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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Respiratory System |
- Obtains O2 for the entire body and eliminates CO2 waste - The process of respiration involved cellular respiration and external respiration
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Cellular respiration |
- Cells use O2 to make ATP |
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External Respiration |
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and tissue cells |
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What are the 4 steps of external respiration? |
- Air is moved into and out of the lungs - the act of breathing (ventilation), the rate depends upon the body's current needs - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the atmosphere and blood in the pulmonary capillaries in the alveoli - Blood transports O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissues - O2 and CO2 are exchanged between tissue cells and the blood in systemic capillaries |
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What are the "non-respiratory" functions in the respiratory system? |
- Water loss and heat elimination - Moisture is required for diffusion across alveoli linings - Venous return is enhanced by the respiratory pump - The pH balance is maintained by altering how much CO2 is released - Enables speech and vocalization - Defends against inhaled particles - Materials dissolved in the blood are altered as they pass through the lungs - The nose allows for the sense of smell |
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Respiratory airways |
- They are responsible for transporting the air from the external environment to the alveoli - If they are compromised, air exchange will be difficult |
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Respiratory anatomy |
- Nasal passages in the nose lead to the pharynx - The trachea and esophagus are at the bottom of the pharynx - The larynx is at the top of the trachea, its opening is the glottis - The vocal folds are within the larynx (vocal chords) - They vibrate when noise is produced - The trachea leads to the right and left bronchi - Bronchi then branch many times to form small tube known as bronchioles - Alveoli are at the ends of the bronchioles |
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Alveoli |
- Many, and very small - Ideal sites for gas exchange via diffusion - The alveolar walls are made of one layer of type I alveolar cells (squamous) [makes up walls] - Very flat and thin cells - Lots of surface area = rate of diffusion will increase - Thinner the distance, faster that everything will happen - can get damaged very easily - Very little space between the alveolar wall and capillary (pulmonary capillaries) - Smaller distance = faster diffusion - Having a million of these increases the total surface area available for diffusion - We have a lot of surface area on our alveoli |
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Type II alveolar cells |
- Some of the alveolar surface epithelium is covered with this - These secrete pulmonary surfactant which facilitates lung expansion - Not nearly as thin or flat - makes surfactant |
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Alveolar macrophages (pulmonary) |
- They occupy air sacs and monitor for invaders - always in motion |
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Lungs |
- They take up most of the space in the thoracic cavity - There is smooth muscle in the bronchioles and arterioles, but no muscle to expand the alveoli ([airways] can change size) ( you have to rely on external factors) |
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Thoracic Cavity |
- The thorax - Made up of 12 pairs of ribs, the sternum, and thoracic vertebrae - The bones serve to protect organs - The diaphragm is a sheet of skeletal muscle on the bottom of this (lungs are sitting on here) - We can move and adjust so the thoracic cavity can move - Expands more quickly than the lungs |
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Pleural Sac |
- Surrounds each lung - Each lung sits in its own pleural cavity - Fluid between each layer( 2 layers) of this lubricated the surfaces and reduces friction during inflation and deflation |
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Pleurisy |
- Inflammation of the pleural sac - Painful due to friction felt when the lungs inflate and deflate - Can happen for unknown reasons - No lubrication and the layers are sticking, rubbing, and tearing (causes damage to the lungs) |
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Air movement due to pressure gradient |
- From high pressure to low pressure - Air flowing in and out of the lungs creates constantly reversing pressure gradients - Air is always moving down this |
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What are the three pressures? |
- Atmospheric pressure - Intra-alveolar pressure - Intra-pleural pressure |
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Atmospheric Pressure |
- Pressure exerted by the weight of the air on the objects on Earth's surface - Air around us, stays - Approximately stable ( no big swings) |
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Intra-alveolar Pressure |
- Pressure within the alveoli (lungs) - Big changes |
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Intra-pleural Pressure |
- Pressure within the pleural sac - Normally sac should be a closed space (stays the same) air that separates lungs from thoracic body wall |
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Transmural Pressure Gradient |
- Keeps the lungs close to the thoracic wall - The lungs are pulled outward as the chest wall expands - Different between infra-alveolar and pleural sac (makes lungs follow the chest wall) - The lungs expand, but do not expand quite as much as the thoracic wall - This decreases the pressure in the pleural sac (closed space, no air entering or exiting) |
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Pneumothorax |
- If the chest wall is punctured, this occurs as air can enter the pleural sac - The pleural sac has the same pressure as the alveoli and atmosphere - The transmural pressure gradient no longer exists - Lungs can collapse because pleural sac will keep getting air. Lungs will stay small and not follow pleural sac. |
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Boyle's Law |
- At any constant temperature, the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of a gas - Bigger volume = lower pressure - Smaller volume = higher pressure - Respiratory muscle activity changes the volume of the lungs by moving the thoracic wall - This changes the intra-alveolar pressure - Changing size of thoracic cavity and the pressure - If one goes up, the other will go down - Exhaling, the pressure will increase in the thoracic cavity |
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Inspiratory Muscles |
- Contract to initiate inspiration - Diaphragm and external intercostals (between each of your ribs) - Before inspiration, intra-alveolar and atmospheric pressures are equal - As inspiratory muscle contract, the lung volume increases and intra-alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric - Air flows into the lungs until the pressures become equal - About to inhale (no pressure gradient) |
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Extreme deep breathing |
- This can occur if accessory inspiratory muscles are contracted (you use these when you want to take a deep breath) - These pull the thoracic cavity even larger - More air enters the lungs - Pressure in the lungs have gone down. |
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Inspiratory Muscles Relaxation |
- The chest wall returns to its original position - The lungs get smaller which increases intra-alveolar pressure - Air leaves lungs until intra-alveolar pressure equals atmospheric - Passive expiration (not really doing anything to make it happen [relaxing]) |
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Forced (Active) Expiration |
- Used to push more air out of the lungs - Expiratory muscles in the abdominal wall and internal intercostals contract (pulled in) (diaphragm is pushed up) - The lungs get smaller than during passive expiration - More air exits the lungs - When you exhale as much as you can - lungs are extra small |
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Airways |
- Airflow is also affected by resistance - Radius of airways can create resistance - Normal airways are large enough to create very little resistance - They are bigger than blood vessels - Usually do not see a lot of resistance |
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What can slightly adjust the bronchiolar size? |
- The autonomic nervous system |
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Sympathetic stimulation |
- "fight - or - flight" - Bronchodilation |
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Bronchodilation |
- The dilation of the bronchus |
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Parasympathetic stimulation |
- "rest - and - digest" - Bronchoconstriction - Makes airways a little bit smaller |
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Bronchoconstriction |
- The constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of the surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath |
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) |
- Emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma - Lower airways become narrowed - Harder to get volume of air through, more time to get air through - Greater pressure gradients are required to move the same amount of air - Generally when something is wrong with the airways - Inspiratory muscles are working harder |
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Chronic Bronchitis |
- When the lower airways are constantly irritated by pollutants - Airway linings thicken and excessive mucus is produced - Cilia are immobilized - Bacterial infections are common - Mucus will fall down and clog smaller airways ( also will be making airways smaller) - Common where air quality is bad |
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Asthma |
- Airway obstruction - Airway walls thicken due to inflammation and histamine-induced edema - Excessive thick mucus blocks airways - smooth muscle in the walls of airways spasms and hyper-constricts passageways - All triggered by environmental allergens, infections, and/or exercise - Can be lethal if passageways completely close - Histamine comes from basophils The boy is believing something is trying to get into the lungs and the body is fighting it - Medicine clears mucus and opens airways (inhaler) |
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Emphysema |
- When smaller airways collapse and alveolar walls breakdown - Mostly due to release of trypsin enzyme from alveolar macrophages (constantly patrolling) - Damage is irreversible and can be severe enough to become lethal - If too much trypsin is released it can cause damage - Really good at killing bacteria - You can lose a lot of surface area and you will start to starve for O2 |
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Increased resistance with COPD |
- More difficulty expiring than inspiring - Airways are opened by chest wall expansion - They collapse to much smaller than normal during expiration - Air is hard to force out of these small airways and often produces a wheezing sound |
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Pulmonary elasticity |
- Due to compliance and elastic recoil |
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Compliance |
- The effort required to stretch the lungs - Stretch ability - A measure of the change in lung volume from a given change in transmural pressure gradient (difference in pressure in the pleural sac) - High = lots of stretch - The lower you go, the harder you must work to inspire |
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Pulmonary Fibrosis |
- Results in fibrous scar tissue which creates a "stiff lung" - Usually a result of chronic irritants (asbestos) - Exposed to them over your whole lifetime - Can damage lungs "tiny needles" they make slices in the walls of the lungs -Happens if there is damage in lungs, scar tissue will be made - Lots of ECM fibers (very dense connective tissue) [Lungs can become dense and tight] |
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Elastic recoil |
- How readily the lungs rebound after stretching - Rebound (bouncing back) |
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Elastic Behavior |
- Depends on how highly elastic connective tissue and alveolar surface tension - Moisture lining on lungs like a bug on water (doesn't break the surface) - Low quantities of elastic connective tissue = low elasticity - Alveolar surface tension is due to a think liquid film lining each alveolus |
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Pulmonary Surfactant |
- A mixture of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells - it decreases surface tension by getting between water molecules - Pulmonary compliance is increased and recoil is decreased - Water is diluted by this - of the alveoli was only water, the surface tension wouldn't be able to be broken - Less H bonds because of surfactant so less surface tension - Too little surfactant you wouldn't be able to move your lungs as much |
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Fetal Lungs |
- Do not produce surfactant until very late in gestation |
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Newborn Respiratory Disease Syndrome |
- Occurs when premature babies are unable to inhale due to lack of surfactant - Can be fatal if surfactant replacement treatment can not compensate enough - Lined with pure H2O (high surface tension) - Weak respiratory muscles |
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"half-full" Lungs |
- Lungs are always partially full - Allows gas exchange to occur continuously for a constant supply of O2 for blood - Shallow breaths |
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Pulmonary Ventilation |
- Volume of air passed in and out in one minute |
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Respiratory Rate |
- Breaths per minute - Averages 12 breaths/min Pulmonary = Tidal X Respiratory Ventilation Volume Rate |
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Anatomic Dead Space |
- A portion of inhaled/exhaled air stays in the airways where no gas exchange occurs - Can not get this air to your blood vessels |
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Alveolar Ventilation |
- The volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli - Average 4200 mL/min (4.2 L) - The amount of air that you get to and from the alveoli |
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Increases in respiratory rate |
- Anything other than sitting, your bee |
