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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did the National Assembly think the revolution was going to be like ? |
They expected a "moderate revolution" where the monarchy remained but its powers reduced and shared with a wider range of French people. |
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What is a constitutional monarch ? |
A monarch whose powers are limited by a constitution |
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What is a constitution ? |
The fundamental principles according to which a state is governed which can be written as in the case of France or unwritten as in the case of Great Britain |
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Who lade the laws ? |
The National Assembly |
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Where did people believe the KIng's loyalties lay ? |
Two ways one side: the National Assembly (NA) "I will support the Constitution" other side: the Clergy "I will destroy the Constitution" |
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What were the four questions that the National Assembly were asking themselves? |
-Who would be allowed to vote ? -How would taxes be raised ? -Would Catholicism be the official religion of France -What powers would the King have? allowed to veto ? |
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At what point as it clear that the constitutional monarchy was going to fail ? |
When Louis started to veto many laws |
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List the individuals and groups that share the blame for the failure of the new system of constitutional monarchy. |
-National Assembly Deputies -Club Monarchiques and émigrés -Legislative Assembly Deputies -sans-culottes -Louis and Marie-Antoinette -the Feuillants -the Jacobins Club -the Cordeliers Club |
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What did the deputies of the National Assembly want to change in the local government ? |
They wanted to form a more coherent structure, they wanted to give more power to the local areas and for the system to be democratic with all officials elected. |
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Why did the National Assembly want to change the Ancien Regime ? |
Because weakening the central government was one way to safeguard the Revolution as it made it more difficult for Louis to recover his power. |
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Who had the right to vote in elections in communes under the new system ? |
All men over 25 who paid tax equivalent to 3 days' wages. 4 million Frenchmen the right to vote "active citizens" |
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What was the disadvantage of the voting in elections in communes under the new system ? |
It excluded over 3 million men and all women "passive citizens" |
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Who was able to vote in elections at canton, department and National Assembly level ? |
Only open to those men paying tax worth 10 days' wages |
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What made the voting system heavily weighted in favour of the wealthy ? |
To stand for election to be a deputy required a tax payment that was out of reach from most Frenchman. |
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What did the deputies do to change the new legal system ? |
- a Justice of the Peace -criminal court with trail by jury in each department |
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What were the Justices of the Peace ? |
JPs tried criminal cases up to the value of 50 livres. They were elected by active citizens and served for two years. |
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-what replaced the old methods of execution -what did they use as a method of execution before ? |
-the guillotine -decapitation (nobles), being broken on the wheel (Third Estates) |
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What did the deputies try to do with the tax system as soon as the government collapse? What happened ? |
They tried to maintain it. The didn't worked because people refused to pay taxes and sometimes deputies had to face physical threats |
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What changes were made to the tax system after 1789? |
-most unpopular direct and indirect and the old system of tax farming taxes were abolished |
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What provided an interim source of income ? |
The nationalisation of the Church |
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What bonds backed the value of the lands gained by the Church's nationalisation ? |
Assignats: were initially government bonds secured on the value of nationalised Church land. A buyer gave money and in return received a bond which would pay interest. |
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Why were assignats used as paper money ? |
To pay the government's creditors and to buy more Church land. |
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What three taxes replaced all the abolished ones? |
-la contribution foncière: a land tax payed by everyone -la contribution mobilière: tax on noble goods such as grain payed by the active citizens -patente: a tax on commercial profits |
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What changes were made to the French Economy ? |
-all internal incomes were abolished -price controls removed -old system guilds (restricted entry to craft) abolished -strikes were made illegal |
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What did the Chapelier Law do ? |
It banned trade unions and employers' organisations. |
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Where were the changes to the constitution really visible ? |
Within the Church |
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What changes were made within the Church ? |
-abolition of pluralism -clergy paid by state instead of collecting the tithe -suppression of monastic orders that did not provide education or charitable work. -Civil right granted to Protestants 1789 and Jews in 1791 |
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What were the Church very unhappy about ? |
They were furious about the fact that they had to make Catholicism the official religion of France? |
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What was the crucial class to do the Church reforms? |
"From publication of the present decree there will be only one way of appointing ti bishops and curés, namely election." |
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Why did the deputies make the Church sign an act on the 27 November 1790? |
required the Clergy to take an oath to the constitution |
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What did the Church think the civil Constitution cause a divide in the Church ? |
Choice between their religion and the revolution and posed a potential conflict due to their first loyalty God . |
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When did Louis sign the legislation ? |
26 December 1790 |
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How many parish priests swore the oath ? |
50% |
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Who were the refractory clergy ? |
The clergy who refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the Constitution |
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What undermined Louis' confidence ? |
-Civil Constitution of the Clergy -realisation that his negotiating position was weakening as long as he was in Paris |
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What was Louis planning to do? |
escaping from Paris to Montmédy in Lorraine where he could negotiate with the National Assembly from a position of strength |
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What did Mirabeau advise him to do regarding his escape ? |
He advised him to leave under protection of soldiers and to do it during the dat so it den's look like an escape. |
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What happened on the 20th June 1791 ? |
The King and his family disguised as servants of a Russian aristocrat and secretly left the Tuileries in the middle of the night. He was recognised and stopped at Varennes; this event it known as the Flight to Varennes. |
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What did Louis do before he left Paris? |
He wrote a proclamation expressing his true feelings about the new constitution and how he was against it. He said that: -the crown had insufficient power -the Jacobins were to great -poverty was attacked -there was anarchy in France |
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How did the deputies of the National Assembly try and keep things on track during the flight of Varennes to avoid an uproar? |
They declared that Louis had been kidnapped an was therefore blameless. No one believed it. |
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What choice did it leave people to make ? |
Did they come out in support of constitutional monarchy or in favour of republicanism. |
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What was most damaging about the flight to Varennes? |
Many politicians now didn't believe the constitution would work. |
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How was Marie-Antoinette more active in politics? |
-she had secrete discussions with Mirabeau and Barnave trying too make the constitutional monarchy work -advised the King |
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What were her thoughts on the Constitutional Monarchy ? |
She was very against it and said it was "monstrous" |
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How did Marie Antoinette get military help? |
Writing letters to other European monarchs. |
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How did the Jacobin Club emerge? |
From the original meetings of a group of Breton deputies in 1789 and was given the name of the Jacobin convent rue Saint Honoré where they met. |
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How did it draw members from the wealthier society? |
-high admission (12 livres) -membership fees (24 livres) -they were politically active |
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What did the Jacobins discuss in their meetings ? How manny time did they meet ? |
The issues that arose in the National Assembly. 4 times a week Acted as a group for first patriot and then radical revolutionary ideas. |
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Who led the Jacobins ? |
Robespierre |
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How did the Jacobins react to the Flight to Varennes? |
They drew up a petition that stated that the King had abdicated and that he should not be replaced unless the majority of the nation agreed to it. |
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What did the Flight to Varennes mean ? |
It advocated the end of a possible constitutional monarchy and the Jacobin club decided to separate. |
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Why did the Jacobin club decide to separate? |
the majority of its members, including the National Assembly deputies, were constitutional monarchists and were glad to split from the more radical republican members. |
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-when did the Cordelier Club originate? -how did they have a large membership ? |
-1790 -they had much lower admission, affordableadn women were aloud |
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Who were the leaders of the Cordeliers Club leaders? |
Danton,Desmoulins, Marat and Herbert. |
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What did they see was their role? |
-politically educating the common people -keeping an eye on the actions of the deputies -acting as bodyguards to protect the leaders and as leaders of the democratic movement |
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What did the Cordeliers Club do after the Flight to Varennes and the split of the Jacobin Club? |
They organised a signing ceremony for Danton and Brissot's petition for a republic on the Champs de Mars on 17 July 1791. |
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What happened that caused the event to be called the Massacre of the Champs de Mars ? |
Bailly declared martial law and called the National Guard. 50 people were killed |
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What happened to the leaders of the Cordeliers Club after the Massacre of the Champs de Mars? |
Danton: went abroad Desmoulins: arrested Marat: went into hiding The Club wash shut down |
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Who was the Club Monarchique? |
- counter revolutionary group which emerged in 1790. -made of National Assembly, clergy, nobility and upper bourgeoisie |
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What did the Club Monarchique do ? |
-sponsored counter-revolutionary propaganda -fostered links with the émigrés -used charity to build popular support in Paris -encouraged the formation of similar groups across France |
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Who were the émigrés ? |
Nobles who had emigrated from France since the Revolution began including Louis' brother. |
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What did the Compte D'Artois do after he left ? |
He set up his court in Turin and plotted to overthrow the Revolution despite Louis' refusal |
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What was Louis' thoughts about the Club Monarchique ? |
He believed their actions were jeopardising his negotiating position and increased popular ears of counter-revolution. |
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Who were the sans-culottes? |
The most radical revolutionary group who had stormed the Bastille and forced the royal family to leave Versailles to go to Paris however they did not benefit from the revolution |
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What did the sans-culottes do for the revolution? |
They were responsible for the riots and strikes and pressed for the right of vote. |
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What did the sans-culottes do for Louis d-to want to leave Paris secretly? |
They blocked his carriage when he tried to go to Saint Cloud. |
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Who were the Feuillants ? |
-the formers Jacobins who were opposed to republicanism -members of the Société |
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What was the société and who was part of it ? |
direct constitutional monarchist group founded in 1790 as a direct response to the Jacobins. Lafayette, Mirabeau, Sieyès |
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What happened to the Feuillants after the Champs de Mars Massacre and the closure of the Cordeliers Club? |
They were now the dominant group and they controlled the National Assembly |
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Why did the Feuillants control the National Assembly ? |
Because they won most arguments which enabled them to complete the new constitution |
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What was the problem of the National Assembly being replaced by the Legislative Assembly ? |
The deputies passed a self-denying decree meaning no NA deputies could be part of the LA (no one who had written the constitution) |
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New Constitution |
The King: -appoints minister,conducts foreign policy, head of armed forces -civil list/funding from the State of 25 million/yr -cannot block legislation but can veto(2-4yrs) Legislative Assembly: -745 deputies elected every two yrs -control of all legislation, gov finances and armed forces -can impeach ministers |
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Who made up the Legislative Assembly ? How was the position of the deputies determined? |
-bourgeoisie -noble -clergy Depending on which club you were part of |
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What allowed the Jacobin Brissot to control all the debates of the assembly ? |
Many deputies distrusted the King |
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What did the Legislative Assembly talk about ? |
-the émigrés -refractory clergy Counter-revolutionary threat |
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What two laws did the legislative assembly pass on that Louis vetoed ? |
-any refractory clergy who continued to refuse to swear the oath would be regarded as conspiring against the nation -confiscation of the property of any émigré that did not return |
