The Plant Cell

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the standard eukaryotic cell

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1. plasma membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus (incl. chromosomes & DNA) within nuclear envelope

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plasma membrane

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1. outer layer 2. controls passage of materials into and out of cell cytoplasm 3. receives/transmits hormones 4. involved in the coordination of cell wall synthesis 5. lipid bilayer 6. integral, transport, & peripheral proteins

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cytoplasm

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1. gel like consistency 2. ground substance 3. contains structures and organelles 4. in cyclosis

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ground substance

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an amorphous gel-like substance surrounding the organelles or cells in the form of cytosol or the extracellular matrix respectivelyÂ

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cyclosis

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the almost constant motion of the cytosol circulating around the cell

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Nuclear envelope

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The double-layered membrane that envelopes the nucleus of a eukaryotic, separating the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm, connected to the ER

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid; genetic material of cells

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chromosomes

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1. twisted strands of DNA around histones, in the nucleus of the cell 2. in plants the number of chromosomes in a cell varies from 4 - ~1250 (in some ferns)

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nucleus

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1. in cells, the centrally located compartment of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a double membrane and contains the chromosomes (genetic material 2. controls the ongoing activity of the cell

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Nuclear envelope

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1. the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus 2. perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. 3. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

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Nuclear Pores

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#NAME?

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ribosomes

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small particle of proteins and rRNA which the site of protein synthesis some are free floating in the cytoplasm or nucleus while others are attached to the Rough ER, in chloroplasts or mitochondria

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Messenger RNA

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a single-stranded RNA molecule that carries the instructions from a gene to ribosomes to make a protein.

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Genes

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unit of heredity, that are made up of segments of DNA

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enzymes

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proteins that act as biological catalysts; speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells

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mitochondria and chloroplast replication

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1. have own DNA 2. divide by fission to replicate

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mitochondria

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1. in all eukaryotic cells 2. Small 3. two membranes 4. heavily folded inner membrane 5. respiration 6. move around the cell & congregate where energy is required

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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1. System of membranous sacs and tubes that are involved in the synthesis, storage and export of molecules 2. communications system within the cell, channeling materials to different parts of the cell 3. rough = makes proteins ; smooth = may function in the synthesis of lipids 4. form and abundance depend on cell type/stage

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Dictyosomes (aka golgi)

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1. flat disc shaped sacs 2. sorting, packing & shipping of proteins and lipids 3. secrete materials needed to build cell walls

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Exocytosis

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secretion of macromolecules by fusion of vesicles from golgi with plasma membrane

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cytoskeleton

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flexible framework comprised of microtubules and microfilaments and also “intermediate filaments†of unspecified function

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Microtubules

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1. long, thin cylindrical structures built of protein 2. built at certain times for various purposes and then dismantled 3. functions: 4. directing cell wall growth 5. directing dictyosomes 6. pulling chromosomes apart during cell division 7. directing cell plate formation

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Microfilaments

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contractile proteins. Bundles of microfilaments are believed to cause cytoplasmic streaming and cyclosis

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Plastids

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* Double-membraned organelles that function in photosynthesis, storage , or pigmentation in plants and algal cells * develop form proplastids and are all inter-convertibla Ex. Chloroplasts , chromoplasts and amyloplasts

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Chloroplasts

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1. large, green, disk-shaped organelles with a complex internal structure 2. typically numbering 40-50 per cell. 3. They contain chlorophyll and proteins 4. conduct photosynthesis 5. They also make amino acids and fatty acids

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Chromoplasts

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1. no chlorophyll, but contain "warm" pigments 2. color for fruits etc. (ie bell peppers, carrots, etc)

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Leucoplasts

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colorless plastids that can hold starch (ie amyloplasts).Â

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Microbodies

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single membrane bound & self replicating without DNA or ribosomes Types of Microbodies: 1. - Peroxisome: (Animals & Plants) 2. -Glyoxisome: (Plants)

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peroxisomes

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1. help reverse carbon loss caused by photorespiration by creating hydrogen peroxide 2. contain several enzymes that dispose toxic hydrogen peroxide byproducts

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glyoxysomes

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#NAME?

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Oil Bodies

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blobs of oil (a type of food reserve) in the cytoplasm; there's no membrane

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The Cell Wall

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1. more or less rigid structure that surrounds protoplast 2. functions in: absorption, secretion, digestion and plant structure 3. 2 phases 4. vary in thickness, 2 or more layers (middle lemella, primary wall and secondary wall) 5. have plasmodesmata, gaps, & pits

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Cell wall pits

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large holes in the cell walls that occur in pairs opposite each other in adjacent cells

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Symplast

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1. the continuous system of cytoplasm of cells in a plant interconnected by plasmodesmata 2. aids in lateral movement of solutes and water in plant

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Apoplast

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The continuum formed by cell walls, extracellular spaces, and the dead interiors of tracheids and vessels.

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intercellular air spaces

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large gaps between the walls of adjacent cells, permitting gas movement

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plasmodesmata

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1. narrow canals in plants that allow the passage of plasma-membrane, cytoplasm, and ERÂ 2. connects the protoplasm of adjacent cells

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the matrix

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non-crystalline phase of pectin, extensinand often lignin (in secondary cell walls)

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Cellulose

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1. supports the crystalline phase of plant cell walls 2. polysaccharide of glucose units linked together into long chains

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microfibrils

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cables of cellulose formed by H-bonds

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hemicellulose

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polysaccharide related to cellulose also in microfibrils

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Vaculoue

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1. liquid filled cavity (mostly water) 2. bound by membrane 3. several small in young cells changes to one large in mature cells 4. largest component of mature plant cell 5. increases effective surface area for nutrient uptake, gas diffusion and light interception 6. transport and retention of ions 7. food reserves & toxic substances 8. pigment deposition 9. "recycling" of cell components and organelles

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anthocyanins

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responsible for the blue, violet, purple and dark red colours of certain flowers, fruits, and vegetables stored in vacuoles

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Plant cell division

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1. daughter cells are separated by the formation of a cell plate 2. vesicles line up in center, fuse together, and deliver substances to form middle lemella 3. each daughter cell deposits new primary wall layer around entire protoplast 4. original wall of parent ruptures as daughter expands