The Reproductive System

Front 1

How many autosomes do the human somatic cells have?

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 1

44

Front 2

How many sex chromosomes do the human somatic cells have?

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 2

2

Front 3

Males have 46 ___.

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 3

XY

Front 4

Females have 46 ___.

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 4

XX

Front 5

Gametogenesis

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 5

The chromosomal number is reduced by half to produce sperms and ova

Front 6

Male Sperms

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 6

23X 23Y

Front 7

Female Ova

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 7

23X 23X

Front 8

Fertilization

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 8

The gamete cells fuse and restore the chromosomes number to 46

*The FETUS SEX is determined at that time*

Front 9

Female

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 9

46 XX

Front 10

Male

(INTRODUCTION)

Back 10

46 XY

Front 11

Ovaries

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 11

Produce eggs (oocytes) and hormones

Front 12

Uterine Tubes

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 12

Transport the eggs into uterus

Front 13

Uterus

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 13

Where fetal development occurs

Front 14

Vagina

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 14

or birth canal

Front 15

External Genitalia

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 15

Constitute the vulva

Front 16

Mammary Glands

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 16

Produce milk

Front 17

Ovary

(THE OVARY)

Back 17

Pair of organs, size of unshelled almonds in upper pelvic region

Front 18

Capsule

(THE OVARY)

Back 18

of dense CT

Front 19

Cortex

(THE OVARY)

Back 19

Just deep to capsule contains follicles with egg cells (oocytes)

Front 20

Medulla

(THE OVARY)

Back 20

Middle region composed of connective tissue, blood vessels and lymphatics

Front 21

Germinal Epithelium

(THE OVARY)

Back 21

Peritoneal membrane covering the ovary

Front 22

The ovarian follicles contain ______ in various stages of development.

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 22

Oocytes

Front 23

________ follicle releases an oocyte each month during ________.

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 23

Mature (Graafian); Ovulation

Front 24

What are the functions of the ovarian follicles?

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 24

*Secretes estrogens that function for:

-Growth and repair of uterine lining
-Regulation of monthly female cycle
-Female sexual characteristics
-Maintenance of bone and muscle

Front 25

Where do oocytes develop?

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 25

Within the follicles

Front 26

Primordial Follicle

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 26

Single Layer of squamous cells around the oocytes

Front 27

Primary Follicle

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 27

-Layers of cuboidal granulosa cells around the oocyte
-Granulosa cells secrete estrogens

Front 28

Secondary Follicle

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 28

Antral cavity forms

Front 29

Graafian Follicle

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 29

Follicle is mature and ready to ovulate oocyte

Front 30

Ovulation

(THE OVARIAN FOLLICLES)

Back 30

Follicle ruptures releasing oocyte

Front 31

After ovulation, what does the empty follicle become?

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 31

A corpus luteum

Front 32

What do corpus luteum secrete?

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 32

-Progesterone
-Estrogens
-Relaxin
-Inhibin

Front 33

Progesterone

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 33

Completes the preparation of uterine lining

Front 34

Estrogens

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 34

Work with progesterone

Front 35

Inhibin

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 35

Decreases secretion of FSH and LH

Front 36

Corpus Albicans

(THE CORPUS LUTEUM)

Back 36

A white scar tissue left after the corpus luteum dies

Front 37

During FETAL LIFE, millions of oogonia are produced by what?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 37

Mitosis

Front 38

During FETAL LIFE, millions of oogonia are produced by mitosis BUT most of them do what?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 38

Degenerate (Atresia)

Front 39

The oogonia that are produced develop into immature eggs cells called what? (during fetal development)

(OOGENESIS)

Back 39

Primary Oocytes

Front 40

How many egg cells (or primary oocytes) are present in ovaries at birth?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 40

200,000 to 2 millions

Front 41

How nay egg cells (or primary oocytes) remain by puberty? And how many mature during a woman's reproductive life?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 41

40,000; 400

Front 42

How many primary oocytes become secondary oocytes?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 42

20

Front 43

Out of the 20 primary oocytes that become secondary oocytes, how many survives to mature and be ovulated from graffian follicle?

(OOGENESIS)

Back 43

1

Front 44

Describe the process of Oogenesis.

(OOGENESIS)

Back 44

{Meiosis I}
-Oogonium (mother cell)

-Primary Oocyte
1. Secondary Oocyte
2. First Polar Body (may die or divide)
{Meiosis I}

{Meiosis II}
-Ovulation-

-Secondary Oocyte
+
-Sperm Cell

-Fertilization-

-Ovum
1.Zygote (46 chromosomes restored)

-Second Polar Body (going to die)
{Meiosis II}

Front 45

The uterine tubes is narrow, 4 inch tube that extends from ______ to ______.

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 45

Ovary; Uterus

Front 46

Infundibulum

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 46

Open funnel-shaped portion near the ovary

Front 47

Fimbriae

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 47

Moving finger-like processes

Front 48

Ampulla

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 48

Central region of tube

Front 49

Isthmus

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 49

Narrowest portion joins uterus

Front 50

What are the functions of the uterine tubes?

(THE UTERINE TUBES)

Back 50

-Fimbriae sweep oocyte into tube
-Cilia and peristalsis move it along
-Sperm reaches oocyte in ampulla
-Fertilization occurs within 24 hours after ovulation
-Zygote reaches uterus about 7 days after ovulation

Front 51

The uterus is the site of _________ and ________ of the fetus.

(THE UTERUS)

Back 51

Menstruation; Development

Front 52

Describe the anatomy of the uterus.

(THE UTERUS)

Back 52

-3 inches long by 2 in. wide and 1 in. thick
-Subdivided into fundus, body, and cervix
-Interiorly contains uterine cavity accessed by cervical canal

Front 53

Endometrium

(Uterus Histology)

Back 53

*Functional Layer*

-Lined w/simple columnar epithelium
-Stroma of connective tissue and endometrial glands
-Shed out during menstruation

Front 54

Basilar Layer

(Uterus Histology)

Back 54

Replace the functional layer each month

Front 55

Myometrium

(Uterus Histology)

Back 55

Made of three layers of smooth muscles for contractions

Front 56

Perimetrium

(Uterus Histology)

Back 56

The visceral peritoneum membrane covering the uterus

Front 57

The Vagina

(THE VAGINA)

Back 57

An elastic muscular tube about 4 nches long extending from the cervix to the vestibule.

Front 58

What are the functions of the vagina?

(THE VAGINA)

Back 58

-Birth canal during delivery
-Passageway for menstruation
-Receive the penis during sexual intercourse

Front 59

The mammary glands are modified ________.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 59

Sweat Glands

Front 60

The mammary glands produce _____ during ________.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 60

Milk; Lactation

Front 61

Th amount of adipose tissue determines the size of _______.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 61

Breast

Front 62

Milk secreting mammary glands alveoli open by _________ at nipple.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 62

Lactiferous Ducts

Front 63

______ is pigmented area around nipple.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 63

Areola

Front 64

____________ suspend breast from deep fascia of ________ muscles.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 64

Suspensory (Cooper's) Ligaments; Pectorial

Front 65

Estrogen develop the _________ in the breasts.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 65

Ducts System

Front 66

Progesterone develop the ______________ which are called alveoli.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 66

Milk Secreting Glands

Front 67

Prolactin stimulate _________ in the alveoli.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 67

Milk Synthesis

Front 68

Oxytocin stimulate _________ from the alveoli.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 68

Milk Ejection

Front 69

Nursing stimulates the __________ to produce __________.

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 69

Hypothalamus; Oxytocin

Front 70

Where is oxytocin secreted from?

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 70

The Posterior Pituitary

Front 71

What does oxytocin cause smooth muscles around the alveoli to do?

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 71

Contract and squeeze milk into:

-Lactiferous Ducts
-Lactiferous Sinuses
-The Nipple

Front 72

The mammary glands are operated by what type of feedback?

(THE MAMMARY GLANDS)

Back 72

Positive

Front 73

The female reproductive cycle is controlled by _____________ from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovary.

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)

Back 73

Monthly Hormonal Cycle

Front 74

Monthly cyclic changes occur where?

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)

Back 74

In Ovary and Uterus

Front 75

Ovarian Cycle

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)

Back 75

Changes in ovary DURING and AFTER maturation of the follicle and oocyte

Front 76

Uterine Cycle

(FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE)

Back 76

-Preparation of the uterus to receive fertilized ovum
-If implantation does not occur, the functional layer of endometrium is shed during menstruation

Front 77

Where is the gonadotropin Releasing Hormone secreted from?

(HORMONAL REGULATION)

Back 77

Hypothalamus

Front 78

GnRH stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete which two hormones?

(HORMONAL REGULATION)

Back 78

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Front 79

FSH and LH stimulate the ovarian cyclic secretion of _________ and _________.

(HORMONAL REGULATION)

Back 79

Estrogens and Progesterone

Front 80

Estrogens and Progesterone from the ovaries drive the uterine cyclic _________.

(HORMONAL REGULATION)

Back 80

Endometrial Changes

Front 81

What does FSH from anterior pituitary stimulate?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 81

Follicle Growth

Front 82

Where do follicles grow into?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 82

Graafian (mature) Follicle

Front 83

What do Granulosa cells of follicle secrete?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 83

Estrogens and Inhibin

Front 84

When estrogens and Inhibin increases level, what does it inhibit?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 84

FSH

Front 85

When estrogens increase, it also stimulates secretion of what?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 85

LH

Front 86

What does LH stimulate?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 86

Rupture of the Graafian Follicle and release of oocyte from ovary into the pelvic cavity

Front 87

What does the fimbriae of fallopian tube pick up?

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 87

The ovulated oocyte

Front 88

Luteal Phase

(THE OVARIAN CYCLE)

Back 88

-LH stimulates development of corpus luteum from ovulated or ruptured mature follicle
-Corpus luteum secretes mostly progesterone and some estrogens
-Progesterone prepares endometrium for possible pregnancy

Front 89

Proliferative Phase

(THE UTERINE CYCLE)

Back 89

Rising estrogen levels from the growing follicle stimulates growth of the functional layer of endometrium to 4-10 mm thickness

Front 90

Secretory Phase

(THE UTERINE CYCLE

Back 90

-Corpus luteum of ovary secretes progesterone
-Progesterone stimulates

1.Increased thickening of the functional layer of endometrium to 12-18 mm
2.Increased blood supply into the endometrium
3.Growth of endometrial glands and secretion of uterine milk

Front 91

Menstruation Phase (Menses)

(THE UTERINE CYCLE

Back 91

-Decline in progeserone levels causes functional layer of endometrium to discharged resulting in vaginal bleeding called menstruation
-Mark the end of one cycle or beginniing of the next

Front 92

If No Pregnancy

(Cycle Control)

Back 92

-Increasing levels of progesterone cause negative feedback that inhibits LH secretion
-After about two weeks corpus luteum atrophies to corpus albicans (white body)
-Progesterone and estrogen levels decline
-Functional layer of endometrium discharged during the first five days of menstruation

Front 93

Starting The Next Cycle

(Cycle Control)

Back 93

-Decline in progesterone, estrogens and inhibin secretion
-Inhibition of GnRH, FSH, and LH stops
-Renewed secretion of theses hormones starts a new cycle of growth and preparation in ovaries and uterus

Front 94

If Fertilization Occurs

(Pregnancy)

Back 94

-Embryo implanted in uterine endometrium
-Must maintain levels of progesterone to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy
-Since corpus luteum secretes progesterone, it must be maintained
-LH normally maintains the corpus luteum, but LH is inhibited by high progeserone levels secreted by the corpus luteum

Front 95

The outer part of the blastocyst called the CHORION secreted the hormone _____________.

(Pregnancy)

Back 95

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

Front 96

hCG take the place of ______ and maintains the corpus luteum.

(Pregnancy)

Back 96

LH

Front 97

After about 3-4 months of pregnancy, corpus luteum ___________.

(Pregnancy)

Back 97

Degenerates

Front 98

Placental now produces it own _______ and __________ to maintain the pregnancy.

(Pregnancy)

Back 98

Estrogens and Progesterone

Front 99

Labor

Back 99

Uterine contractions causes forcible expulsion of the fetus in three stages

Front 100

Dilation Stage

(LABOR)

Back 100

Cervix dilates and water breaks

Front 101

Expulsion Stage

(LABOR)

Back 101

Baby delivery via the vagina

Front 102

Placental Stage

(LABOR)

Back 102

Ejection of the placenta or afterbirth

Front 103

Amenorrhea

(MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES)

Back 103

Periodic absence of menstruation

-Caused by hormone imbalance, extreme weight loss or low body fat as with rigorous athletic training

Front 104

Dysmenorrhea

(MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES)

Back 104

Pain associated with mentruation

-Severe enough to prevent normal functioning
-Caused by uterine tumors, ovarian cysts, endometriosis or intrauterine devices

Front 105

Menopause

(MENSTRUAL ABNORMALITIES)

Back 105

Complete cessation of menstruation and ovulation after age 40

Front 106

What does the male reproductive system consist of?

(MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)

Back 106

-Gonads
-Ducts
-Sex Glands
-Supporting Structures

Front 107

Scrotum

Back 107

A sac of loose skin, fascia and smooth muscle fibers

Front 108

The scrotum is divided into two pouches by what?

(THE SCROTUM)

Back 108

Septum

Front 109

What is the function of the scrotum?

(THE SCROTUM)

Back 109

Temperature regulation for testes by Cremaster Muscle contraction or relaxation

Front 110

What is the requirement for sperm survival?

(THE SCROTUM)

Back 110

2-3 degress below core body temperature

Front 111

Testes

Back 111

A pair of oval glands measuring 2 X 1 inches each

Front 112

What is the testes surround by?

(THE TESTES)

Back 112

A white capsule and septa that form small lobules

Front 113

Lobule

(TESTES)

Back 113

Has two seminiferous tubules where the sperms are formed

Front 114

Spermatogonia

(TESTICULAR CELLS)

Back 114

Stem cells that forms sperms by the process of spermatogenesis

Front 115

Sertoli Cells

(TESTICULAR CELLS)

Back 115

Supporting cells that nurses developing sperms and form (blood-testis barrier)

Front 116

Interstitial (Leydig Cells)

(TESTICULAR CELLS)

Back 116

Endocrine cells that produces the male sex hormones called (androgens)

Front 117

What do each spermatid develop into?

(Spermatogensis)

Back 117

Sperm

Front 118

What do second meiosis division give?

(Spermatogensis)

Back 118

Four Spermatids, each with 23 single stranded chromosomes

Front 119

What do first meiosis division give?

(Spermatogensis)

Back 119

Two secondary spermatocytes, each with 23 chromosomes that become double stranded

Front 120

Primary Spermatocyte

(Spermatogensis)

Back 120

2n=46 chromosomes

Front 121

Spermatogonium

(Spermatogensis)

Back 121

2n=46 chromosomes multiply by mitosis

Front 122

Acrosome

(SPERM)

Back 122

Contain enzymes that break the ovum wall

Front 123

Nucleus

(SPERM)

Back 123

Contain chromosomes and DNA material

Front 124

Midpiece

(SPERM)

Back 124

Contain mitochondria for ATP generation

Front 125

Tail

(SPERM)

Back 125

Flagellum for movement

Front 126

Hypothalamus secretes __________.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 126

Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

Front 127

Anterior Pituitary secretes ____ and ____.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 127

FSH and LH

Front 128

FSH causes sertoli cells to secrete ________ and ________.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 128

ABP and Inhibin

Front 129

LH causes interstitial cells to secrete ________.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 129

Testosterone

Front 130

ABP and testerone stimulate ___________.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 130

Spermatogenesis

Front 131

Control is __________ by testerone and Inhibin.

(Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction)

Back 131

Negative Feedback

Front 132

Seminal Vesicles

(The Accessory Glands)

Back 132

Secrete 60% of a clear, alkaline seminal fluid, with fructose sugar, ATP and prostaglandins for normal sperm nutrition

Front 133

Prostate

(The Accessory Glands)

Back 133

Secretes 30% of milky, slightly acidic seminal fluid with an antibiotic to kill bacteria

Front 134

Cowper Glands

(The Accessory Glands)

Back 134

Secrete clear, alkaline mucus to buffer and lubricate urethra

Front 135

Sperm is a mixture of ____ and ______.

(THE SEMEN)

Back 135

Sperms and Seminal Fluid

Front 136

What is the appearance of semen?

(THE SEMEN)

Back 136

Slightly alkaline, milky apperance and sticky

Front 137

What does semen contain?

(THE SEMEN)

Back 137

Nutrients and antibiotic to protect the sperms

Front 138

What is the typical ejaculate for males?

(THE SEMEN)

Back 138

2.5 to 5 ml in volume

Front 139

What is the normal sperm count?

(THE SEMEN)

Back 139

50 to 150 millions/ml

-Actions of many sperm are needed for one to enter
-If less than 20 millions/ml, the male is infertile

Front 140

What causes an erection?

(ERECTION)

Back 140

Sexual Stimulation

Front 141

Parasympathetic Nervous System Reflex releases _______ in the penile arteriole walls.

(ERECTION)

Back 141

Nitric Oxide

Front 142

_______ of the arterioles occurs with nitric oxide.

(ERECTION)

Back 142

Dilation

Front 143

_______ enters the penis compressing the veins so that the blood is trapped.

(ERECTION)

Back 143

Blood

Front 144

What do blood sinuses of penis erectile tissues become engorged with?

(ERECTION)

Back 144

Blood, and erection occurs

Front 145

Emission is controlled by which reflex system?

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 145

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 146

Muscle contractions close the ___________ at the base of the urinary bladder.

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 146

Internal Urinary Sphincter

Front 147

Semen is propelled through ______, _________, and ________ into bulb of penis.

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 147

Ductus Deferens, Seminal Vesile, and Ejaculatory Ducts

Front 148

_______ secreted into the urethra.

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 148

Prostatic Fluid

Front 149

Which reflex center controls ejeaculation?

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 149

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 150

Contractions of ________ and ________ muscles squeeze semen out through the urethra.

(EMISSION & EJACULATION)

Back 150

Ischiocavernosus and Bulbospongiosus

Front 151

LH stimulates development of _________ from ovulated or ruptured mature follicle.

(LUTEAL PHASE)

Back 151

Corpus Luteum

Front 152

Corpus luteum secretes mostly _________ and some estrogens.

(LUTEAL PHASE)

Back 152

Progesterone

Front 153

Progesterone prepares ___________ for possible pregnancy.

(LUTEAL PHASE)

Back 153

Endometrium

Front 154

Increasing levels of progesterone cause _________ feedback that inhibits ________ secretion.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - If No Pregnancy

Back 154

Negative; LH

Front 155

After about two weeks __________ to __________ white body.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - If No Pregnancy

Back 155

Corpus Luteum; Corpus Albicans

Front 156

_________ and __________ levels decline.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - If No Pregnancy

Back 156

Progesterone + Estrogen

Front 157

__________ layer of endometrium discharged during the first five days of menstruation.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - If No Pregnancy

Back 157

Functional

Front 158

Decline in __________, _________, and __________ secretion.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - Starting The Next Cycle

Back 158

Progesterone; Estrogens; Inhibin

Front 159

Inhibition of ______, ______, and ______ stops.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - Starting The Next Cycle

Back 159

GnRH; FSH; LH

Front 160

Renewed secretion of these hormones starts a new cycle of growth and preparation of ________ and _______.

(CYCLE CONTROL) - Starting The Next Cycle

Back 160

Ovaries; Uterus

Front 161

________ implanted in uterine endometrium.

(PREGNANCY) - If Fertilization Occurs

Back 161

Embryo

Front 162

Must maintain levels of _________ to maintain the endometrium and pregnancy.

(PREGNANCY) - If Fertilization Occurs

Back 162

Progesterone

Front 163

Since __________ secretes progesterone, it must be maintained.

(PREGNANCY) - If Fertilization Occurs

Back 163

Corpus Luteum

Front 164

LH normally maintains the corpus luteum, but LH is _________ by high _________ levels secreted by the corpus luteum.

(PREGNANCY) - If Fertilization Occurs

Back 164

Inhibited; Progesterone