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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give 4 functions of the skeleton |
1. Support 2. Movement 3. Protection 4. Production (red bone marrow - red blood cells, platelets and monocytes) |
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Name the 2 parts of the skeleton |
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton |
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What passes through the central canal of the vertebrae? |
Spinal cord |
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What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
The skull, vertebral column(spine), ribs and sternum |
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Give the 5 regions of the vertebrae |
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5 fused), coccyx (tailbone, 4 fused) |
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What substance is between each vertebra and what is its function? |
Discs of cartilage. Prevents friction |
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The spinal vertebra |
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The spine |
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Name the two girdles |
The pectoral girdle The pelvic girdle |
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What does the pectoral girdle consist of? |
The clavicle and the scapula |
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What are attached to these? |
The bones of the arm - humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges |
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Name the bones of the leg |
femur patella tibia fibula tarsals metatarsals and phalanges |
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The human skeleton |
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What is the pelvic girdle attached to? |
The sacrum of the vertebral column |
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
The limbs and the girdles that attach them to the spine |
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What is a joint? |
Where two bones meet |
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Name the 3 different types of joints |
Immovable, slightly movable and free moving (synovial) |
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A synovial joint |
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Name two synovial joints |
Hinge joint - knee Ball and socket joint - shoulder |
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What are antagonistic muscles? |
Muscles that work together in pairs to perform a particular action |
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Give an example of a pair of antagonistic muscles |
Bisceps and triceps |
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The biceps and triceps |
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Name the 4 major components of the long bone |
Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage Medullary cavity |
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What is compact bone? |
Dense outer-layer of smooth, solid bone Strength and rigidity Contains living cells - osteoblasts |
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What is spongy bone? |
Consists of honeycomb structure Strength and rigidity Lighter Spaces filled with either red or yellow bone marrow |
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What is Articular Cartilage? |
Surrounds the end of bone and protects it from friction and shock |
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What is the medullary cavity |
Central cavity bounded by compact bone tapering at ends to spongy bone. Filled with yellow bone marrow in adults and red bone marrow in children |
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The long bone structure |
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What is the skeleton of the human embryo made from? |
Cartilage |
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At what week is the cartilage replaced by bone tissue? |
Week 8 |
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How is bone made? |
Osteoblasts secrete a protein matrix which combines with calcium phosphate to form bone |
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How are bones lengthened? |
At the growth plates |
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What are growth plates made from ? |
Cartilage cells which divide to lengthen the bone and then change to bone by osteoblasts |
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What happens to the plates when the bone is fully grown? |
They disappear - max height |
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The growth plates of a bone |
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What breaks down bone in adults? |
Osteoclasts |
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How do osteoclasts work? |
Absorb broken-down bone cells and deposit calcium into the blood |
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What is the calcium used for? |
Used by the osteoblasts to make calcium phosphate for new bone |
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Name 4 hormones which regulate bone growth |
Thyroxine, growth hormone, oestrogen and testosterone |
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Name a disorder in the human skeleton, the cause and treatment |
Disorder: arthritis Cause: joint cartilage degenerating through wear and tear and old age Treatment: asprin or replacement |
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How can arthritis be prevented? |
Good diet, good footwear, avoiding excess stress on joints |
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Ligaments join... |
Bone to bone |
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Tendons join... |
Muscle to bone |
