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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the nail in relation to the skin? |
An appendage |
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What is the technical name for the nail? |
Onyx |
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What is the study of the structure and growth of the nails? |
Onychology |
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What is the area of the nail on which the nail body rests and nerves and blood vessels are found? |
The Nail Bed |
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What is the half moon shape at the base of the nail, which appears white due to a reflection of light at the point where the nail matrix and nail bed meet? |
The Lunula |
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What is the skin that touches, overlaps and surrounds the nail? |
The Perionychium |
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What is the active tissue that generates cells, which harden as they move outward from the root to the nail? |
The Nail Matrix |
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What is the cuticle that overlaps the lunula at the base of the nail? |
The Eponychium |
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What is the part of the nail that extends beyond the end of the finger and protects the tips of the fingers or toes? |
The Free Edge |
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What is attached to the matrix at the base of the nail, under the skin and inside the mantle? |
The Nail Root |
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What is the visible nail area from the nail root to free edge, made of layers and no nerves or blood vessels are found? What is another term for it? |
Nail Body or Nail Plate |
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What is the pocket-like structure that holds the root and matrix? |
The Mantle |
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What is the folds of skin on either side of the nail groove called? |
The Nail Wall |
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What are the tracks on either side of the nail that the nail moves on as it grows? |
The Nail Grooves |
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What is the loose and pliable overlapping skin around the nail? |
The Cuticle |
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What is the skin underneath the free edge? |
The Hyponychium |
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What is the nail made of? |
Keratin (hardened) protein |
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Where does nail growth originate from? |
Active tissue known as the matrix, located in the mantle |
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Where does nail growth originate from? |
Active tissue known as the matrix, located in the mantle |
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How do nails grow? |
The matrix contains lymph, blood vessels and nerves that create cells, which are pushed outward from the nail root |
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Where does nail growth originate from? |
Active tissue known as the matrix, located in the mantle |
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How do nails grow? |
The matrix contains lymph, blood vessels and nerves that create cells, which are pushed outward from the nail root |
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How long does the growth of a new nail plate take under normal circumstances? |
4 to 6 months |
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On average, how much do nails grow per month in adults? |
1/8" |
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On average, how much do nails grow per month in adults? |
1/8" |
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Why do nails grow more rapidly in younger people? |
Because general cell reproduction is occurring at a faster rate |
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On average, how much do nails grow per month in adults? |
1/8" |
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Why do nails grow more rapidly in younger people? |
Because general cell reproduction is occurring at a faster rate |
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What time of year do nails grow faster? |
In the summer |
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On average, how much do nails grow per month in adults? |
1/8" |
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Why do nails grow more rapidly in younger people? |
Because general cell reproduction is occurring at a faster rate |
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What time of year do nails grow faster? |
In the summer |
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What three things can affect nail growth? |
Nutrition, health and disease |
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On average, how much do nails grow per month in adults? |
1/8" |
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Why do nails grow more rapidly in younger people? |
Because general cell reproduction is occurring at a faster rate |
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What time of year do nails grow faster? |
In the summer |
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What three things can affect nail growth? |
Nutrition, health and disease |
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Which nail grows the slowest and which the fastest? |
Slowest – thumbnail Fastest – middle finger |
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What is the difference between toenails and fingernails? |
Toenails are harder and thicker than fingernails but grow more slowly |
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What can injuries to the nail result in? |
Shape distortions and nail discolouration |
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What are two ways permanent distortions can occur? |
1. A nail is lost due to trauma and, without the protection of the nail plate, the nail bed or matrix is injured
2. A nail is lost through disease or infection. The regrown nail, in these circumstances, is often distorted in shape |
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What is the term for disease, disorder or condition of the nail? |
Onychosis |
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What should be done if a disease is present on the client? |
No nail service can be performed; the client must be referred to a physician |
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What should be done if a disease is present on the client? |
No nail service can be performed; the client must be referred to a physician |
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What should be done if a disorder is present on the client? |
Nail services may be done with care; the client may want to consult a physician for help and information |
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What should be done if a condition is present on a client? |
Nail services can be performed, and the condition should improve with correct techniques, products or improved nutrition |
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A study of onychosis considers what four factors? |
1. Identification of the disease, disorder or condition
2. Etiology or cause of the disease, disorder or condition
3. Diagnosis, the identification of an onychosis by the symptoms, and prognosis, the outlook for recovery
4. In-salon treatments: - Products used and recommended for home care - Techniques used and taught to the client |
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What are three possibilities for the etiology or cause of the disease? |
1. Systemic (meaning throughout the system) causes are internal. They are related to illness, nutrition or heredity
2. Environmental causes include nail services or products (chemicals) that have adversely altered the skin or nail
3. Disease-related cause is often invasion of the skin or nail tissues by an agent like bacteria or fungi. These agents are contagious and spread by contact |
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What are three possibilities for the etiology or cause of the disease? |
1. Systemic (meaning throughout the system) causes are internal. They are related to illness, nutrition or heredity
2. Environmental causes include nail services or products (chemicals) that have adversely altered the skin or nail
3. Disease-related cause is often invasion of the skin or nail tissues by an agent like bacteria or fungi. These agents are contagious and spread by contact |
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What are the six signs of infection in the nail and hands? |
– Pain – Swelling – Redness – Local fever – Throbbing – Pus |
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What seven things should you be looking for while performing an examination on a clients hands? |
– Temperature of skin (coldness may indicate poor circulation; heat may indicate infection) – Skin texture/feel (may indicate need for moisture or possible diseases or disorders) – Inflammations/redness on hand or nails (may indicate need for moisture/possible diseases or disorders) – Color/condition of nail bed (may identify visible injuries, disease and/or indications of poor circulation) – Condition and length of free edge (may identify nail biter or picker; may indicate dry, brittle nails) – Tenderness or stiff joints (special massage techniques may be required) – Shape and thickness of nail plate (may indicate a disease or disorder and how to properly file) |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the nail? What are two other terms for this? |
Onychomychosis AKA: Tinea Unguium Or Unguis |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the nail? What are two other terms for this? |
Onychomychosis AKA: Tinea Unguium Or Unguis |
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What is the technical term that refers to a loosening or separation of the nail? |
Onycholysis |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the nail? What are two other terms for this? |
Onychomychosis AKA: Tinea Unguium Or Unguis |
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What is the technical term that refers to a loosening or separation of the nail? |
Onycholysis |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of skin around the nail? What is another term for this and what is its prognosis? |
Paronychia OR Felon
Prognosis - Red, swollen, sore, warm to touch, can lose the nail; must be diagnosed and treated by a physician; healing takes four weeks; nail may grow out deformed but can recover shape |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the nail? What are two other terms for this? |
Onychomychosis AKA: Tinea Unguium Or Unguis |
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What is the technical term that refers to a loosening or separation of the nail? |
Onycholysis |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of skin around the nail? What is another term for this and what is its prognosis? |
Paronychia OR Felon
Prognosis - Red, swollen, sore, warm to touch, can lose the nail; must be diagnosed and treated by a physician; healing takes four weeks; nail may grow out deformed but can recover shape |
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What is the technical term that refers to shedding or falling off of nails? |
Onychoptosis |
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What is the technical term for atrophy of the nail or wasting away of the nail? |
Onychatrophia |
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What is the technical term for athletes foot or ringworm of the feet? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea pedis
Cause - fungus, disease-related; thrives in dark, moist places |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of the nail matrix? |
Onychia |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the nail? What are two other terms for this? |
Onychomychosis AKA: Tinea Unguium Or Unguis |
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What is the technical term that refers to a loosening or separation of the nail? |
Onycholysis |
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What is the technical term for inflammation of skin around the nail? What is another term for this and what is its prognosis? |
Paronychia OR Felon
Prognosis - Red, swollen, sore, warm to touch, can lose the nail; must be diagnosed and treated by a physician; healing takes four weeks; nail may grow out deformed but can recover shape |
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What is the technical term that refers to shedding or falling off of nails? |
Onychoptosis |
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What is the technical term for ringworm of the hand? What is the cause of this? |
Tinea Manus
Cause - fungus, disease-related |
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What is a nail disorder where nails appear blueish in color? What is the cause of this? |
Blue nails
Cause – systemic problems of the heart, poor circulation or injury |
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What is a nail disorder also called "claw nails" that represents an increased curvature of the nails? |
Onychogryposis |
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What is a nail disorder also called "claw nails" that represents an increased curvature of the nails? |
Onychogryposis |
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What is a nail disorder also called spoon nails were nails have a concave shape? |
Koilonychia |
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What is a nail disorder also called "claw nails" that represents an increased curvature of the nails? |
Onychogryposis |
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What is a nail disorder also called spoon nails were nails have a concave shape? |
Koilonychia |
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What is a nail disorder where nails are very thin and soft? What is the cause of this? |
Eggshell nails
Cause – hereditary or nervous condition |
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What is a nail disorder that describes a thickening of the nail plate or an abnormal outgrowth of the nail? What is another term for this? |
Onychauxis OR Hypertrophy |
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What is a nail disorder that describes a thickening of the nail plate or an abnormal outgrowth of the nail? What is another term for this? |
Onychauxis OR Hypertrophy |
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What is a nail disorder where there are horizontal wavy ridges across the nail? |
Corrugations |
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What is a nail disorder that describes a thickening of the nail plate or an abnormal outgrowth of the nail? What is another term for this? |
Onychauxis OR Hypertrophy |
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What is a nail disorder where there are horizontal wavy ridges across the nail? |
Corrugations |
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What is a nail disorder meaning ingrown nails? |
Onychocryptosis |
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What is a nail disorder that describes indented vertical lines down the nail plate? |
Furrows |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What nail condition shows dark purpleish discolouration under the nail? What is this also known as? |
Bruised nails OR Splinter Hemorrhages |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What nail condition shows dark purpleish discolouration under the nail? What is this also known as? |
Bruised nails OR Splinter Hemorrhages |
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What is the nail condition meaning split cuticles (loose skin partially separated from the cuticle)? What is another term for this? |
Agnails OR Hangnails |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What nail condition shows dark purpleish discolouration under the nail? What is this also known as? |
Bruised nails OR Splinter Hemorrhages |
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What is the nail condition meaning split cuticles (loose skin partially separated from the cuticle)? What is another term for this? |
Agnails OR Hangnails |
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What is a nail condition where white spots appear in the nail? What is its prognosis? |
Leuconychia
Prognosis – a small separation from the nail bed; grows out with the nail |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What nail condition shows dark purpleish discolouration under the nail? What is this also known as? |
Bruised nails OR Splinter Hemorrhages |
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What is the nail condition meaning split cuticles (loose skin partially separated from the cuticle)? What is another term for this? |
Agnails OR Hangnails |
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What is a nail condition where white spots appear in the nail? What is its prognosis? |
Leuconychia
Prognosis – a small separation from the nail bed; grows out with the nail |
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What is a nail condition that refers to split or brittle nails? |
Onychorrhexis |
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What is a nail disorder that describes the swelling of the nail and is often associated with Onychauxis? |
Onychophyma |
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What nail condition shows dark purpleish discolouration under the nail? What is this also known as? |
Bruised nails OR Splinter Hemorrhages |
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What is the nail condition meaning split cuticles (loose skin partially separated from the cuticle)? What is another term for this? |
Agnails OR Hangnails |
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What is a nail condition where white spots appear in the nail? What is its prognosis? |
Leuconychia
Prognosis – a small separation from the nail bed; grows out with the nail |
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What is a nail condition that refers to split or brittle nails? |
Onychorrhexis |
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What is a nail condition that refers to bitten nails? |
Onychophagy |
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What term refers to the living skin that becomes attached to the nail plate either at the eponychium or the hyponychium? |
Pterygium |
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What is nail fungus or mold? |
A very contagious vegetable parasite that causes discolouration and is easily spread |
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What could discolouration of the nail indicate? |
Serious problems in the nail bed or nail plate |
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What could discolouration of the nail indicate? |
Serious problems in the nail bed or nail plate |
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What will the condition of the hands and nails often indicate? |
The overall health of the body |
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What is the purpose of a nail service? |
To improve the appearance of the hands and, in particular, the nails |
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What are the five basic nail shapes? |
– Pointed – Oval – Round – Square - Squoval |
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What are the five basic nail shapes? |
– Pointed – Oval – Round – Square - Squoval |
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What is the strongest nail shape? |
Square; the more square the nail shape, the stronger it is |
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What product loosens dead skin? |
Cuticle remover cream |
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What product loosens dead skin? |
Cuticle remover cream |
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What product evens out the nail plate, holds nail colour to nail and prevents pigments from penetrating the nail plate? |
A base coat |
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What product loosens dead skin? |
Cuticle remover cream |
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What product evens out the nail plate, holds nail colour to nail and prevents pigments from penetrating the nail plate? |
A base coat |
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What product stops bleeding when applied? |
A styptic product |
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What product aids in fast drying of polish; protects from stickiness or matte finish to polish? |
Speed dry (nail dryer) |
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What product aids in fast drying of polish; protects from stickiness or matte finish to polish? |
Speed dry (nail dryer) |
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What product removes stains and whitens nails? What does this product contain? |
Nail bleach – lightener or high percent hydrogen peroxide |
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What tool or implement shortens and shapes natural nails and smooths rough edges by using sandpaper-like fine and coarse sides? |
An emery board |
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What is the first step to infection control and safety? |
Wash your hands and have your clients wash their hands with liquid soap |
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What are the seven steps for the blood spill procedure? |
1. Stop the service; wash your hands; cover your hands with protective gloves when dealing with an injured party
2. Apply antiseptic and/or liquid or spray styptic product to the injured party. If you are injured, stop the service and clean the injured area; apply antiseptic and/or liquid or spray styptic product
3. Dress or cover the injury with appropriate dressing
4. Cover injured area with finger guard or glove as appropriate
5. Clean and disinfect implements and workstation with a broad spectrum disinfectant
6. Double-bag all blood-soiled (contaminated) articles and label the bag as hazardous waste or as directed by your area's regulating agency; remove your gloves and clean your hands with a liquid soap
7. Return to client and continue the service |
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What is the term for the cosmetic care of the hands and fingernails? |
Manicure |
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When filing and shaping the nails where should you begin? |
With the little finger on one hand |
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What should be used to push back the cuticle on each finger? |
A cotton wrapped orangewood stick or cuticle pusher |
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How should fingers be massaged? |
Using circular effleurage movements, also known as joint movements |
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How should men's nails be filed? |
Short, usually into either a round or square shape |
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What is the term for the cosmetic care of the feet and toenails? |
Pedicure |
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How should toenails be filed? |
Straight across, softening the corners to avoid ingrown toenails |
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How are dead skin cells removed during a pedicure? |
A sloughing lotion or foot scrub is applied to the entire foot and massage in |
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What are the two differences in a French manicure as opposed to a plain manicure? |
– White polish is applied on the free edge – Pink or peach polish is applied to the entire nail |
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What are the two differences in a French manicure as opposed to a plain manicure? |
– White polish is applied on the free edge – Pink or peach polish is applied to the entire nail |
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What is an additional service that some salons offer their clients? |
Nail art |
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What is the purpose of artificial nails? |
To improve the appearance of ones nails and help to conceal broken nails |
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What is the purpose of artificial nails? |
To improve the appearance of ones nails and help to conceal broken nails |
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What 2 products mix together to form an acrylic nail? What physical form do these products come in? |
Monomer - liquid Polymer - powder |
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What product reduces the amount of moisture in the nail when brushed over the nail plate, allows better adhesion of nail enhancements and reduces growth of bacteria? |
Dehydrant (Antiseptic) |
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What product reduces the amount of moisture in the nail when brushed over the nail plate, allows better adhesion of nail enhancements and reduces growth of bacteria? |
Dehydrant (Antiseptic) |
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What is created with the combination of acrylic powder called a polymer and a liquid called a monomer? |
An Acrylic Overlay |
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What is the problem most often reported by clients who wear sculptured nails? |
The formation of bacteria under the artificial nail |
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How many zones are on the nail for applying nail product? |
3 |
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What are woven materials that are applied to the natural nails or nails with tips to add strength? |
Nail wraps |
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What are woven materials that are applied to the natural nails or nails with tips to add strength? |
Nail wraps |
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What type of lights are gel nails placed under to cure (harden)? |
Ultraviolet or halogen |
