Overview Of The Skeleton: Classification And Structure Of Bones And Cartilage

Front 1

axial skeleton

Back 1

The skeleton is divided in two divisions, this part of the skeleton involves the bones that lie around the body's center of gravity

Front 2

appendicular skeleton

Back 2

The skeleton is divided in two divisions, this part involves the bones of the limbs, or appendages

Front 3

Compact bone

Back 3

of the two basic osseous tissue's, this type looks smooth and homogenous

Front 4

spongy bone

Back 4

of the two basic osseous tissues, this type is compose of small trabeculae (bars) of bone and lots of open space

Front 5

Bones classified in four groups

Back 5

long, short, flat, irregular

Front 6

long bones

Back 6

these bones are much longer than they are wide, generally consisting of a shaft with heads at either end. Composed predominately of compact bone, the femur and phalanges is an example of this

Front 7

short bones

Back 7

bones that are typically cube shaped, they contain more spongy bone than compact, the tarsals and carpals are an example of this

Front 8

flat bones

Back 8

these bones are generally thin, with 2 waferlike layers of compact bone sandwhiching a layer of spongy bone between them. Many of these bones are curved unlike their name, bones of the skull are an example of this

Front 9

irregular bones

Back 9

these bones dont fit in with 3 of the other categories of bones, an example of this bone is the vertebrae

Front 10

sub-categories of bone (not included in 206 bone count)

Back 10

Sesamoid, wormian or sutural bones

Front 11

sesamoid bones

Back 11

special type of short bones formed in tendons. Patellas is an example of this

Front 12

wormian or sutural bones

Back 12

tiny bone between cranial bones

Front 13

bone markings

Back 13

bumps, holes, ridges, etc. which reveal where bones form joints with other bones, where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached and where nerves and blood vessels pass

Front 14

2 categories of bone markings

Back 14

projections or processes which grow out from the bone and serve as sites of muscle attachment or help form joints and depressions or cavities, indentations or openings in the bone that often serve as conduits for nerves and blood vessels

Front 15

tuberosity

Back 15

large rounded projections may be roughened

Front 16

crest

Back 16

narrow rigde of bone, usually prominent

Front 17

trochanter

Back 17

very large blunt, irregularly shaped proccess (only examples on femur)

Front 18

line

Back 18

narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than a crest

Front 19

tubercle

Back 19

small rounded projection or process

Front 20

epicondyle

Back 20

raised area on or above a condyle

Front 21

spine

Back 21

sharp slender often pointed projection

Front 22

process

Back 22

prominence or projection

Front 23

head

Back 23

bony expansion carried on narrow neck

Front 24

facet

Back 24

smooth nearly flat articular projection

Front 25

condyle

Back 25

rounded articular projection

Front 26

ramus

Back 26

arm like bar of bone

Front 27

sinus

Back 27

space within a bone, filled with air and lined with a mucuos membrane

Front 28

meatus

Back 28

canal-like passage way

Front 29

fossa

Back 29

shallow, basin like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Front 30

groove

Back 30

furrow

Front 31

fissure

Back 31

narrow slit like opening

Front 32

foramen

Back 32

round or oval opening through a bone

Front 33

diaphysis

Back 33

shaft, has a smooth surface, which is composed of compact bone

Front 34

periosteum

Back 34

fibroud membrane covering over the bone

Front 35

perforating fibers, Sharpey's fibers

Back 35

fibers of the periosteum that penetrate into the bone

Front 36

epiphysis

Back 36

end of the long bone

Front 37

articular cartilage

Back 37

this covers the the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum. Composed of glassy hyaline cartilage, provides smooth surface to prevent friction at joint surfaces

Front 38

epiphyseal plate

Back 38

a thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudinal growth of the bone during youth

Front 39

epiphyseal lines

Back 39

when a long bone has stopped growing, these areas are replaced with bone and appear as thin, barely discernible remnants

Front 40

yellow marrow

Back 40

adipose tissue found (in adults)the central cavity of the shaft

Front 41

red marrow

Back 41

in infants the cenral cavity, stores this, which is involved in forming blood cells. in adults this is confined to the interior of the epiphyses, where it occupies the spaces between the trabeculae of spongy bone

Front 42

endosteum

Back 42

lining of the shaft. this covers thie trabeculae of spongy lines and the lines of canals. contains both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Front 43

Cetral Haversian canal

Back 43

this runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels through the bony matrix

Front 44

osteocytes

Back 44

mature bone cells found in lacunae

Front 45

circumferential lamallae

Back 45

arrangement of concentric circles where lacunae are located

Front 46

Haversian system/ osteon

Back 46

the central canal and all the concentric lamallae surrounding

Front 47

canalculi

Back 47

tiny canals radiating outward from a central cnal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from the lamella to lamella

Front 48

perforating Volkmann's canals

Back 48

the canals run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum, at right angles to the shaft.

Front 49

endochondral ossification

Back 49

bones in the body inferior to the skull form in the embryo by the by this process

Front 50

articular cartilage

Back 50

skeletal cartilage which covers the bone end at movable joints

Front 51

costal cartilage

Back 51

found connecting the ribs to the sternum

Front 52

laryngeal cartilage

Back 52

this cartilage contructs the larynx

Front 53

tracheal and bronchial cartilage

Back 53

reinforce other passageways of the respiratory system

Front 54

nasal cartilages

Back 54

cartilage which supports the nose

Front 55

interveterbral discs

Back 55

this cartilage seperates and cushions the bones of the spine