The Senses

Front 1

Much of what we perceive as taste is actually _____.

Back 1

olfactory

Front 2

_____ also respond to chemicals, those dissolved in air.

Back 2

Olfactory cells

Front 3

Olfactory cells are modified neurons found in _____ in the roof of the nasal cavity. They are the only neurons known to replace themselves.

Back 3

mucosa

Front 4

Olfactory cells(neurons)replace themselves about every _____ days.

Back 4

60

Front 5

There are two sets of iris muscles, the ____ and the ____ or ____.

Back 5

circular

radial

Front 6

The posterior portion of the vascular tunic is the ____. This is the middle layer between the sclera and the retina and its blood vessels help to supply their needs. Its pigment absorbs excess light after it has passed through the retina, preventing it from reflecting back and forth in the eye and disrupting the image.

Back 6

choroid coat

Front 7

Olfactory neurons produce _____ when chemical smells stimulate receptor proteins which produce a second messenger that opens sodium channels.

Back 7

depolarization

Front 8

Many sensory receptors stop responding when a _____ is constant. We smell an odor when we enter a room and soon we do not notice it. We say these senses are _____ because they only respond when the stimulus changes and stop when it is continuous.

Back 8

stimulus

fast adapting

Front 9

Aqueous humor is produced by secretion by cells in the _____ body. It must be absorbed at the same rate it is filtered and this is accomplished by absorption into the ____ (scleral venous sinus).

Back 9

ciliary

canal of Schlemm

Front 10

Some sensory receptors such as those to sight and sound are _____ because their response is nearly constant.

Back 10

slowly adapting

Front 11

Circular muscles of the pupil are innervated by the parasympathetic fibers of nerve ____, while radiating muscles are innervated by sympathetic fibers from the ____ ganglion.

Back 11

III (Oculomotor)

otic

Front 12

The outer structure which supports the eye is the _____, part of the eye's _____.

Back 12

sclera

fibrous tunic

Front 13

The middle layer of the eye is called the ____ because it is highly _____. These vessels serve other layers like the retina and sclera.

Back 13

vascular tunic

vascularized

Front 14

Individuals with very lightly pigmented irises have difficulty seeing well in very _______ light.

Back 14

bright

Front 15

The part of the sclera visible anteriorly we call the _____.

Back 15

white of the eye

Front 16

The _____ is a thin tissue which covers what we see of the sclera and which has blood vessels running through it. These vessels bring the blood supply to the vicinity of the sclera and cornea, which are _____ (without blood vessels).

Back 16

conjunctiva

avascular

Front 17

When the vessels in the conjuctiva become inflamed we say our eyes are _____. Drugs are used which constrict these vessels and reduce the inflammation.

Back 17

bloodshot

Front 18

The anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is the _____.

Back 18

cornea

Front 19

Unlike the sclera the cornea is _____ because its collagen fibers are finely divided and very regularly spaced.

Back 19

transparent

Front 20

The surface of the cornea is ____ and can repair itself when scratched. Scar tissue forms when the fibrous portion of the cornea is _____.

Back 20

epithelium

damaged

Front 21

The cornea's shape bends entering light toward the ____.

Back 21

pupil

Front 22

All receptors are _____ that is they respond to a stimulus by changing it into a generator or receptor potential.

Back 22

transducers

Front 23

Receptors can be classified according to the _____ to which they normally respond.

Back 23

stimulus

Front 24

______ respond to a mechanical stimulus: examples are touch, pressure, stretch, hearing, balance, position and movement, vibration, muscle contraction, as well as pressoreceptors and baroreceptors.

Back 24

Mechanoreceptors

Front 25

______ respond to temperature change: example heat and cold.

Back 25

Thermoreceptors

Front 26

_____ respond to light: example vision.

Back 26

photoreceptors

Front 27

_____ respond to various chemical such as glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and many, many more (taste buds & olfactory cells).

Back 27

chemoreceptors

Front 28

_____ pain receptors from any noxious stimulus (free nerve endings, heat/cold free nerve endings)

Back 28

nociceptors

Front 29

We tend to classify receptors according to the _______________.

Back 29

location or origin of the stimulus

Front 30

______ respond to stimuli from outside the body - vision, sound, touch, smell, temperature, pain. etc.

Back 30

Exteroceptors

Front 31

____ or _____ respond to stimuli arising within the body such as chemical stimuli, deep pressure, and many others.

Back 31

Interoceptors

visceroceptors

Front 32

______ respond to muscle or tendon stretch and help the body monitor body position (body sense).

Back 32

Proprioceptors

Front 33

_______ sense receptors are the most complex.

Back 33

Special

Front 34

______ receptors have no special structure and are basically free nerve endings. Examples are pain receptors, temperature receptors, Merkel disks (touch), hair root plexus.

Back 34

Unencapsulated

Front 35

_____ receptors have a special capsule which encloses a nerve ending.

Back 35

Encapsulated

Front 36

________ light touch

Back 36

Meissner's corpuscles

Front 37

______ deep pressure, vibration

Back 37

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 38

________ muscle stretch

Back 38

Muscle spindle receptors

Front 39

_______ tendon stretch, muscle contraction.

Back 39

Golgi tendon organs

Front 40

Some organs are more complex than these and are considered ______ senses.

Back 40

special

Front 41

Taste cells are _____ possessing microvilli that respond to chemicals taken into the mouth.

Back 41

neuroepithelial cells

Front 42

They are called _____ because they respond to stimuli by releasing neurotransmitter from vesicles they contain.

Back 42

neuroepithelial cells

Front 43

Taste cells replace themselves about every ____ days from the basal cells nearby, and therefore taste buds recover quickly from damage.

Back 43

ten

Front 44

The fifth taste is a response to _____ dubbed "yummy" or deliciousness.

Back 44

glutamate

Front 45

The three types of papillae are believed to help sense _____.

Back 45

touch

Front 46

Taste stimuli travel through the _____ and _____ nerves, and some from the vagus nerve, to the thalamus and gustatory center in the ____ of the inner parietal lobe.

Back 46

facial

glossopharyngeal

uncus

Front 47

The vascular tunic is also highly _____. This _____ serves to absorb excess light.

Back 47

pigmented

pigment

Front 48

The opening in the iris is the _____ and serves to direct the incoming light rays toward the center of the lens, its most effective part for refraction. Muscles on the posterior side of the iris enable the pupil to be ____ or ____.

Back 48

pupil

constricted

dilated

Front 49

Another part of the vascular tunic is the _____ which attaches to the _____ ligament which holds the lens in place and maintains the shape of the lens.

Back 49

ciliary body

suspensory ligament

Front 50

The _____ (located within the ciliary body) are circular muscles which act to regulate the tension on the lens and its shape.

Back 50

ciliary muscles

Front 51

The _____ is made of flexible proteins called _____ which are produced and maintained by cells called _____. The lens is flexible, but its natural shape is very _____.

Back 51

Lens

lens fibers

convex

Front 52

A _____ is one which is thicker in the center than at the edges. It causes _____ of light rays. Any given point on an object reflects light rays in all _____. These rays strike the lens at different angles and points, but for an image to be properly focused the lens must cause all rays from the same point on the image to _____ at the same point on the receptor surface.

Back 52

convex lens

convergence

converge

Front 53

And image as seen by a camera, the eye or for a microscope is ____ (turned upside down and backwards).

Back 53

Inverted

Front 54

For far objects the light rays are nearly ____ and don't require much convergence. But for near objects the rays are not parallel and require more convergence the ____ the object is to the lens.

Back 54

parallel

closer

Front 55

Close work requires _____ muscle contraction and can lead to ____ strain, while looking at distant objects relaxes and rests these muscles.

Back 55

ciliary

eye strain

Front 56

Individuals whose eyeballs are too long for the natural convexity of their lens have ____ or ____. In this condition the focal plane of the image occurs in front of the retina. The correction is to put diverging lenses, ____ lenses, in front of the eyeball.

Back 56

myopia

nearsightedness

concave

Front 57

Individuals whose eyeballs are too long for the natural convexity of their lens have ____ or ____. In this condition the focal plane of the image occurs in front of the retina. The correction is to put diverging lenses, ____ lenses, in front of the eyeball.

Back 57

myopia

nearsightedness

concave

Front 58

As individuals get older the muscles and ligaments and the lens itself, become less flexible and able to focus at different _____. This is called _____ and literally means "old eyes". These individuals must wear _____ or different lenses for different conditions.

Back 58

distances

presbyopia

bifocals

Front 59

____ is the condition in which the cornea or lens is irregular and misshapen which causes a portion of the image to be out of focus. Lenses are placed in front of the eye which compensate for the irregularities.

Back 59

astigmatism

Front 60

New techniques for correcting vision include?

Back 60

RK (radial keratotomy) in which minor cuts are made in the cornea near its margin.

LASIC surgery which shaves small portions of the cornea to reshape

Lenses over the cornea to adapt to the desired shape

Front 61

All the structures which allow passage of light process it in some way and are part of the ___ ___, or light bending part.

Back 61

refractive apparatus

Front 62

First the _____ bends the light toward the pupil and center of the lens. The _____ center is the most accurate at focusing the light. The _____ itself allows some bending.

Back 62

cornea

lens

pupil

Front 63

The ______ _____ is clear and although light passes through it, it does not normally bend the light rays. Neither does the _____ _____, a jelly-like mass of filamentous proteoglycans which occupies the posterior segment.

Back 63

aqueous humor

vitreous humor

Front 64

The _____ humor is crystal clear to allow light to pass through. It functions to support and maintain the position of the _____ helping to prevent _____ detachment.

Back 64

vitreous

retina

retinal

Front 65

A _____ aperature (opening) produces a sharper image with a greater range of _____. This is true with a camera and with the eye.

Back 65

smaller

focus

Front 66

Behind the cornea is the anterior chamber or anterior segment. This cavity is filled with _____, which helps to hold the other structures in their normal position and shape.

Back 66

aqueous humor

Front 67

If filtration exceeds absorption, increased pressure builds in the anterior segment producing a condition known as ____. This can result from high blood pressure but usually results from blockage in the Canal of Schlemm. These include diseases or congenital narrowing of the drainage angle. It is treated with _____, or sometimes _____. If left untreated it can damage the structures of the eye, including ultimately the retina, causing blindness.

Back 67

glaucoma

vasodilators

surgery

Front 68

In many animals, but not man, a very shiny part of the choroid called the _____ allows some of the light to re-stimulate the retina, thus allowing those animals to see better in ____ light.

Back 68

tapetum lucidum

dim

Front 69

Individuals whose eyeballs are to short or whose ciliary muscles are weak have farsightedness or _____. Their lens cannot be made convex enough so _____ lenses are used for correction.

Back 69

hyperopia

convex

Front 70

Olfactory memories are among the most intense and specific and are stored in the _____ and _____. We can perceive thousands of smells from those stored in our memory.

Back 70

hippocampus

mamillary body

Front 71

Since the natural shape of the lens is convex when there is less tension put on the lens by the _____ it becomes more convex for focusing _____ objects. This is achieved by _____ the ciliary muscles.

Back 71

suspensory ligaments

near

contracting

Front 72

Since they are circular muscles, contracting them _____ the suspensory ligaments and _____ their tension. Relaxing the ciliary muscles restores the _____ produced by the suspensory ligaments and causes the lens to be pulled ____ less convex, for distant objects.

Back 72

squeezes

relieves

tension

flat

Front 73

Taste cells are found in groups called ______ located on the tongue, epiglottis, hard palate and a few other places in the mouth.

Back 73

taste buds

Front 74

The circular muscles run in a circle around the pupil, and when they contract the pupil ____. The radiating muscles run in rays from the pupil to the outer edge of the iris. When they contract they ____ the pupil.

Back 74

constricts

dilate

Front 75

The most anterior part of this layer is the ____. We are familiar with the front of the _____ having the color of the eye: brown, blue. This pigment helps to prevent excess light from entering the eye and disrupting the image.

Back 75

Iris

Iris

Front 76

There are four basic tastes and a fifth which appears to make the others more intense. The four basic tastes are ____, _____,_____, and _____. These tastes are unevenly distributed on the tongue and there is a lot of overlap.

Back 76

sweet, salt, sour, and bitter.

Front 77

There are three types of papillae: _____ papillae cover most of the tongue and contain most most of the most of the taste buds. _____ papillae are large, contain taste buds, and are found only at the back of the tongue. _____ papillae are very slender, do not contain taste buds, and are found only at near the tip of the tongue.

Back 77

Fungiform

Circumvallate

Filiform

Front 78

_____ vs. _____ although all sensory receptors basically do the same thing, they can be classified as to their ______.

Back 78

General

Special senses

complexity