The Senses

Front 1

Name (or give the number for) one of nerves that connect the taste receptors to the brain.

Back 1

vagus 10, glossopharyngial 9, mostly facial 7

Front 2

A gustatory receptor sensitive to quinine has a G protein-coupled receptor; the cascade results in calcium ions being released from an endoplasmic reticulum. Why would an increase in cytoplasmic calcium ions be useful in gustatory receptors?

Back 2

for release of synaptic transmitter vesicles

Front 3

Monosodium glutamate affects which taste receptor primary?

Back 3

umami

Front 4

The diagram of axons from olfactory receptors does not show connection to the closest glomerulus. What characteristic of the olfactory receptor determines which glomerulus it connects to?

Back 4

ones that respond to the same primary pool to the same glomerulus

Front 5

Approximately how many G protein coupled receptors are there for human olfaction?

Back 5

lots, 500-1000

Front 6

Gustatory receptors connect to cranial nerves that project to the brain. Name one of the three places in this projection pathway.

Back 6

medulla, thalamus, postcentral gyrus

Front 7

What is the cause of the difference among the students in the physiology class as to whether they could taste PTC?

Back 7

genetic, non-tasters are homozygous recessive

Front 8

When a G protein coupled cascade in an olfactory receptor alters the cAMP level, what does this cAMP do?

Back 8

gates a channel

Front 9

Say something about what "hair" means with respect to hair cells in the vestibular or auditory systems.

Back 9

real cilium=kinociliun and cilia-like stereocilia

Front 10

Some taste cells depolarize in response to the appropriate chemical stimulation. What must happen, downstream of depolarization, for vesicles of neurotransmitter to be released?

Back 10

Calcium ions must come in through calcium channels

Front 11

Contrast how cAMP gates a cation channel in an olfactory receptor cell with the way acetylcholine gates the nicotinic receptor.

Back 11

cAMP from inside the cell, Ach from outside, both channels are ligand gated

Front 12

The receptor molecule for gustation is either (what?) or (what?).

Back 12

a channel or a G protein coupled receptor

Front 13

The chemoreceptive part of the olfactory cell is in the nasal cavity. Where is the synapse?

Back 13

In the olfactory bulb (first cranial nerve) of the brain

Front 14

In the vestibular system there are 3 fluid-filled (what) plus 2 organs with otoliths, the (what?) and the (what?). [Answer one of the above.]

Back 14

semicircular canals, utricle & saccule

Front 15

What type of molecule must come in many varieties to mediate the richness of olfaction you enjoy?

Back 15

G protein linked receptor

Front 16

Where is the first synapse in the olfactory system?

Back 16

olfactory bulb

Front 17

What is detected when endolymph bends the cupula?

Back 17

head rotation

Front 18

What does the term "umami" refer to?

Back 18

a taste, glutamate

Front 19

Which sensory system projects to the limbic system, including the amygdala?

Back 19

olfaction

Front 20

After a bitter tastant causes Ca2+ to increase in the cell, what does that Ca2+ do?

Back 20

cause transmitter release

Front 21

Out of the 5 special senses, which one does not have a localized area of the cerebral cortex as its final projection?

Back 21

olfaction

Front 22

About how many different G protein coupled receptors are involved in human olfaction?

Back 22

1000

Front 23

In addition to the vestibular sense, which utilizes hair cells where "hair" refers to stereocilia?

Back 23

audition

Front 24

All taste cell types, by one mechanism or another, have an influx of Ca2+. What process does this increased cytoplasmic calcium mediate?

Back 24

synaptic vesicle release

Front 25

A portion of the brain hypothesized to be involved in olfaction, emotion, and memory.

Back 25

limbic system (or any part of it)

Front 26

What is PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) and what did it reveal about sensory transduction?

Back 26

a substance that tastes bitter and helped in the isolation of the G protein-coupled receptor

Front 27

How is the richness of olfactory experience coded in the genes for olfactory receptor molecules?

Back 27

a different gene for each G protein-coupled receptor, very variable

Front 28

Upon stimulation, for each taste primary, cytoplasmic Ca2+ increases. What is it used for?

Back 28

for release of transmitter vesicles

Front 29

The ciliary receptor cells in the nasal epithelium have axons that terminate (where)?

Back 29

olfactory bulb (first cranial "nerve")

Front 30

What brain center involved in motivational aspects of hunger does the olfactory bulb project to?

Back 30

hypothalamus

Front 31

There are three nerves that carry taste information to the brain. These three nerves are among a famous set of about a dozen that are collectively referred to as (what)?

Back 31

cranial nerves

Front 32

In olfactory transduction, what does cAMP do to affect the electrical properties of the receptor cell membrane?

Back 32

cAMP is the ligand that gates the cation channel from inside the cell

Front 33

Where are the sense organs that monitor your head position to keep your eyes upright for slight tilting of the head?

Back 33

near the cochlea (for hearing)

Front 34

In what way does the tastant for umami relate to a central nervous system excitatory neurotransmitter?

Back 34

glutamate

Front 35

About how many olfactory receptor molecules does a human have?

Back 35

500-1000

Front 36

In addition to G protein-coupled receptors, what is the other type of taste receptor molecule?

Back 36

channel

Front 37

In taste receptors, Ca2+, mediating transmitter release, comes from either outside the cell or (what subcellular structure?)?

Back 37

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 38

Where do olfactory neurons make their synapses?

Back 38

olfactory bulb

Front 39

What are the "hairs" of hair cells, and what happens when they are bent?

Back 39

cilia (stereocilia), open or close channel, depolarize or hyperpolarize

Front 40

In what way are calcium ions essential for the signaling of the taste receptor cells to the cranial nerves?

Back 40

mediate exocytosis of vesicles

Front 41

In some cases, taste receptor molecules are channels. Alternatively they are (what?).

Back 41

G protein coupled receptor

Front 42

Why do olfactory axons seem to zig-zag rather than just connect to the closest glomerulus? (That pertained to yellow and green receptors, as colorized in your figure, connecting to yellow and green glomeruli.)

Back 42

presumably, each glomerulus receives only from receptors expressing the same receptor

Front 43

In the G protein-coupled receptor cascade in the olfactory cell, how did the cAMP affect the cell's response?

Back 43

ligand close K+ channel

Front 44

Describe the receptor cells of the vestibular system with respect to their (1) structure, or (2) the type of stimulus that excites them.

Back 44

(1) "hair" cells with stereocilia

(2) mechanical

Front 45

On the back of the tongue, taste buds are found on what larger structure (hint, nine of them, and the nerve projects by the IX cranial nerve, the glossopharyngeal).

Back 45

Circumvallate papillae

Front 46

In terms of the respective molecular biology of transduction, why is olfaction a much richer sense than taste in humans?

Back 46

there are maybe a thousand receptors for different primaries

Front 47

Where is the first synapse in the sense of taste?

Back 47

in the taste receptor cell

Front 48

In olfactory transduction, what does cAMP do?

Back 48

ligand for channel

Front 49

By looking in the genome at G protein coupled receptors, what was isolated when responders vs. nonresponders to PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) were compared?

Back 49

bitter taste receptor

Front 50

For the fifth taste primary (other than sweet, sour, salt and bitter), what chemical(s) stimulate it?

Back 50

glutamate, amino acids

Front 51

Where is the first synapse in the sense of smell?

Back 51

olfactory bulb