theory

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the "taken for granted" statements that explain the nature of the concepts, definitions, purpose, relationships, and structure of a theory.

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Assumptions

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broad in scope, complex, and therefore require further specification through research.

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grand theories

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more limited in scope and are less abstract. They address a specific phenomenon and reflect practice (administration, clinical, or teaching).

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middle-range theories

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Neuman System Model is an example of what type of theory?

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Grand theory; it provides comprehensive foundation for scientific nursing practice, education, and research.

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this type of theory tends to cross different nursing fields and reflect a wide variety of nursing care situations, such as uncertainty, incontinence, social support, quality of life, and caring

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middle-range theories

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Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness is what type of theory?

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middle-range theory; focuses on clients experiences with cancer while living with continual uncertainty. provides basis to assist clients in coping with uncertainty and the illness response.

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first level of theory development; describes phenomena, speculate on why phenomena occur and describe the consequences of phenomena.

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Descriptive theories

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These types of theories DO NOT direct specific nursing activities but help to explain client assessments

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Descriptive theories

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address nursing interventions for a phenomenon and predict the consequence of a specific nursing intervention

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Prescriptive theories

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designates the prescription (nursing intervention), the condition under which the prescription occurs, and the consequences

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Prescriptive theories

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Mishel's theory of uncertainty predicts that increasing the coping skills of clients with gynecological cancer assists their ability to deal with the uncertainty of the cancer dx and tx.

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This is a type of prescriptive theory: Hint: "Predicts"

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This type of theory provides a framework to design interventions that support and strengthen client's coping resources.

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Prescriptive theory

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The overall goal of nursing knowledge is to explain the practice of nursing as different and distinct from the practice of which three areas?

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Medicine
Psychology
Social work

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spoke with firm conviction about the "nature of nursing as a profession that requires knowledge distinct from medical knowledge"

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Florence Nightingale

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What is the basis for professional nursing?

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the integration of theory into practice

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explains a systematic view of a phenomenon specific to the discipline of inquiry

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interdisciplinary theory

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which theory helps to explain how children think, reason, and perceive the world? And what type of theory is this?

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Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This is an example of interdisciplinary theory

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What are the two types of system theories?

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open
closed

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human organisms or processes like the nursing process interact with the environment, exchanging information between the system and the environment is which type of system theory?

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Open

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A system that does NOT interact with the environment, such as a chemical reaction within a test tube is what type of system theory?

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Closed

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what is the goal of the nursing process ?

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to organize and deliver an individualized approach to nursing care

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what are the four components of the nursing process AS A SYSTEM?

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input
output
feedback
content

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for the nursing process, this is the data or information that comes from a client's assessment

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input

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for the nursing process, this is the end product and is whether the client's health status improves or remains stable as a result of nursing care

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output

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serves to inform a system about how it functions; the clients response to nursing interventions

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feedback

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product and information obtained; is the information about the nursing care for clients with specific health care problems. pts with impaired mobility have specific skin care needs and tx

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content

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an interdisciplinary theory that is useful for designating priorities of nursing care

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs

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what are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

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physiological needs
safety and security needs
love and belonging needs
esteem and self-esteem needs
self-actualization

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What is included with physiological needs?

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air, water, and food

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what is included with safety and security needs?

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physical and psychological security

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what is included with love and belonging needs?

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friendship, social relationships, and sexual love

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What is included in esteem and self-esteem needs?

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self-confidence, usefulness, achievement, and self worth

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What is included in self-actualization needs?

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the state of fully achieving potential and having the ability to solve problems and cope realistically with life's situations.

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The goal of nursing is to facilitate "the body's reparative processes" by manipulating client's environment: belongs to which theory?

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Nightingale's theory

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What was the framework of practice for Nightingale's theory?

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to provide fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet, and adequate nutrition. Also, socialization and hope.

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The nursing goal of which theory is to develop interaction between the nurse and client?

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Peplau's theory

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According to Peplau's theory, what are the four phases that characterize the nurse-client interpersonal relationship?

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orientation
identification
explanation
resolution

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assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities that will contribute to health, recovery, or a peaceful death.

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Henderson's theory

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The goal of henderson's theory is...

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independence

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How many basic needs are structured into Henderson's theory?

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14

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Henderson's theory includes phenomena from the following five domains of the client:

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physiological
psychological
sociocultural
spiritual
developmental

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Which theory considers the individual (unitary human being) as an energy field coexisting within the universe?

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Roger's theory

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what are the four dimensions of Roger's theory?

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energy fields
openness
pattern and organization
dimensionality

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which theory focuses on the client's self-care needs?

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Orem's theory

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How does Orem define self care?

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learned, goal-oriented activity directed toward the self in the interest of maintaining life, health, development, and well-being.

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what is the goal of Orem's theory?

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to help the client perform self-care, or to increase the client's ability to independently meet the needs to perform self care.

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According to Orem's theory, nursing care is necessary when the patient is unable to fulfill which needs?

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biological
psychological
developmental
and/or social needs

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According to Leininger's theory, which social structure factors are significant forces affecting care and influencing the client's health and illness patterns?

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religion
politics
culture
traditions

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What is the goal of Leininger's theory?

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to provide the client with culturally specific nursing care.

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Roy's theory views the client as what kind of system?

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Adaptive

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According to Roy's model, the goal of nursing is to ........

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help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness.

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According to Roy's theory, when is nursing care needed?

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When the client cannot adapt to internal and external environmental demands.

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According to Roy's theory, what four demands must all individuals adapt to?

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meeting basic physiological needs
developing a positive self-concept
performing social roles
achieving a balance between dependence and independence

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which theory defines the outcome of nursing activity in regard to the humanistic aspects of life?

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Watson's theory

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According to Watson's theory, what is the purpose of nursing actions?

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to understand the interrelationship between health, illnes, and human behavior.

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what must the nurse be knowledgeable in Watson's theory?

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human behavior and human responses to actual or potential health problems.

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According to Watson's theory, the nurse must also know what about the client, the clients family, and the nurse?

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individual needs, how to respond to others, and strengths and limitations of the client, family, and those of the nurse.

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what three things does the nurse offer the client and family in Watson's theory?

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compassion, comfort, and empathy.

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Caring is central. Caring creates possibilities for coping, enables possibilities for connecting with and concern for others, and allows for the giving and receiving of help.

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Benner and Wrubel's theory

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According to Benner and Wrubel's theory, which four things matter to people?

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persons
events
projects
things

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Benner and Wrubel's theory sees WHAT as a inherent feature of nursing practice?

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personal concern

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What are the organizing frameworks for the science of nursing and the substantive approaches for nursing care?

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Theories

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"reflects on the basic values, guiding principles, elements, and phases of a conception of nursing": is which type of knowledge?

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Theoretical

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to stimulate thining and create a broad understand of the "science" and practices of the nursing discipline: is the goal of which knowlege?

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Theoretical

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the "art" of nursing, which is based on the nurses' experience in providing care to clients: is which type of knowledge?

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Practical

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Who transports the art and science of nursing into the scientific realm of creative caring?

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The "expert nurse"

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determines how accurately a theory describes a nursing phenomenon, and increases nursing's knowledge base

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Theory testing