The Skeletal System / Chapter #5

Front 1

Define: Appendicular skeleton

Back 1

The bones of the limbs and girdles.

Front 2

Define: Axial Skeleton

Back 2

The bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body.

Front 3

Describe: five functions of bones

Back 3

1. Support- forms the internal framework, supports the body and holds soft organs.

2. Protection- Protects organs, example: skull protests the brain.

3. Movement- Skeletal muscles, attach to bones by tendons, use bones as levers to move the body.

4. Storage- Holds calcium and phosphorus inside the bones, Marrow is stored in the cavities.

5. Blood Cell Formation- occurs within the marrow cavities of certain bones.

Front 4

How many bones are in the human body?

Back 4

206 bones

Front 5

Define: Long Bone

Back 5

Bones that are longer then wide, is a shaft with heads at both ends.

Example: Compact bones, All limb bones.

Front 6

Define: Short bones

Back 6

Bones that are cube shaped and are mostly spongy bone.

Example: wrist and ankle, sesamoid bones, patella.

Front 7

Define: Flat bones

Back 7

Bones that are thin, flat end and usually curved, two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them.

Example: Skull, ribs, sternum.

Front 8

Define: Irregular bones

Back 8

Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories.

Example: the vertebrae, spine, pelvis.

Front 9

Draw and Label the parts of a long bone.

Back 9

1. Periosteum

2. Epiphysis

3. Diaphysis

4. Medullary cavity

5. Compact bone

6. Spongy bone

Front 10

What are the differences between an Osteocyte, an osteoclast and an osteoblast?

Back 10

1. Osteocyte- bone cells, are modified osteoblasts that become buried within the bones matrix, that detect bone deformation.

2. Osteoclast- Bone - resorbing cells.

3. Osteoblast- Bone building cell - forming cells, mineralizing this matrix.

Front 11

Describe the process of ossification.

Back 11

Except for flat bones, most bones using hyaline cartilage structures as models.

hyaline bone covered completely by bone matrix.

The hardening of the bones.

Front 12

What is an epiphyseal plate?

Back 12

A growth plate, that is made up of a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysics at each of a long bone. Seen in children and adolescents.

Front 13

How do calcium levels in the blood and the pull of gravity influence bones?

Back 13

Osteoclast release calcium from bones when blood calcium levels drop and vice versa.

The stress of gravity and physical activity stimulates osteoblasts to form more bulk.

Front 14

Label the bones of the skeleton

Back 14

1. Parietal bone 2. Occipital bone

3. Frontal bone 4. Maxilla

5. Mandibular ramus 6. Clavicle

7. Scapula 8. Sternum

9. Ribs 10. Humerus

11. Vertebra 12. Radius

13. ilium 14. Coxal bone

15. Pubis 16. Ischium

17. Sacrum 18. Ulna

19. Femur 20. Patella

21. Carpals 22. Fibula

23. Phalanges,proximal, distal, middle 24. Tarsals 25. Metatarsals

26. Navicular 27. Cuboid

Front 15

Label the parts of the human skull.

Back 15

Frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, occipital bone, squamous suture, coronal suture, lambdoidal suture, anterior fontanel, posterior fontanel.

Front 16

How many vertebrae are found in the following regions of the spine?

Back 16

Cervical: 7

Thoracic: 12

Lumbar: 5

Front 17

Before birth,9 vertebrae are fused to form the ________ and ________.

Back 17

Sacrum and Coccyx

Front 18

What is a slipped disc?

Back 18

A vertebral disc that is displaced or partly protruding, pressing on nearby nerves and cause back pain or sciatica.

Front 19

What are the functions of the spine?

Back 19

1. Protection of the spinal cord

2. Providing stiffening for body and attachments for the pectoral and pelvic girdle.

3. Motion for the human skeleton

4. Transmitting body weight in waling and standing.

Front 20

How many pairs of ribs are there in the bony thorax?

Back 20

12 pairs

Front 21

Which vertebra connect to the 12 pairs of bony thorax ribs?

Back 21

the thorax verebra

Front 22

What are true ribs?

Back 22

The first 7 pairs of ribs attached directly to the sternum by costal cartilages.

Front 23

What are false ribs?

Back 23

3 pairs of ribs, that do not attach or indirectly attach to the sternum.

Front 24

What are floating ribs?

Back 24

The last 2 pairs of ribs that do NOT have any attachments to the sternum.

Front 25

What two bones make up the pelvic girdle?

Back 25

2 Coxal bones or ( hip bone) and sacrum.

Front 26

Label the regions of the pelvis.

Back 26

Ilium or lliac crest, sacrum, False pelvis, pelvic brim, Inlet of true pelvis, Ishial spine, Acetabulum, Coccyx, Pubis symphysis, Ischium, Obturator foramen

Front 27

Which organs lie within the pelvic girdle?

Back 27

1. Urinary bladder

2. Reproductive organs, uterus and ovaries.

Front 28

What is the name of the cartilaginous joint on the anterior pelvis?

Back 28

Pubic symphysis

Front 29

What is the True pelvis?

Back 29

It is the surrounded by the bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia and the pelvic brim.

Front 30

Name 6 differences between the male and female pelvis.

Back 30

1. females inlet is larger and more circular.

2. Females pelvis as a whole is more shallower and the bones are lighter and thinner.

3. the female ilia flares more laterally.

4. the female sacrum is shorter and less curved.

5. the female ischial spines are shorter and further apart, thus the outlet is larger.

6. The female pubic arch is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater.

Front 31

Describe and give examples of cartilaginous joints.

Back 31

The bone ends are connected by fibrocartilage.

Example: slightly movable, Pubic symphysis of the pelvis and intervertebral joints of spinal column.

Front 32

Describe and give examples of synovial joints.

Back 32

Joints that articulate bone ends and are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid.

Examples: Articular cartilage, Articular capsule, Joint cavity, Reinforcing ligaments.

knee, elbow, shoulder, hip.

Front 33

What is the effect of the hormone relaxin on the skeletal system? What is the purpose of this effect?

Back 33

Relaxin alters the properties of cartilage and tendons.

- Helps bone remodeling, heals injured ligaments and skeletal muscles.

- Symphysis pubis can widen up to 10 mm

Front 34

What is lordosis and what causes it?

Back 34

It is excessive inward curvature of the spine.

(Lumbar and cervical)

Causes: Obesity, pregnancy, tight lower back muscles, osteoporosis, weight from a pregnant belly.

Front 35

Why is adequate dietary calcium important in pregnancy?

Back 35

For the growth of the fetus to develop it;s skeleton system, if not enough the fetus will draw the calcium fro the mothers bones.

Lowers the risk of fractures and osteoporosis or bone lose.

Front 36

Organs within the female pelvis

Back 36

Uterus

bladder

rectum

part of Lg intestine

Front 37

Types of pelvises

Back 37

Gynecoid - typical female pelvis

Anthropoid long A-P dimension

Android- Male, Cone shaped

Platypelloid- Long/wide transverse dimension

Front 38

Fibrous joints

Back 38

Irregular edges of bones are fused together, sutures.