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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How many bones does the human skeleton have? What is the bodily weight percentage? |
206; 14% of body weight |
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What are the origins of the word "skeletos"? |
from Greek "skeletos" meaning "dried up" |
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What elements is the skeleton composed of? |
-50% water and %50 percent organic and inorganic material -contains phosphorous, zinc, calcium, fluorine, iron and chlorine |
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Define physiology |
reproduction, growth and metabolism |
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Explain the role of bones in movement. |
-bones are bounded together by joints through ligaments -muscles attach to bones to produce movement through tendons |
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What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
-to support tissues, framework for body -to protect organs (ex. ribcage for lungs/heart) -bone tissues store reserves of phosphorous & calcium for times of need -red blood cells are produced in bone marrow -bones are levers that muscles pull on to produce movement |
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What are the tissues of the skeletal system? |
Cartilage and bone |
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What is cartilage? |
A cushion & slippery surface for joints that lends rigidity to structures lacking bone |
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What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
Hyaline, fibrous and elastic |
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Hyaline cartilage |
-gives flexibility & support -most abundant in body -found at the ends of long bones (ie. articular cartilage)
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(gristle) |
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Fibrous cartilage
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found between vertebrae in discs where hip bones fuse, ex. costal cartilage (ribs to sternum)
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Elastic |
maintains shape of certain organs, ex. outer ear |
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Define bone. |
living tissues complete with a blood supply and nerves |
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What are the major types of bone? |
Short, long, flat, irregular
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What are the minor types of bone? |
sesamoid, wormian |
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Characteristics of short bones |
-includes tarsals (ankle bones) & carpals (wrists) -absorbs shock well |
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Characteristics of long bones |
-includes femur, humerus and any bone whose length exceeds its diameter -a lever for movement |
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Characteristics of flat bones |
-includes bones at the skull, scapula, ribs, sternum and clavicle -protect underlying organs |
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Characteristics of irregular bones |
-includes facial bones, vertebrae and bones that cannot be placed in other groups -fulfill special functions |
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Characteristics of sesamoid bones |
-includes patella (kneecap) -oval, like apes and found in tendons |
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Characteristics of wormian bones |
-small jigsaw fragments found along structures of the skull |
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What is bone composed of? |
cortical bone, spongy bone and medullary (marrow cavity) |
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What is the function of the periosteum?
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-fibrous membrane covering the surface of the diaphysis of a bone
-important for growth, development, repair and nutrition -point of attachment for ligaments and tendons -bound to bone by Sharpey's fibres |
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What is the function of the medullary cavity?
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-cavity in diaphysis containing red marrow (yellow in adults)
-involved in RBC production |
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What is the function of the vertebral column? |
-provides strong, flexible support for body and ability to stay erect -point of attachment for ribs and back/neck muscles -protects spinal cord and neck -absorbs shock through intervertebral discs |
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How is compact bone formed? |
Compact bone begins as cartilage. Osteoblasts (protein-secreting cells) in the cartilage discharge osteoids (gelatin-like substance) where inorganic salts are deposited to form hardened bone. Short bones generally have 1 ossification centre near the middle, while long bones generally have 3, 1 at each end and 1 in the middle. |
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What is osteoporosis and who is most vulnerable to it? |
-degenerative condition caused by low bone mass and bone tissue deterioration - women post-menopause are most vulnerable to this |
(the silent disease) |
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What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
The pectoral girdle (chest), pelvic girdle (hip), upper limbs and lower limbs |
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Surface marking on bone |
· Include all structural features visible on the surface of bones · Bumps variety of bumps (prominences), depression, and openings (foramina) · Appear where tendons, ligaments and fascia (fibrous membranes) are attached, and where blood vessels and nerves enter and exit the bone, and at joints
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What are the 2 types of bone markings? |
Projections (processes) and depressions (cavities) |
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What are the types of joint projections? |
Condyle, head, styloid, and process |
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What are the types of ligament and tendon projections? |
Crest, epicondyle, tubercle, tuberosity, trochanter, spine, trochlea and malleolus |
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What are the types of depressions? |
Meatus, fossa, magnum, sinus, foramen, and sulcus (groove or furrow) |
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What are the 3 types of fractures? |
Simple, compound, comminuted |
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What is a simple fracture? |
occurs when there is a detectable break/crack |
hairline or greenstick fracture |
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What is a compound fracture? |
occurs when bone breaks into separate pieces as a result of a major blow |
transverse fracture |
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What is a comminuted fracture? |
occurs when end of bone are shattered into many pieces |
ex. car accident |
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How do bones heal? |
-the rebuild similarly to how they grow; bone may have to be rebroken if it repairs misaligned |
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What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
Skull, sternum, ribs and vertebral column |
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Characteristics of the skull |
-the most complex part of the skeleton -shapes head and face, protects brain -houses special sense organs -encloses the opening of the digestive and respiratory tract -made of 22 bones; they are all locked by immovable joints except the mandible |
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Name and describe the 2 divisions of the skull. |
Cranial Bones: form the domed upper part; supports and protects brain and organs of hearing Facial Bones: form the framework of the face/jaw, hold teeth and provide attachment sites for face muscles |
(cranium) |
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Characteristics of the temporal bone |
-name refers to how gray hair signifies aging and begins at the temple -more fragile, lies over a major blood vessel -fracture/displacement = medical emergency |
Of Latin origin meaning "time" |
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Characteristics of the frontal bone |
-forms the forehead, protrudes slightly to form superciliary arches (brow ridges) -inferior to this, forms roof of each orbit -contributes to anterior cranial fossa which holds frontal lobes of brain |
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Characteristics of the parietal bone
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-form most of superior part of skull and lateral walls
-4 largest sutures are where it articulates with other cranial bones |
parietal = walls
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Characteristics of occipital bone |
-forms posterior wall of cranium -articulates with parietal and temporal bones -holds the cerebellum -has foramen magnum at its base through which the inferior part of brain connects with spinal cord |
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Characteristics of the nuchal lines |
boney region between them anchor back and neck muscles and marks the upper limit |
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External Auditory Meatus |
external ear canal, where sound enters the ear |
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Characteristics of the Mastoid Process |
-anchoring site for some neck muscles, can be felt as a lump posterior to each ear -size varies with age and muscularity -not present at birth, very small in childhood -intersection of the sternocleidomastoid |
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What are the face bones? |
mandible, maxillary bones (maxilla), zygomatic bones, nasal bones and paranasal sinuses |
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Characteristics of the mandible |
-u-shaped lower jaw, strongest bone in face, hold lower chin and makes up jaw |
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Characteristics of the maxilla |
-forms upper jaw and central part of facial skeleton -all other face bones articulate with them |
key stone bones of the facial skeleton |
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Characteristics of zygomatic boens |
irregularly shaped |
cheek bones |
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Characteristics of the nasal bones |
paired, rectangular, join medially with bridge of nose |
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Characteristics of paranasal sinuses |
-air filled sinuses that cluster around nasal cavity lined with mucus membrane -helps lighten skull and connect to nasal cavity through small openings |
para = near |
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Characteristics of the vertebral column |
-arranged cylindrically interspersed with fibrocartiliginous (intervertebral) discs -26 irregular bones connected in a flexible curved structure supporting the trunk -extends from skull to pelvis - fetus-infants have 33 separate bones; 9 fuse to form the sacrum and coccyx |
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What is the function of the vertebral column? |
-provide strong, flexible support for the body, ability to keep body erect -point of attachment for ribs and back/neck muscles -protect spinal cord and neck absorbs shock in intervertebral discs without damaging other vertebrae |
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Characteristics of Intervertebral Disks
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-23 narrow spongy shock absorbers that fit between the 24 vertebrae |
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Characteristics of the sternum
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-mid-line breast bone, flat bone = 15cm
-articulates with clavicle and ribs 1-7 |
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Characteristics of the manubrium |
wider & thicker than the rest, thinner at body, triangular shaped |
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Characteristics of the sternal body |
significantly smaller in women making it useful for identifying remains |
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Characteristics of the xiphoid process |
thin sword that ossifies at age 40 |
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What does the pectoral girdle consist of? |
clavicle and scapula |
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Characteristics of the clavicle |
-s-shaped -transfers force from upper limb to axial skeleton -keeps shoulder a fixed distance from the sternum -easily fractured if fallen on -medial part attaches to the manubrium, the lateral part attaches to the scapula |
(little keys) |
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Characteristics of the scapula |
-derived from word meaning "spade"/"shovel" -highly mobile -concave on ribs, convex on posterior surface -medial border is covered by trapezius muscle |
shoulder blade |
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Glenoid cavity |
articulates with the humerus |
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Inferior angle |
moves as arm is raised and lowered |
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Posterior surface |
-has a prominent spine tangible through skin, it ends laterally in a flat triangular projection -the acromion process articulates with the clavicle |
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Coracoid process |
an attachment point for bicep muscles |
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How many bones are in the upper limb? |
30, divided into the arm, the forearm and the hand |
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Characteristics of the humerus |
-longest and only bone of the arm -runs from shoulder to elbow -ball of the head articulates with the glenoid cavity -intertubercular groove separates the greater and lesser tubercle -inferior to this is the surgical neck (most frequently fractured are of the humerus) - has 2 condyles; trochlea (hourglass shape) and capitulum (half-ball shape) |
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What are the bones of the forearm? |
radius and ulna |
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Characteristics of the radius |
-located on the thumb side, contributes to wrist joint -moves with the hand |
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Characteristics of the ulna |
-located on the pinky side -slightly longer than the radius -contributes to elbow joint -has 2 prominent processes: the olecranon (elbow process) and the coracoid process (grips trochlea of the humerus to form a stable joint) |
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What bones make up the hand? |
carpals, metacarpals and phalanges |
(wrist, palm and fingers) |
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Characteristics of the carpus |
-distal to wrist joint, contains 8 short bones united by ligaments -gliding movement allows flexibility in wrist -arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each |
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Characteristics of the metacarpals |
-5 bones, numbered 1-5 from medial (thumb side) to lateral (pinky side) -Metacarpal 1 is the smallest and most mobile |
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Characteristics of the phalanges |
-digits numbered 1-5 beginning with thumb -contain mini-long bones, for most the 3rd finger is the longest -all fingers except thumb (which has no middle phalanx) have 3 phalanges (proximal, middle, distal) |
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Characteristics of the pelvis |
-formed by a pair of os coxae (hip bones) -during childhood, it consists of 3 seperate bones: illium, pubis and ischium that fuse together in adulthood -fusion point is acetabulum (vinegar cup) forms cavity for femur (hip socket) -limited range of motion -supports bladder and abdominal contents |
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How is the pelvic girdle attached to the axial skeleton? |
-through the ingurnal, iliolumbar and sacrotuberous ligaments -sacroiliac joint where 2 hip bones fuse with sacrum |
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Movement in the pelvic girdle |
-the socket in the pelvic girdle secures the head of the femur limiting freedom of movement compared to the upper limbs -the weight of the upper body passes through the pelvic girdle to free the lower limbs |
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What is the difference between a male and female pelvis? |
male: heavier, thicker, more prominent bone markings female: lighter, wider, shallower (adapted for childbearing |
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Characteristics of the femur |
-runs from hip to knee -longest/strongest bone in the body -a person's height is 4x the length of the femur -curved obliquely inward so feet are directly under weight of the body
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thigh bone |
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Characteristics of the linea aspera (femur) |
-means "rough line" - a long vertical ridge forming the attachment for many muscles -head articulates with hip bone -neck (weakest point of femur) angles out laterally to join the shaft -distal part ends in lateral and medial condyles corresponding with the head of the tibia and fibula |
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Characteristics of the patella |
-triangular sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadricep muscles -protects knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh muscles across the knee |
knee cap |
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Characteristics of the medial and lateral malleolus |
-distal ends of the tibia and fibia respectively
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ankle bones |
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Characteristics of the tibia |
-runs from knee to ankle -flat superior surface -transmits body weight from the femur to the foot - patellar ligament inserts to the tibial tuberosity -its anterior border of the shaft is the anterior crest -the flat distal end articulates with talus of the foot - |
shin bone |
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Characteristics of the fibula |
-thin pin-like bone with 2 expanded ends -its inferior end is the lateral malleolus with forms the lateral bulge of the ankle -articulates with talus of the foot -shaft is rigid and twisted in a quarter turn -bears no weight, many muscles originate from it -acts as a brace for tibia by withstanding bending and twisting |
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What do the tarsals consist of? |
-ankle bones, calcaneus, talus |
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What do the metatarsals consist of? |
-5 foot bones which unite with toes |
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What do the phalanges (foot) consist of? |
toe bones; 3 per toes (distal, middle and proximal) |
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What are the functions of the foot? |
-support body weight -act as a lever to propel the body forward **Note: no other bone could serve these purposes and adapt to uneven ground** |
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When is bone remodelling most active? |
during early years of human growth; reverses at age 40 |
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How do bones grow? |
-osteoclasts (bone resorbing cells) remove old bone by releasing acid and enzymes -osteoblasts (protein secreting cells) |
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Haversian canals |
· a series of tubes running longitudinally around narrow channels in compact bone, formed by lamellae (thin plate-like structures that compile to eventually form bone) · they surround blood and nerve cells throughout bone and communicate with osteocytes (star-shaped cells) in lacunae (the space within the dense bone matrix containing living bone cells) through canaliculi · This arrangement is conducive to mineral salt deposits and storage, strengthening bone tissue |
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